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Fortune telling

Symbols of glory. Slavic symbols and the meaning of traditional Slavic symbols. Swastika solar symbols

Questions:
1. Symbols of the military glory of the Russian state.
2. Symbols of military valor of the Russian, Soviet, Russian army.

Military symbols have deep historical roots, the most extensive system of meanings and means of expression.
A symbol is a sign, an image of an object to indicate its quality, a conventional sign of any concepts, ideas, phenomena. Image and meaning form two elements of a symbol, closely related to each other.
In military affairs, symbols most often acquire deep spiritual meaning for the country and the army. Military symbolism contains an inextricable connection between the heroism of the past and the present, the glorious events of Russian military history from various eras. That is why it is important to know the history of the formation of the main military symbols and their preservation.

FIELDS OF MILITARY GLORY
The heroic history of the defense of the Fatherland is concentrated in three fields of military glory of Russia: Kulikovo Field (Tula Region), Borodino Field (Moscow Region), Prokhorovskoye Field (Belgorod Region).
In 1380, Russian troops on the Kulikovo field defeated the hordes of Mamai, and this marked the beginning of the liberation of Rus' from the Mongol-Tatar conquerors; on the Borodino field in 1812, Russian troops gained glory against the French conquerors; On the Prokhorovsky field during the Battle of Kursk in 1943, Soviet troops defeated the Nazi invaders. The fate of our Fatherland was decided on these fields; the best sons of Russia died here, having fulfilled their military duty to the end.
VICTORY BANNER
In order to perpetuate the people's feat in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, in commemoration of the merits of the soldiers of the Soviet Armed Forces to the Fatherland and as a token of gratitude from descendants to the victors of the fascist invaders, the Federal Law of May 7, 2007 “On the Banner of Victory” established the status of the Banner of Victory, the legal basis its storage and use.
The Victory Banner is the assault flag of the 150th Rifle Order of Kutuzov, 2nd degree, Idritsa Division, 79th Rifle Corps, 3rd Shock Army of the 1st Belorussian Front, hoisted on the night of May 1, 1945 by Soviet soldiers M.A. Egorov and M.V. Cantaria on the Reichstag building in Berlin. The Victory Banner is a symbol of the heroism of the Soviet people during the war, their self-sacrifice, it is the memory of 27 million fallen compatriots in the holy war against German fascism for their freedom and independence, it is the memory of 1418 days of persistent and intense work of home front workers.
HERO CITIES AND CITIES OF MILITARY GLORY
Hero City is an honorary title, the highest degree of distinction awarded to twelve cities and the Brest Fortress - Hero Fortress, famous for their heroic defense during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.
Officially, the title “Hero City” was established as a state award by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on May 8, 1965. For outstanding services to the Motherland, mass heroism, courage and fortitude shown by the working people of the city in the fight against the Nazi invaders, and in commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the Victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War, the Gold Star medal was awarded to: Leningrad, Volgograd, Kyiv, Moscow, Odessa and Sevastopol. The same decree awarded the title “Hero-Fortress” to the Brest Fortress. Subsequently, the title of “Hero City” was awarded to: Novorossiysk and Kerch (September 14, 1973), Minsk (June 26, 1974), Tula (December 7, 1976), Smolensk and Murmansk (May 6, 1985). In Moscow, in the Alexander Garden, a granite alley with blocks of dark red porphyry was created. On each block there is the name of the hero city and an embossed image of the Gold Star medal. The blocks contain capsules with the soil of hero cities.
On May 9, 2006, federal law introduced the honorary title of the Russian Federation “City of Military Glory,” which is awarded to individual cities of the Russian Federation “for the courage, fortitude and mass heroism shown by the city’s defenders in the struggle for the freedom and independence of the Fatherland.” In 2007 - 2015, the title “City of Military Glory” was awarded to 45 Russian cities that became famous for their residents and soldiers during key periods of our history.
MONUMENTS AND MONUMENTS
Important symbols of military glory are monuments to the defenders of the Fatherland. One of the first churches erected in honor of Russian military victories over the Kazan Khanate was the Intercession Cathedral (St. Basil's Cathedral) on Red Square in Moscow. In honor of the victories of the people's militia under the leadership of Prince D.M. Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin built the Kazan Cathedral on Nikolskaya Street over the Polish-Lithuanian interventionists in Moscow. The appearance of a number of monumental monuments is associated with the name of Empress Catherine II. By her decree, in 1775, the Chesma obelisk (column) was built in Gatchina in honor of the victory of the Russian fleet over the Turkish in the Mediterranean Sea in Chesma Bay in 1770. As a result of this battle, the Turkish fleet was completely destroyed. Under Emperors Nicholas I and Nicholas II, measures were taken to preserve the memorial memory of the military victories of the Russian army in the Patriotic War of 1812. The Alexander Column was built in St. Petersburg (1834), the Cathedral of Christ the Savior was built in Moscow (consecrated in 1883), and monuments to the heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812 were created in 1839-1847 on the Borodino Field, in Smolensk, Polotsk, Krasny. The Borodino Field became the most important historical and memorial center in Russia.
In the first years of Soviet power, monuments to its leaders and national heroes reflected the revolutionary enthusiasm of the masses. Monuments in honor of the heroes and heroic events of the Great Patriotic War began to be actively created after the war on anniversaries. In Moscow, near the walls of the Kremlin in December 1966, the memorial architectural ensemble “Tomb of the Unknown Soldier” was created. A majestic monument to military glory are the memorial buildings on Mamayev Kurgan in Volgograd. In September 1942 - January 1943, the most fierce and bloody battles took place here. The feat of the defenders of Stalingrad is immortalized in a unique monument-ensemble to the Heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad” with the main monument “The Motherland Calls!”, erected in 1967 according to the design of the famous Soviet sculptor Yevgeny Vuchetich. The ashes of more than 35,000 defenders of Stalingrad rest on the Mamayev Kurgan.
The memorial on Poklonnaya Hill is the most significant monument built in honor of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War. The grand opening of this Victory Memorial in Moscow took place on May 9, 1995. The monument to the Soldier-Liberator in Berlin (sculptor E. Vuchetich, 1949) became a symbol of the invincibility and glory of the Red Army.
In honor of the military personnel who died defending the interests of Russia, monuments and memorial signs are erected in cities and villages. Monuments in Severomorsk and Moscow to the 118 submarine sailors of the nuclear-powered missile-carrying cruiser Kursk who died in 2000 while performing a combat training mission became symbols of courage and heroism; The monument in the village of Cherekha, Pskov region, immortalized the feat of 84 soldiers of the 6th parachute company of the 104th Guards Parachute Regiment during a combat mission in the Chechen Republic on February 29 - March 1, 2000.
Monuments preserve the historical memory of the people about the military valor and glory of past generations of defenders of the Motherland.

In accordance with federal laws, the following types of banners and flags are established in the Armed Forces of Russia: Banner of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation; banners of the branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation; Battle banner of a military unit; flag of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, flags of troops and military formations of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation also establishes personal standards, which are symbols of military duty and personal responsibility of senior officials for the leadership of the Armed Forces. Every serviceman is obliged to defend his people under the Battle Banner and flag courageously and skillfully, not sparing life itself.
A military banner is a cloth-symbol that unites the personnel of the armed forces, a military formation, indicating their belonging to a given state, reflecting the specifics of their purpose and military traditions; symbol of military honor, shrine. It serves as a reminder to every serviceman of the heroic traditions and sacred duty of defending the Fatherland. The ship's banner is called a flag.
The history of battle flags goes back a long way. As a sign for gathering and uniting warriors, they have appeared in armed groups and armies since ancient times. Their names were different: banner, banner, ensign, horsetail, standard, banner. After the baptism of Rus' in the 10th century, battle banners and banners were literally sacred. The banners depicted the faces of the Savior, the Mother of God and saints. The banner was considered the soul, glory and honor.
Until the 18th century, the Russian army did not have a uniform provision on the banner. It was first introduced by Peter I in the Military Regulations of 1716. Each military unit and ship was supposed to have a banner and take a military oath in front of it. The loss of a military shrine was considered the greatest crime and shame. At the beginning of the 18th century, Peter I established the form, the design of banners of a certain color for various regiments and with the image of city coats of arms at the place of deployment. Russian soldiers fought courageously under these banners during the formidable years of military trials.
In the Red Army, the banners of military units initially served as the national flag, as well as banners that were awarded on behalf of organizations, teams, etc. In the temporary Disciplinary Regulations of the Red Army of 1925, the encouragement of soldiers with a personal photographic card taken with the unit’s banner unfurled was for the first time legalized. In 1925, a single standard banner for military units was approved.
During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, new models of the Red Banner of the military unit, guards, units and formations of the Navy were approved. Since 1975, the banner of the military unit began to be called the Battle Banner.
Soviet soldiers, not sparing their blood and lives, saved battle banners from being captured by enemies, themselves captured the enemy’s battle banners, and hoisted them over the defeated fortifications. The feat of the soldiers of the 608th Infantry Regiment in July 1941 will forever go down in history. Coming out of encirclement, the regiment's soldiers heroically fought the Nazis, and everyone died. In 1947, their ashes were transferred with honors to a mass grave. Under the tunic of one of the commanders, a regimental banner was discovered, which was transferred for eternal storage to the Central Museum of the Armed Forces.
NAVAL FLAG
The naval flag of the Russian Federation, hoisted on a ship of the Navy, is the battle banner of the ship and symbolizes its nationality and inviolability. The history of the Russian Naval Flag goes back to ancient times. The first naval symbol on a Russian warship was raised in 1668. "Eagle", as this ship was called, had a flag that combined three colors: red, blue and white, which symbolized nobility, loyalty and courage. Since 1712, the St. Andrew's flag became the Naval flag - a white cloth with a blue cross diagonally, which existed until October 1917.
The Russian sailors of the cruiser “Varyag” and the gunboat “Koreets” wrote a bright page in the book of military glory of our fleet, supported, as the Naval Charter required, “the honor of the Russian name and the dignity of the Russian flag.” On February 9, 1904, having had an unequal battle with a Japanese squadron, the sailors sank 1 destroyer and disabled 2 cruisers. In order to prevent the enemy from capturing the ships, Russian sailors blew up the gunboat "Koreets" and, opening the kingstons, sank the cruiser "Varyag". Russian ships went under water without lowering their flags to the enemy.
During the years of Soviet power, new naval flags were established. The USSR Naval Flag had the longest life, from 1935 to 1992. It was a white cloth with a blue stripe on the bottom edge. On the left half of the flag there was a red five-pointed star on a white background, on the right - a hammer and sickle. Today the navy has a revived St. Andrew's flag, personifying the greatness and power of Russia, its heroic past.
DRESS
One of the symbols and attributes of an armed defender of the Fatherland is his uniform. Military uniform is the general name for all items of uniform, equipment and insignia in the state army. It allows you to determine whether military personnel belong to the branch of the armed forces, distinguishes them from the civilian population and military personnel of other armies. The uniform obliges the serviceman to remember his duty as a defender of the Fatherland, the need to serve as an example of fulfilling his civic duty, and high moral qualities.
Insignia include shoulder straps, breast and sleeve insignia, insignia on headdresses, shoulder straps and buttonholes, piping, stripes, emblems, etc. Among insignia, emblems occupy a special place. They appeared in the Russian army in 1700 and were then called “coats of arms”. They wore emblems on hats, buttons, cartridge bags and waist belts.
Shoulder straps show the personal military ranks of servicemen, as well as their affiliation with the branch of the armed forces, branch of the armed forces, and service. Shoulder straps were introduced into the Russian army in 1763. First on one left shoulder, and from 1802 on both shoulders. Deprivation of an officer's rank was expressed in tearing off the shoulder straps of the one who dishonored them with his behavior.
By Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of December 16 (29), 1917, shoulder straps in the Red Army were abolished, and then restored by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in 1943. The introduction of shoulder straps contributed to raising the authority of military personnel and strengthening military discipline among army and navy personnel. Shoulder straps remain a symbol of the continuity of military glory of officers and soldiers to this day.
MILITARY RANKS
Military ranks appeared in the 15th-16th centuries with the development of standing armies. They testified to the military qualifications, merits, length of service and combat experience of each soldier; they embodied the fundamental idea and symbol of military service - the unquestioning and obligatory subordination of juniors to seniors.
In the Russian army, military ranks first appeared in the middle of the 16th century in the Streltsy army. Under Peter I, with the Table of Ranks (1722), military ranks were formalized into a single system. Most of them existed for almost two centuries. The highest military ranks were the Generalissimo of the Russian troops and the Field Marshal General. In the history of our state there were 4 generalissimos and 64 field marshals.
By decree of the Council of People's Commissars of December 16 (29), 1917, military ranks were abolished, and until 1935, commanders in the army and navy differed in positions (commander, brigade commander, political instructor, etc.). Personal military ranks were introduced in the Soviet Armed Forces in 1935. At the same time, the continuity of some ranks that existed in the old Russian army was preserved. Subsequently, military ranks were clarified in 1940, 1942-1943, 1945. For example, on May 27, 1942, guards ranks were introduced, and on June 26, 1945, the highest military rank of “Generalissimo of the Soviet Union.” On June 1, 1972, the military rank of “warrant officer” (“midshipman”) was established in the Armed Forces of the USSR, and in 1981 - “senior warrant officer” (“senior warrant officer”). The current system of military ranks has maintained continuity and is determined by the Charter of the Internal Service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
AWARDS FOR COURAGE AND VALOR. ORDER OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE
The Order is a badge of distinction, an honorary state award for special, including military, merits. To encourage distinguished citizens and military officials, the following orders were established: St. Andrew the First-Called (1698) - the highest award of the Russian Empire; St. Alexander Nevsky (1725). St. George (1769), St. Vladimir (1782), St. Anna (1799). St. Stanislaus (1831), etc. Among the first holders of the orders, military men predominated. Thus, the first holder of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called was Admiral General F.A. Golovin.
The Order of St. George occupied a special place among the awards. The idea to establish an award given exclusively for military merit belonged to Peter I. His idea was brought to life by Catherine II. Paying tribute to the military glory of the Russian army, the Empress in 1769 established the Order of the Holy Great Martyr and Victorious George. The Imperial Military Order of St. George, established “solely for military rank,” was divided into four classes. It was extremely difficult to earn the award. Throughout its history, the first degree was awarded 25 times, the second - 121. Only four people were full holders of the order: M.I. Kutuzov, M.B. Barclay de Tolly, I.I. Dibich-Zabalkansky, I.F. Paskevich-Erivansky.
To reward soldiers, sailors and non-commissioned officers for valor in battle, the insignia of the Order of St. George was established in 1807 (since 1913 - the St. George Cross), which had four degrees (I and II - gold, III and IV - silver). The first among the lower ranks of the Russian army to receive the St. George Cross was awarded to non-commissioned officer E.I. Matyukhin for courage in the battle of Friedland on June 14, 1807. The names of two Russian soldiers are known - A.N. Volkova and P.E. Leonov, who were awarded five St. George Crosses for heroism in battle. A participant in the Russian-Japanese and First World Wars, the future Marshal of the Soviet Union S.M., had a “full bow” of crosses. Budyonny and People's Hero Divisional Commander V.I. Chapaev. For non-combat merits and “immaculate service,” the lower ranks were also awarded the insignia of the Order of St. Anne, introduced in 1796).
ORDERS AND MEDALS OF THE USSR
The first Soviet order - the Order of the Red Banner - was established on September 16, 1918, and its first recipient was the former Sormovo worker, chairman of the Chelyabinsk Revolutionary Military Council V.K. Blucher, awarded for personal courage and skillful leadership of a partisan unit. Subsequently, the orders of the Red Star (1930), the Patriotic War, Suvorov, Kutuzov, Alexander Nevsky (1942), Bogdan Khmelnitsky, “Victory”, Glory (1943), Ushakov, Nakhimov (1944) were established. , “For service to the Motherland in the Armed Forces of the USSR” (1974). In November 1943, by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the highest military order was established - the Order of Victory. The Order of Victory for No. 1 was awarded to Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov. I.V. Stalin, G.K. Zhukov and A.M. Vasilevsky were awarded the Order of Victory twice. Simultaneously with the Order of Victory, a “soldier’s Order” of Glory of three degrees was established. It was awarded to privates, sergeants and senior officers of the Red Army who performed military feats in battles for the Soviet Motherland and demonstrated examples of bravery, courage and fearlessness. The first holders of this order were the sapper of the 338th Infantry Division, Corporal M.T. Pitenin and assistant platoon commander of the 110th Infantry Division, senior sergeant K.K. Shevchenko. During the years of the Great Patriotic War, more than 2.6 thousand people became holders of all degrees of the order.
Among the USSR medals, two stand out: “For Courage” and “For Military Merit.” The first to receive these awards were the soldiers who fought against the Japanese at Lake Khasan (1938) and on the Khalkhin Gol River (1939). During the Great Patriotic War, over 4 million soldiers were awarded the medal “For Courage”, and 3 million soldiers were awarded the medal “For Military Merit”.
AWARDS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
On March 2, 1994, Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 442 “On State Awards of the Russian Federation” came into force, establishing a list of orders, medals and insignia that are awarded to citizens of Russia and the Regulations on Awards were approved.
In accordance with their contribution to the defense of the Fatherland, personal courage and bravery shown in the performance of military duty, high performance in their official activities, military personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation may be awarded the following state awards: the Order of St. George and the insignia of the St. George Cross; Order of Merit for the Fatherland, Order of Alexander Nevsky, Order of Courage, Order of Military Merit, Order of Naval Merit, Order of Zhukov, Medal of the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, Medal of Courage, Suvorov Medal, Ushakov medal, Nesterov medal, insignia “For Impeccable Service” and other awards.
HEROES OF THE SOVIET UNION AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The highest degree of distinction, valor and courage in the USSR was the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, established on April 16, 1934. On April 20, 1934, the first Heroes of the Soviet Union were seven pilots who participated in the rescue of the Chelyuskinites (participants of the polar expedition): A.V. Lyapidevsky (medal No. 1), S.A. Levanevsky, B.C. Molokov, N.P. Kamanin, M.T. Slepnev, M.V. Vodopyanov, I.V. Doronin.
On August 1, 1939, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On additional insignia for Heroes of the Soviet Union,” the Gold Star medal was approved. The title of Hero of the Soviet Union was the first distinction of this kind in the world. Over the entire history of the USSR, over 12,700 people were awarded, 154 became twice Heroes. Marshal of the Soviet Union S.M. Budyonny, pilots I.N. Kozhedub, A.I. Pokryshkin - became three times Heroes of the Soviet Union and four Gold Star medals were awarded to G.K. Zhukov, G. Brezhnev. The exploits of the Heroes of the Soviet Union, guard private Alexander Matrosov, scout Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, pilot Alexei Maresyev, young partisan reconnaissance Leonid Golikov, Lieutenant General Dmitry Karbyshev and many others will forever go down in the history of the Fatherland.
Maintaining the continuity of the USSR award system, on March 20, 1992, the title of Hero of the Russian Federation was established and the Gold Star medal was established.
The people will forever remember the feat accomplished on July 13, 1993 by the border guard soldiers of the 12th border outpost of the Moscow Border Detachment of the Group of Border Troops of the Russian Federation in the Republic of Tajikistan, who for 11 hours repelled attempts to break into the territory of Tajikistan by a large group of Tajik and Afghan militants. Six border guards were awarded the title of Hero of Russia (including four posthumously).
MARKS OF EXCELLENCE
Insignia - insignia to designate the merits of military personnel shown in the performance of military duty, as well as for distinctions and activities aimed at strengthening the Armed Forces and increasing their combat readiness.
In Rus', gold or silver hryvnias, gold crosses, armor, and expensive gifts were awarded as insignia for military valor. In Russia, they systematically began to award insignia in the time of Peter I. For heroism, St. George's banners, standards, and pipes tied with St. George's ribbons were awarded as insignia.
In the Red Army, the red star with a plow and hammer in the center became a heroic symbol. In 1922, the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic established a number of badges, among which the most famous were “For excellent shooting” and “For excellent felling”. During the Great Patriotic War, the following badges were introduced for privates and senior officers: “Sniper”, “Excellent machine gunner”, “Excellent mortar man”, etc.
In the post-war period, new military insignia were introduced, the most famous of which were “Excellent Member of the Soviet Army”, “Excellent Member of the Navy”, “Excellent Member of the Air Force”, “Excellent Builder”, “For Demining”, “Excellent Parachutist”, “ Air Defense Forces of the Country”, “For Combat Trawling”, “Warrior-Sportsman”, etc.
Insignia of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation include: medals of the Ministry of Defense; award insignia that recognize merit shown in the performance of official and (or) special duties, high achievements of military personnel and civilian personnel of the Armed Forces in various types of daily activities, their combat and professional qualities; qualification marks intended to indicate the professional training, educational level and sports classification of military personnel; signs of military valor, which are available in every branch and branch of the military.
The awarding of specific award badges is carried out by orders of officials who are granted such a right by the Regulations on these award badges. Award badges are presented in a solemn atmosphere to the recipient personally. Along with the award badge, the recipient is given a certificate for it.
Important symbols of military distinction include the Pennant of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation for courage, military valor and high combat skills. The pennant is awarded to divisions, brigades, regiments, ships, individual battalions, divisions, air squadrons, military training units, naval crews, military educational institutions of vocational education of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation for courage, military valor and high combat prowess shown in carrying out tasks of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, as well as those who particularly distinguished themselves during combat training. A sign of the perpetuation of military valor and heroism is the inclusion of military personnel in the lists of military units (ships) forever and enlistment as honorary soldiers and sailors.
The honorary names of military formations are a symbol of faithful and selfless service to the Fatherland. They indicate recognition of special merits for the heroism and courage shown by personnel, perseverance and courage in combat operations to protect the Fatherland and state interests in armed conflicts and actions in emergency situations, for success in field, air, sea (special) training, as well as other outstanding achievements.
RUSSIAN GUARD - A SYMBOL OF VALOR, PERSISTENCE AND LOYALTY TO THE FATHERLAND
Guard translated from Italian means security, protection.
The Russian Imperial Guard was established during the reign of Peter I. The first Russian guards were members of the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments, who took part in many battles of the Northern War of 1700-1721. On September 2, 1700, these regiments received the name Life Guards. The word “lab” meant special closeness to the sovereign. In the wars of the 18th-19th centuries, the banners of the guards regiments of the Russian army were covered with unfading glory.
With the establishment of Soviet power, the guards units were abolished. At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, a decision was made to revive the guard. The four motorized rifle divisions that distinguished themselves near Smolensk in 1941, by order of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, received the name Guards. On May 21, 1942, the “Guard” badge was established for military personnel of the Guards units.
In order to revive and develop domestic military traditions, increase the prestige of military service and in connection with the 300th anniversary of the Russian Guard, Russian Guard Day (September 2) was established by decree of the President of Russia on December 22, 2000.
AWARD WEAPON
Among the symbols of military glory, award (honorary) weapons occupy a place of honor. From ancient times to the present day, weapons have been a symbol of strength, power, courage, and skillful use of them was considered necessary for a real warrior. It is believed that the first honorary weapon in Rus' was awarded to the steward Bogdan Khitrov, who was presented with a saber by the Tsar and Grand Duke of All Rus' Mikhail Fedorovich in 1642.
Since 1774, Catherine II introduced the “Golden Weapon” with the inscription: “For bravery” as a distinction for military exploits. Since 1913, the “Golden Weapon” began to be called the “St. George Weapon”.
Honorary weapons were awarded to fearless heroes of the Civil War. Then it was a saber (dagger) with a gilded hilt and the sign of the Order of the Red Banner superimposed on it. The decree establishing the Honorary Revolutionary Arms was issued by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on April 8, 1920. In December 1924, the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR adopted the regulation “On awarding members of the senior command staff of the Red Army and the Navy with Honorary Revolutionary Weapons.” As an Honorary Weapon, in addition to the checker (dagger), a firearm was also established - a revolver, on the handle of which was attached the Order of the Red Banner and a silver plate with the inscription: “To an honest warrior of the Red Army from the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.” For the first time this award was awarded to S.S. Kamenev and S.M. Budyonny. Subsequently, in the USSR, senior officials were awarded a saber, which displayed the main emblems and symbols of the Soviet state. The tradition of awarding officers of the RF Armed Forces with personalized firearms and bladed weapons has been preserved to this day.
MILITARY GLORY AND VALOR IN WORKS OF ART
The heroic history of our Fatherland is widely reflected in works of art - music, painting, literature, cinema. The works of talented composers, artists, writers and poets, artists created works that forever captured the military glory and honor of the defenders of the Fatherland.
“March of the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment”, “Preobrazhensky March”, “Petrovsky March” is one of the oldest and most famous Russian military marches. Created during the life of Peter I by an unknown composer. By the end of the 19th century, the “Preobrazhensky March” became the main march in Russia. In the Russian Federation, this march is performed annually at the May 9 parade when the Victory Banner is carried out. “Farewell of the Slav” is a march written in 1912 by the headquarters trumpeter of the cavalry regiment Vasily Ivanovich Agapkin. It is rightfully a national march, symbolizing farewell to the war and military service.
Since 1943, the anthem of glory and valor “Song of the Soviet Army” (verses by O. Kolychev, music by A. Alexandrov) has been heard. In 1954, for the 100th anniversary of the heroic defense of the city of Russian glory, Sevastopol, poet P. Gradov and composer V. Muradeli created the immortal song “Legendary Sevastopol.”
The heroism of our people and warriors is clearly reflected in epics, legends, chronicles - “The Tale of Bygone Years” (1110), “The Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh” (1117), “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” (1188), “Zadonshchina "(1383), "The New Tale of the Glorious Russian Kingdom and the Great State of Moscow" (1610), etc.
The military glory of Russian soldiers is sung in the poem by A.S. Pushkin “Poltava”, poem by M.Yu. Lermontov’s “Borodino”, A. Tvardovsky’s poem “Vasily Terkin”, in the literary works of S. Sergeev-Tsensky “Sevastopol Strada”, Y. Bondarev “Hot Snow”, K. Simonov “The Living and the Dead”, A. Ananyev “Tanks Are Coming” diamond”, B. Vasilyeva “Not on the lists”, etc.
In painting, the works of artists M. Grekov “Tachanka” (1925), V. Dmitrievsky, I. Evstigneev, G. Prokopinsky “The Birth of the Red Army” (1954), P. Krivonogov “On the Kursk Bulge” have forever entered into the memory of generations. "(1949), P. Maltsev "Storm of Sapun Mountain", A. Deineka "Defense of Sevastopol".
The glory and valor of Russian soldiers is widely shown in Russian cinema. The films “Battleship Potemkin” (1925) directed by S.M. had a huge influence on the development of cinema throughout the world. Eisenstein. On the eve of the war, historical films about the army were created: “Alexander Nevsky” (1938), “Peter the Great” (1937), “Suvorov” (1940), “Bogdan Khmelnitsky” (1941). During the war, historical-revolutionary and historical films were shot: “Alexander Parkhomenko”, “Kotovsky”, “Kutuzov”, “Admiral Nakhimov”, etc. After the war, the most significant films were created by Grigory Chukhrai - “The Forty-First”, “The Ballad of a Soldier” , "Clear sky". Soviet cinema created the films “War and Peace”, “They Fought for the Motherland”, “And the Dawns Here Are Quiet”, where the military valor of the country’s defenders was revealed.
Nowadays, there is a revival of interest in films about the army and the loyalty to military duty of Russian soldiers. For example, the film “9th Company” directed by Fyodor Bondarchuk reveals the heroism of the “Afghans” soldiers.

Guidelines.
When conducting a lesson on the topic, it is necessary to actively use illustrative material, give brief historical information on awards, military ranks, uniforms, signs of military valor, not limited to the materials of the abstract. The group leaders will be helped in this by the atlas-reference book “History of the Russian Army”, a reference book for officers of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. It is advisable to study the composition of the group according to the geography of birth and conscription, instruct the soldiers to prepare and make short reports about the military glory of their region, the heroes of their city or village, their relatives who distinguished themselves in the defense of the Fatherland. The lesson should have the main goal: to develop among soldiers a motivational readiness to continue the military glory of Russian weapons, to serve honestly and conscientiously, to earn awards and badges of military valor of the Russian Army, and to unite the military team more closely.

Recommended reading:
1. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 2, 1994 N2442 “On state awards of the Russian Federation.”
2. Military encyclopedic dictionary. - M., 2007.
3. History of the Russian Army. Atlas-directory. - M., 2014.
4. Handbook of an officer of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. - M., 2008.
5. Symbols of the Motherland and military valor / Comp. IN AND. Shelekasov, V.P. Delia. - M., 1990.

Reserve Colonel Alexey MAZUR, researcher at the Research Institute (military history) of the Military Academy of the General Staff

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Introduction

1.1 Battle Banner

1.3 Dress code

1.4 Military ranks

1.5 Monuments and monuments

Conclusion

Introduction

The history of any society is unthinkable without the presence of indispensable attributes that symbolize the system of its social values, reflecting the characteristics of the spiritual sphere of life of a given society, its customs and traditions, which were formed during the historical process as a result of the influence of various kinds of economic, socio-political and spiritual factors.

The essay is devoted to the topic of military symbols, interest in the history of the creation and development of which has existed for a long time. Russian authors have repeatedly turned to the study of the history of orders, medals, banners, etc.

The fundamentals of research into military insignia and insignia as historical sources, the principles of their description and classification were developed in the works of domestic researchers P.I. Belavenetsa, A.V. Viskovatova, N.G. Nikolaev and others since the second half of the 19th century.

Military symbols are a set of ordered systems of symbols and signs, interconnected and holistic, formed and used to optimize the volume of transmitted messages, manage the value orientation and behavior of military personnel associated with the army and the attitude towards it from society as a whole.

Military symbols greatly contribute to the strengthening of the patriotic consciousness and morale of soldiers, the formation of cohesion and resilience of military teams.

The educational value of military symbols (insignia, distinctions, emblems) is especially great, in which historical experience, traditions of previous generations and heroic pages of the military chronicle are expressed in a vivid, figurative form. It is here that the inextricable connection between the heroism of the past and the romance of today is contained.

1. Symbols of military glory and military valor

1.1 Battle Banner

military symbols order award

In ancient times, the role of the banner was initially performed by certain figures (eagle, owl, etc.) placed at the top of the staff, and from the 9th century. A banner is a piece of cloth attached to a pole. In battles, banners indicated the location of military leaders and individual units. Among the ancient Slavs until the end of the 15th century. the banners were called banners. With the adoption of Christianity in Rus', the face of Jesus Christ began to be placed on the banner. During the battle, a banner dug into the ground by a pole indicated the place of the prince’s headquarters and the center of the battle formation. A fallen banner meant defeat. In the 18th century Peter I established the shape and design of the banner for various parts.

The status of the banner was determined in the Military Regulations of 1716. The oath of allegiance to the service of the sovereign and the state was taken by the soldiers under unfurled banners and contained the obligation “... never to leave the company and the banner, but while I am alive, I will certainly follow them voluntarily and faithfully... He who does not carry his banner until the last hour of his life will protect him, he is not worthy to bear the name of a soldier.”

In the Russian army, soldiers were taught that the banner is a sacred military banner, under which all warriors faithful to their duty gather and with which they go into battle with the enemy. The banner was a reminder to the soldier that he had sworn an oath to serve the Motherland, not sparing life itself. The greatest shame for the unit was the loss of its banner. Such a unit was disbanded, and the people who were directly entrusted with guarding the banner were subject to the death penalty.

The first military banners appeared in the Red Army in 1918. In June 1926, a unified standard of banners for Red Army units was approved. Since 1975, the military banner began to be called the Battle Banner.

In the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated November 10, 2007 N 1495 (as amended on March 25, 2015) “On approval of general military regulations of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation” (together with the “Charter of the internal service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation”, “Disciplinary Charter of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation”, "The Charter of the Garrison and Guard Services of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation"), Appendix No. 3. Regulations on the procedure for presenting the Battle Banner of a military unit, is defined:

“The battle banner of a military unit (hereinafter referred to as the Battle Banner), presented to a military unit, is the official symbol and military relic of the military unit, personifies its honor, valor, glory and military traditions, indicates the purpose of the military unit and its affiliation with the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies."

The battle flag is presented to the military unit in a solemn ceremony on behalf of the President of the Russian Federation by a representative of the relevant federal executive body in which military service is provided. When presenting the Battle Banner to a military unit, a Certificate of the President of the Russian Federation is issued for the Battle Banner. The battle flag is always with the military unit, and in the area of combat operations - in conditions that preclude its capture by the enemy. In the event of a threat of loss of the Battle Banner, military personnel of a military unit are obliged to take all possible measures to save it, selflessly and courageously defend it in battle and prevent it from being captured by the enemy.

The battle banner consists of a double-sided panel, a pole, a pommel, a staple, a thread, a braid with tassels and banner nails. The set with the Battle Banner also includes order ribbons, a pantaler and a banner case. In military units of the Strategic Missile Forces, on the front and back sides of the cloth there is a straight, equal-ended white cross with flaring ends with a black border and orange corners between the ends of the cross, the corners are equally divided by a black cross stripe. On the front side of the banner of the Battle, in the center of the cross, there is a round red medallion framed by a golden (silver) laurel wreath with a fluttering ribbon at the bottom. The medallion contains the main figure of the State Emblem of the Russian Federation: a golden (silver) double-headed eagle with fluffy wings raised upward. The eagle is crowned with two small crowns and above them - one large crown, connected by a ribbon. In the eagle's right paw is a scepter, in the left is an orb. On the eagle’s chest, in a red shield, is a silver (white) rider in a blue cloak on a silver (white) horse, striking with a silver (white) spear a black dragon, overturned on its back and trampled by the horse. On the reverse side of the banner of the Battle, in the center of the cross, there is a round red medallion framed by a golden laurel wreath with a fluttering ribbon at the bottom. At the top of the wreath is the emblem of the Russian Armed Forces. The medallion contains the banner emblem of the military unit. In the corners of the front and back sides of the cloth of the Battle Banner there are round medallions framed by golden laurel wreaths with developing ribbons in the lower part. The medallions contain the emblem of the Strategic Missile Forces.

The geometric parameters and structural characteristics of the Battle Banner are the same for all military formations of the Russian Federation.

1.2 Orders - honorary awards for military distinction and merit in battle and military service

The Order is a special sign of distinction as a reward for outstanding services to the state.

An important form of material and moral encouragement, symbolizing recognition of special merits to the state, in particular, for military distinction in battles and in days of peace, is an award.

In Rus', warriors for military merits and exploits were awarded hryvnias, armor, and valuable gifts. Starting from the 15th century, all warriors began to be awarded specially minted medals for participation in military campaigns or particularly important individual battles. The reward system in Tsarist Russia was clearly hierarchical in nature. This is clearly seen in the example of awarding orders. Only officers and generals were awarded them in the army and navy.

Among the symbols of military glory, weapons have a place of honor. Rewarding with weapons in Russia has been carried out since ancient times. The first documentary evidence of such an encouragement is a certificate of award from steward Bogdan Khitrov, who was presented with a saber by the Tsar and Grand Duke of All Rus' Mikhail Fedorovich.

Subsequently, such awards began to include swords, sabers, broadswords, checkers and dirks with precious decorations and without decorations with the inscription “For bravery” and the St. George Cross or the Annen Cross on the hilt, the St. George lanyard, awarded for military exploits to officers and generals.

In the new statute of the Order of St. George in 1913, the Golden Arms received the official name “Heroic Arms.” Since 1914, on award weapons for generals, the inscription “For bravery” was replaced by an indication of a specific feat.

The tradition of awarding weapons was continued during the Civil War. Since 1920, a saber or dirk with a gilded hilt and the Order of the Red Banner superimposed on it has become an honorary weapon.

Since 1924, in addition to the checker, a revolver with a silver plate has become an honorary weapon: “To the honest warrior of the Red Army from the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.”

During the Great Patriotic War, a new tradition was born. In a solemn atmosphere, weapons that had covered themselves with glory in battle were passed from one warrior to another: a machine gun, a sniper rifle, a machine gun.

Along with the establishment and presentation of individual and collective awards and insignia, there was a practice of assigning historical names to regiments, ships, batteries, and fortresses associated with the names of military and statesmen, commanders, and scientists. The name of the regiment bound the warriors into one family with invisible ties. It was reflected in the insignia and was the pride of soldiers and officers. The names of the regiments were associated with the places of military exploits of the units.

The symbols and award system of the Soviet state began to take shape immediately after the revolutionary events of 1917. The first step in this direction was the adoption of the Decree “On the destruction of estates and civil ranks.” They destroyed not only estates and privileges, but also ranks, ranks, titles, orders, medals and emblems of the Russian Empire.

In the first years of Soviet power, the main types of collective awards were Honorary Revolutionary Red Banners, Honorary Revolutionary Naval Flags, as well as the assignment of honorary names to military formations and units.

The highest state awards for both individual military personnel and military units, ships, were orders and medals.

Badges, primarily of military valor and distinction, occupied and continue to occupy a special place among awards in the army and navy.

In the first years of the revolution, as a symbol of loyalty to the revolution and its ideals, people wore a red bow on their chest.

In 1922, the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic established a number of badges, among which the most famous were “To the Honest Warrior of the Karelian Front”, “For Excellent Shooting”, “For Excellent Chopping”.

In the pre-war years, a number of badges with a defense focus were introduced. Among them are “Voroshilov shooter”, “For shooting”, “For active defense work”, “Ready for air defense” and others. In those same years, badges were established for combatants. The first of them is “Participant in the Khasan battles.”

During the Great Patriotic War, the following badges were introduced for privates and senior officers: “Sniper”, “Excellent machine gunner”, “Excellent mortar man”, etc., up to “Excellent baker”, “Excellent cook”.

In the post-war period, new military insignia were introduced, the most famous of which were “Excellent Member of the Soviet Army”, “Excellent Member of the Navy”, “Excellent Member of the Air Force”, “For Demining”, “Excellent Parachutist”, “For Combat Trawling”, “Warrior-athlete”, etc.

Komsomol servicemen and Komsomol activists who distinguished themselves in combat training were awarded special insignia of the Komsomol Central Committee.

A special insignia - the Gold Star medal of the Hero of the Russian Federation - was established on March 20, 1992 and is awarded to military personnel who have performed heroic deeds.

1.3 Dress code

One of the symbols of an armed defender of the fatherland is his uniform. Military uniform is the general name for all items of uniform, equipment and insignia in the state army. It allows you to determine whether military personnel belong to the branch of the armed forces, distinguishes them from the civilian population and military personnel of other armies.

In ancient times, every man capable of carrying weapons was a warrior and went to the battlefield in the dress that he usually wore. However, the need to distinguish one’s troops from the enemy from afar even then led to the desire to have a single-color uniform or, at least, distinctive insignia.

Insignia include shoulder straps, breast and sleeve insignia, insignia on headdresses, shoulder straps and buttonholes, piping, stripes, and emblems.

Among the insignia, emblems occupy a special place. They appeared in the Russian army in 1700 and were then called “coats of arms”. They wore emblems on hats, buttons, cartridge bags and waist belts. As a rule, four symbols varied: a double-headed eagle, a charter, a shield, and St. Andrew's star. Crossed cannons, axes, anchors and other elements were placed on them. Over time, military symbols became simpler. The latest changes in military symbols occurred in connection with the collapse of the USSR and changes in the socio-political system.

Shoulder straps show the personal military ranks of servicemen, as well as their affiliation with the branch of the armed forces, branch of the armed forces, and service.

Shoulder straps were introduced into the Russian army in 1763. First on one left shoulder, and from 1802 on both shoulders. The symbolism of the uniform and shoulder straps was so comprehensive in the Russian army that the very fact of deprivation of an officer’s rank was expressed in tearing off the shoulder straps from the shoulders of the one who dishonored them by his behavior.

Along with shoulder straps, the Russian army also had epaulettes - special insignia mainly for officers, generals and admirals, which later became part of only ceremonial clothing.

"Until 1825, everyone who wore civilian dress recognized the superiority of the epaulette." These words belong to A.I. Herzen. However, you should know that the army was accepted not for its gold embroidery, but for the heroism shown in the battles for Borodino, Leipzig, Dresden, and Paris.

Shoulder straps, like military ranks, were abolished at the same time by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of December 16, 1917. If the mass of soldiers unconditionally welcomed these democratic steps of the Soviet government, they met with a completely different reception from a significant part of the former officers and generals.

The major measures taken in 1942 and early 1943 to improve the system of military ranks, as well as the successful course of the winter campaign of 1942-1943, which ended in the encirclement and capture in Stalingrad of the three hundred and thirty thousand army of Field Marshal Paulus, prepared the ground for a major state act: the introduction of military -The USSR Navy has new insignia - shoulder straps.

In the Red Army, shoulder straps were originally intended to distinguish the soldiers of the guards units. But this intention was not realized, and the guards received a special “Guard” badge as a distinction. Nevertheless, the idea of introducing shoulder straps was not stopped.

A serious reason that prompted the Soviet government to introduce shoulder straps in the Red Army was the introduction of unity of command. In combat conditions, they decided to raise and strengthen the authority of command cadres with new insignia. The need to introduce shoulder straps was also dictated by upcoming joint actions and close interaction on the battlefield with the allied armies.

Shoulder straps were legalized in the Red Army and the USSR Navy by decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Council dated January 6, 1943 “On the introduction of new insignia for the personnel of the Red Army” and of February 15, 1943 “On the introduction of new insignia for the personnel of the Navy.” By order of the People's Commissar of Defense of January 15, 1943, a new uniform was introduced for military personnel.

Shoulder straps were a traditional part of the pre-revolutionary Russian army. But this is no ordinary piece of clothing. Shoulder straps have always been a sign, a symbol of military dignity, military honor. The introduction of shoulder straps seemed to emphasize that the Red Army is the legitimate successor to the military valor and military glory of the old army, the legitimate and only heir to its traditions.

Noting the historical significance of this measure, the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper wrote in an editorial: “We are putting on shoulder straps in the great and difficult time of the Great Patriotic War. Let us immortalize these signs of military distinction and military honor with new exploits for the glory of our Fatherland and our heroic army.”

The military uniform also changed noticeably during the post-war years. The composition of the shoulder strap and its outline have been updated. If the shoulder straps introduced in 1943 were removable, then by the eighties this type of shoulder straps was preserved only for a few types of military uniforms (for example, shirts). Instead of removable shoulder straps for most types of uniforms, sewn shoulder straps with an obliquely cut upper edge have become established.

Thus, the gold shoulder straps once again sparkled on the shoulders of the servicemen - it was gold of the highest standard, born of the sacrificial service of many generations of soldiers to their fatherland. Shoulder straps remain a symbol of the continuity of military glory of officers and soldiers to this day.

1.4 Military ranks

Military ranks appeared in the 15th-16th centuries with the development of standing armies and are present in most armies of the world to this day. The authority of military ranks was always high, because they testified to the military qualifications, merits, length of service and combat experience of each soldier; they embodied the fundamental idea of military service - the unquestioning and obligatory subordination of junior ranks to seniors.

In the Russian army, military ranks first appeared in 1550 in the Streltsy army. Under Peter I, with the Table of Ranks (1722), military ranks were formalized into a single system. Most of them existed for almost two centuries.

The highest military rank - the Generalissimo of the Russian troops - was introduced into the army at the end of the 17th century. Around the same time, the next most important rank was introduced - field marshal general. In the history of our state there were 4 generalissimos and 64 field marshals.

On the eve of the October Revolution of 1917, the following ranks existed in the Russian army (infantry): infantry general, lieutenant general, major general, colonel, lieutenant colonel, captain, staff captain, lieutenant, second lieutenant, ensign, ensign, sergeant major, senior non-commissioned officer. officer, junior non-commissioned officer, corporal, private. By decree of the Council of People's Commissars of December 16, 1917, the old military ranks were abolished, and until 1935, commanders in the army and navy differed in their positions.

Personal military ranks in the Soviet Armed Forces were first introduced in 1935. At the same time, the continuity of some ranks that existed in the old Russian army was preserved. Subsequently, military ranks were clarified in 1940, 1942-1943, 1945. For example, on May 25, 1942, guard ranks were introduced. Simultaneously with the introduction of guards military ranks, the “Guard” badge was established for military personnel awarded this rank.

During 1942-1943, the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR continued to train the military ranks of the commanding staff of the Red Army and the USSR Navy. One after another, with short interruptions, resolutions of the State Defense Committee on this issue were prepared and adopted. The changes were caused by the fact that the military ranks of the commanding personnel were characterized by a multiplicity of positions and differed sharply not only from the ranks of the commanding personnel, but were also significantly different for the commanding personnel of various services.

The first in January 1942 were such military ranks as lieutenant technician, senior lieutenant technician, engineer captain, major engineer, lieutenant colonel engineer, colonel engineer, major general, lieutenant general and colonel general of the aviation engineering service received military-technical staff of the Air Force. A similar decision was made in March of the same year regarding the military ranks of the military-technical personnel of the artillery and armored forces. The middle and senior command staff of these types of troops received ranks from technician - lieutenant to engineer-colonel; the highest command staff - from major general to colonel general of the engineering and artillery service (in artillery) or the engineering and tank service (in tank forces). New military ranks were introduced for middle and senior command staff of the quartermaster service: lieutenant, senior lieutenant, captain, major, lieutenant colonel and colonel of the quartermaster service.

A clear gradation of military ranks of various services contributed to a more organized work of rear institutions and the successful conduct of military operations. An active army is a complex mechanism that requires a constant and uninterrupted supply of ammunition, fuel, food, the slightest hitch or miscalculation in this matter immediately affects the combat effectiveness of the troops, therefore the military economy should have been conducted as befits a real zealous owner, who knows the count of each cartridge, kilogram of bread , every penny.

During the same period, the idea of differentiating military ranks for persons with higher and secondary technical education was further developed. In addition to the already existing ranks (technical lieutenant, senior technical lieutenant), in September 1942 the following ranks were established for artillery command staff with secondary technical education: captain, major, lieutenant colonel and colonel of the artillery and technical service.

Changes in the system of military ranks, introduced during the Great Patriotic War, culminated in June 1945 with the establishment of the highest military rank - Generalissimo of the Soviet Union.

The decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated June 26, 1945 states: “To establish the highest military rank - Generalissimo of the Soviet Union, personally awarded by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR for particularly outstanding services to the Motherland in the leadership of all armed forces of the state during the war.” As is known, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated June 27, 1945, this title was awarded to I.V. Stalin on the written recommendation of the front commanders.

For a number of reasons, the title of Generalissimo of the Soviet Union was the only one in the Soviet Armed Forces, and was not provided with an approved uniform. During the life of I.V. Stalin failed to approve the form, and after his death this was no longer necessary.

I.V. Stalin wore a marshal's uniform until the end of his days.

On June 1, 1972, the military rank of warrant officer (midshipman) was established in the Armed Forces of the USSR, and in 1981, in addition to it, senior warrant officer (senior warrant officer).

Taking into account pressing issues and tasks for the further development of the Armed Forces of the USSR and the role of military ranks in this development, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, by decree of April 26, 1984, introduced the following changes to this system:

1. From the military ranks of generals of the military branches (artillery, tank troops, engineering troops, communications troops, technical troops), the name of the military branch was excluded.

2. Special military ranks of junior, senior and senior officers of engineering and technical personnel were abolished.

3. Special military ranks were abolished: Marshal of the Armored Forces and Chief Marshal of the Armored Forces, Chief Marshal of the Signal Corps and Chief Marshal of the Engineering Troops.

As a result of these changes, the number of different positions in the system of military ranks was significantly reduced. If, according to the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of November 18, 1971, military ranks were established for fifteen types of military branches and services, then according to the new decree their number was reduced to five: combined arms, aviation, for the naval personnel of the Navy and border troops, medical service , legal service.

The ranks of officers and generals of the medical service and justice remained unchanged; they included the names of the relevant services, for example: junior lieutenant of the medical service, major general of justice.

The current system of military ranks is mainly borrowed from the previous one and is determined by the Charter of the Internal Service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

1.5 Monuments and monuments

Important symbols of military glory are monuments to armed defenders of the Fatherland.

The construction of monuments arose in ancient times with the aim of perpetuating the memory of important events. The most common type were sculpted figures or groups. In the Russian Empire, most of the monuments were statues in honor of heroes, generals, emperors, as well as cathedrals, churches and chapels.

In the first years of Soviet power, monuments to its leaders and national heroes reflected the revolutionary enthusiasm of the masses.

Almost no monuments dedicated to the Civil War, the heroism of the Red Army soldiers and built immediately in hot pursuit have survived. Therefore, many were built mainly after the Great Patriotic War.

Monuments in honor of the heroes and heroic events of the Great Patriotic War began to be created back in wartime, but they began to be especially actively erected on anniversaries. Attention to the heroic events of the past and present of our army and navy continues today.

Monuments to the heroes of the Great Patriotic War are available in all corners of our country, and not just where battles took place. All over Russia, in cities and small villages, there are obelisks to soldiers who gave their lives for their Motherland.

Many monuments to Soviet soldiers were erected on the territory of states that the Soviet army liberated from the Nazis.

Monuments and symbols, numerous traditions and rituals contribute to the formation of a sense of patriotism and readiness to honestly perform military duty.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we can say that the military uniform, symbols and rituals of the internal troops are of no small importance in shaping the fighting qualities of military personnel and instilling in them a sense of patriotism. Neglect of the historical past, ignoring the significance of the military uniform, disrespect for insignia and rituals leads not only to violations of military discipline, but also to a decrease in the moral and psychological stability of military personnel, a weakening of military spirit and, as a result, affects the combat readiness of troops.

List of information resources used

Normative legal acts

1. Law of the Russian Federation of March 20, 1992 N 2553-1 “On the establishment of the title of Hero of the Russian Federation and the establishment of a sign of special distinction - the Gold Star medal [Electronic resource] // “Rossiyskaya Gazeta”, N 72, 03/28/1992

2. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated December 18, 2006 N 1422 (as amended on July 1, 2014) “On the Battle Banner of a Military Unit” [Electronic resource] // “Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation”, December 25, 2006, N 52 (3 hours), Art. 5564

3. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated November 10, 2007 N 1495 (as amended on March 25, 2015) “On approval of general military regulations of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation” (together with the “Charter of Internal Service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation”, “Disciplinary Charter of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation” , “Charter of garrison and guard services of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation”) [Electronic resource] // “Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation”, 11/19/2007, N 47 (1 part), art. 5749

4. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 09/07/2010 N 1099 (as amended on 04/30/2015) “On measures to improve the state award system of the Russian Federation” (together with the “Regulations on state awards of the Russian Federation”, “Statutes of orders of the Russian Federation, provisions on insignia of the Russian Federation, medals of the Russian Federation, honorary titles of the Russian Federation, descriptions of the named state awards of the Russian Federation and badges for honorary titles of the Russian Federation") [Electronic resource] // "Rossiyskaya Gazeta", N 207, 09.15.2010

Scientific literature

1. Durov V.A. Order of Russia. [Text] M., 1993;

2. Kuznetsov A.A., Chepurnov N.I. Award medal. T. 1. [Text] M., 1992;

3. Miner V. Military symbols and rituals in the history of the Russian army and navy [Text] // Orientir. - 2002. - No. 6

4. Moshchansky O.B. Acmeological and epistemological functions of military symbols: Dis. Ph.D. Philosopher Sci. [Text] M.:VU, 2000.

5. Ozhegov S.I. and Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language: 80,000 words and phraseological expressions / RAS. Institute of Russian Language named after. V.V. Vinogradova. - 4th ed., expanded. [Text] - M.: Azbukovnik, 1999

6. Modern dictionary of foreign words: About 20,000 words. - 3rd ed. [Text] - M.: Russian language, 2000

7. Spassky I.G. Foreign and Russian orders until 1917. [Text] St. Petersburg, 1993

8. Chepurnov N.I. Russian award medals. Parts 1-3. [Text] Cheboksary. 1993

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Zone activation

Since the fame zone is the central link between the wealth zone and the love zone, it attracts material well-being through the achievement of universal love from our environment. Therefore, before activation, pay attention to the “cleanliness” and transparency of your zone - clean your space of old things and unnecessary trash, organize space and order for the movement of a positive flow of energy into your sector.

As we have already understood, the key element in activating our zone is the phoenix: it, like a clot of fiery energy, has an endless and continuous life cycle that needs support. Alternatives to the phoenix could be the peacock, red rooster or eagle. These can be not only figurines, but also images of these birds. In addition, any fire symbolism will work in this zone to attract and activate energy: candles, images of fire, sun or hearth, and maybe a real fireplace - all these are suitable activators for this zone.

Any symbols associated with success and achievement will also work well in this zone. These can be diplomas, certificates, commendations, diplomas, awards, medals - in general, everything that reflects merit and good reputation. Considering that the feeding element for the element of fire is wood, wooden products are also a good companion here: figurines, wood products or wickerwork (rattan), or the so-called fire stones - pieces of frozen lava or volcanic tuff. However, these should not be stones symbolizing water - ordinary pebbles, for example.

If we consider the ideal option, a wooden room in red or orange tones, diluted with green shades, will perfectly serve to activate the glory zone. However, do not forget that the water elements “extinguish” the flame, so beware of marine shades and objects associated with the water element.

The interaction of fire with earth also has its own nuances. In sufficient quantities, land serves as a guarantor of our stability, creates soil under our feet, giving confidence in the future. In excess, it leads to stagnation of energy, preventing favorable and successful events from entering our lives. To achieve optimal balance, one light brown rug or painting symbolizing calm and stability will be enough.

Considering that the number of the southern direction is 9, the use of nine objects, such as nine eagles figurines or nine tulips in a painting, will certainly enhance the activation of the glory zone. Objects that are actively growing upward also have a beneficial effect on the popularity zone: use elongated red candles or place a bright red pyramid in a prominent place, accelerating the flow of fame and success into your home.

It doesn’t matter whether you have been working in a certain field for a long time or decided to try yourself in something completely new, or maybe even changed your social circle - so that the fire of glory continues to circulate and bear fruit, actively saturate it with positive thoughts and actions, strengthen their friendly and family ties. Positive affirmations created by you personally are also an indispensable magnet for the successful implementation of goals and the fulfillment of your most cherished desires. The most important thing here is their compilation in an affirmative form. Turn within yourself, voicing them as if you already have everything you have in mind, repeating them in the glory zone several times a week. But do not make unnecessary efforts: let go of your desires, leave them to your symbols and talismans to realize them, and the fire of your glory will never go out.

Read with this article

on the course "Military Affairs"

on the topic: “Symbols of military glory and military valor”

Introduction

On any continent, in any country in the world, military symbols have deep historical roots, the most extensive system of meanings and means of expression, and the most deeply developed theoretical basis. Military symbols greatly contribute to the strengthening of the patriotic consciousness and morale of soldiers, the formation of cohesion and resilience of military teams.

Banners and flags as military symbols

Battle Banner

The battle flag is a symbol of military honor, valor and glory, serving as a reminder to every serviceman of the heroic traditions and sacred duty of defending the Fatherland.

The history of battle flags goes back a long way. As a sign for the gathering and unification of warriors, they appeared in the armed detachments of the armies of slave states. These military attributes were gradually improved, their role and importance increased. Banners were not only the most ancient attribute in the Russian army, but also the most stable and unchanging authority among the troops. Initially, the role of the banner was performed by figures of birds and animals (eagle, owl), placed at the top of the pole, and from the 9th century - a cloth attached to the pole. Russian military vocabulary in the 11th century already included such concepts as “banner” and “gonfalon”. Throughout the entire course of Russian military history, there was no period when banners lost their significance as military shrines.

Until the 18th century, the Russian army did not have a uniform provision on the banner. It was first introduced by Peter I in the Military Regulations of 1716. Each military unit and ship was supposed to have a banner and take a military oath under it. The soldiers were required to defend the regimental symbol in battle without sparing their lives. The loss of a military shrine was considered the greatest crime and shame.

Under the command of the great Russian commanders Peter I, P. Rumyantsev, A. Suvorov, M. Kutuzov, Russian troops won outstanding victories over the enemy and covered their battle flags with glory. Under their shadow, Russian soldiers and officers fought bravely in the Crimean War of 1853-1856, in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, and on the battlefields of the 1st World War.

Loyalty to the Battle Banner was preserved and increased by Soviet soldiers in the battles of Lake Khasan (1938) and on the Khalkhin Gol River (1939), the Soviet-Finnish War (1939-1940) and especially during the Great Patriotic War of 1941- 1945

There are numerous cases where Soviet soldiers, not sparing their blood and lives, saved battle flags from being captured by enemies, captured the enemy’s battle flags themselves, and hoisted banners over defeated fortifications. Truly the dominant symbol of the valor and glory of our soldiers was the hoisting of the Victory Banner over the Reichstag in Berlin and the Victory Parade on June 24, 1945 in Moscow, when 200 standards and banners of defeated Nazi Germany were thrown at the foot of the Mausoleum of V.I. Lenin.

Currently, the Battle Banner of a military unit is a particularly honorable sign, symbolizing the military mission, historical path and merits of the military unit, as well as indicating its belonging to the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Time is inexorable. It moves us further and further away from the heroic past. Today, in the ranks of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are the grandchildren and great-grandsons of those who defended the Fatherland in the terrible years 1941-1945, who were faithful to the military oath and the Battle Banner. Today's warriors see their strength in the glory of the Battle Banner, and their pride and valor in its honor.

Naval ensign

The naval flag of the Russian Federation, hoisted on a ship of the Navy, is the battle banner of the ship and symbolizes its nationality and inviolability. The naval flag from its raising to its lowering (during the voyage around the clock) is in full view of all personnel and everyone near the ship. Each serviceman salutes the flag upon entering and disembarking the ship. This pays tribute to the ship and the Russian Navy, which has glorious military traditions.

The history of the Russian Naval Flag goes back to ancient times. Even during the sea campaigns of the Slavs to Constantinople in the 8th-9th centuries, their boats had flags. The first naval symbol on a Russian warship was raised in 1668. "Eagle", as this ship was called, had a flag that combined three colors: red, blue and white, which symbolized nobility, loyalty and courage.

Since 1712, the St. Andrew's flag became the Naval flag - a white cloth with a blue cross diagonally, which existed until October 1917. Under this flag, Russian sailors traveled around the world, discovered new sea routes and lands, and military sailors gained glory in the battles of Gangut (1714), Chesma (1770), Navarino (1827), Sinop (1853). .).

The crews of the sailors of the cruiser “Varyag” and the gunboat “Koreets” left an unforgettable memory. On February 9, 1904, they engaged a Japanese squadron, sank an enemy destroyer and inflicted serious damage on two cruisers. Having used up all the shells, the heroes, on the orders of the commander, opened the kingstons on the wounded “Varyag” and blew up the “Korean”. The Russian ships went under water without lowering their flags to the enemy.

During the years of Soviet power, new Naval flags were established, but at first they changed quickly. The USSR Naval Flag had the longest life, from 1935 to 1992. It was a white cloth with a blue stripe on the bottom edge. On the left half of the flag there was a red five-pointed star on a white background, on the right - a hammer and sickle. Like the first flag raised on the Eagle, the USSR Naval Flag combined the same three colors.

Under this flag, Soviet sailors during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 wrote new pages in the glorious history of the Russian fleet. For loyalty and love for the Fatherland, courage and heroism shown in defending the Motherland, tens of thousands of them were awarded military awards, about 600 people became Heroes of the Soviet Union, 238 ships and units were awarded military orders for the massive heroism of their personnel.

Today there is a new St. Andrew's flag in the fleet and a new generation of sailors. But as before, it is rightfully proud of its Naval flag, which personifies the greatness and power of Russia, its heroic past. As the famous marine painter Leonid Sobolev noted, a ship is the arena of a sailor’s military exploits, his fortress and weapon for attack, his strength and honor. They are carried aloft on the gaff and flutter over the world in the proud splendor of the Navy Ensign.

Dress

Insignia include shoulder straps, breast and sleeve insignia, insignia on headdresses, shoulder straps and buttonholes, piping, stripes, and emblems.

Shoulder straps show the personal military ranks of servicemen, as well as their affiliation with the branch of the armed forces, branch of the armed forces, and service.

Along with shoulder straps, the Russian army also had epaulettes - special insignia mainly for officers, generals and admirals, which later became part of only ceremonial clothing.

In Soviet times, shoulder straps in the armed forces were restored during the Great Patriotic War in January 1943. The reason that prompted the introduction of shoulder straps in the Red Army was the introduction of unity of command and major measures to improve the system of military ranks. The introduction of shoulder straps contributed to raising the authority of commanding officers and strengthening military discipline among army and navy personnel, instilling confidence in the approach of victory over the enemy.

08/22/2016 “The flag of the state is a symbol of glory”

/Scenario for Russian Flag Day. - 08/22/2016/

Presenter 1: Attention!

Presenter 2: Today is the National Flag Day of the Russian Federation, which is celebrated on August 22.

Presenter 1: Each state has its own state symbols, these are signs of its sovereignty - the coat of arms, flag and anthem.

Presenter 2: The symbols of the state are both the history of the country and its present day. They express the features of the country’s historical path, its distinctive features among other countries.

Presenter 1: One of the most important state symbols of Russia is the state flag.

Presenter 2: We will close friendly ranks,

Raising the Russian banner to the top,

Let a lot of water flow,

But the flag flies over all of us!

The Russian Anthem is played. The flag is raised.

Background music

Presenter 1: The Russian flag is magnificent,

It's like a symbol of our honor

And every enemy will fear

When the Russian people are together under him.

Presenter 2: Let him protect the country

The fatherland of the Russian people,

Without giving in to anyone

And without fading from year to year.

The presenters leave

The song “Russia-Rus!” Spanish Natalia Antonova

Music in the background

Presenter 1: The white-blue-red flag of Russia first appeared at the turn of the 17th – 18th centuries.

The 3 colors of the flag, which became national, received an official interpretation. The red color meant “power”...

Presenter 2: blue is the color of the Mother of God, under whose protection Russia is, and white is the color of freedom and independence. These colors also meant the commonwealth of White, Little and Great Russia.

Presenter 1: On August 22, 1991, in connection with the restoration of the historical Russian tricolor state flag, covered with the glory of many generations of Russians, a tricolor flag was raised over the house of the government of the Russian Federation, replacing the red banner with a hammer and sickle as the state symbol.

Presenter 2: Currently, the following interpretation of the meanings of the colors of the Russian flag is most often used: white means peace, purity, purity and perfection

Presenter 1:
Tell me, what does the color blue mean? (color of faith and fidelity, constancy)

What about red? (symbolizes energy, strength, blood shed for the Fatherland.)

Presenter 1: The national flag of the Russian Federation is raised on the buildings of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council, the State Duma and the Government of the Russian Federation

Presenter 2: Constitutional, Supreme, Arbitration Courts of the General Prosecutor's Office, the Central Bank, the Accounts Chamber, the residence of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation and the Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation.

Presenter 1: The state flag, as a shrine, is given the highest state honors. Its dignity must be protected throughout the world; insulting the flag is regarded as an insult to the honor of the nation and state.

Presenter 2: The Russian national flag is raised or installed during all official events held by both federal and local government bodies.

Presenter 1: On the eve of the holiday, the action “Vivat, Russian Flag” was held with the support of the All-Russian public organization Young Guard “United Russia”.

Presenter 2: Everyone who takes part remembers the symbols of Russia.

Presenter 1: As part of the “Vivat, Russian Flag” campaign, we invite you to take part in the station game

Part 2. Block “Game by stations”

Presenter. We begin the relay race through the stations “Vivat, Russian flag!”.. Whoever has white tokens joins team No. 1, those with red ones go to team No. 2, and those with blue ones go to team No. 3.

Are the teams ready?

But we’re not ready – what kind of team is this without a captain?

The task is to choose a captain!

Begin.

Once the captain is chosen, the teams raise the flag.

Presenter. While the captains are being chosen, I invite the audience to become fans! It’s very simple, anyone present who likes white, raise your hands!

You are given white balls and you automatically become fans of the white team!

Who likes red? The color of courage, boldness? We raise our hands higher so that the helpers can see who to distribute the balls to. You are fans of the red team.

Are there any blue lovers here? You are given blue balls.

Presenter. White Team, are you ready? Fans, I can't hear you! Team Blue! Fans!

And the Red team! Fans are actively supporting the participants!

And before we start the relay, I want to tell you the conditions of the game.

There are 6 gaming stations in total. The “Departure” station and the “Clash of the Cocks” station are held where you are now, that is, in front of the stage. The remaining 4 stations “Udachnaya”, “Glaz Diamond”, “Veselye Panties” and “Lovkaya” are located on the site and are marked with tricolor balls

The more applause, the more points the team you're rooting for gets.

Teams, all attention to the courts, turn around and face the playing stations. So, the 1st station is “Departure”. The captain's task is to transport the entire team to one of the stations. The white team goes to the Udachnaya station, the blue team goes to the Lovkaya station, and the red team moves to the Jolly Pants station. The captain runs to the station, returns to the team, takes the hand of the next participant, the two of them run to the station, the two of them return for the third participant. And so on until the “locomotive” from the entire team reaches the desired station. Whoever arrives at their station first earns their first 5 points. Is everything clear to the participants? Reade set Go!

(passes the first station)

Presenter. So, the teams have been transported to the stations, and we are releasing them into free sailing, but I’ll talk to you, dear fans, later!

Presenter. I suggest you take part in the auction of songs about Russia. The rules are simple. We raise our hand, my assistant comes up to you with a microphone, you name a song, the more songs you know about Russia, the more chances you have to win a prize.

(auction of songs about Russia)

Presenter. Here is a connoisseur of songs about Russia . Listen to more songs! Applause! And we return to the teams.

Presenter. I name the color whose color I name, they raise the balls up and clap, as soon as you hear the word flag, then all the fans simultaneously raise the balls, clap and shout “HURRAY.” Let's try!

(game based on flag colors)

Presenter. Fans, it's your time to support the teams as we return to the station grounds once again.

(commenting on game points)

Presenter. The relay will be completed very soon, but for now I suggest moving a little. Are there those who have all three colors in their clothes - white, blue and red, in other words, tricolor? (answer)

Then, I ask you to go to the center. I will name the colors of the flag, and you will perform the movements. When they hear the word “white” everyone spins around, when they hear the word “blue” they clap their hands, when they hear the word “red” they jump in place. And as soon as I say the word flag, you need to bring one more participant from the audience. All clear? Go!

(game "Collector")

Presenter. All the fans are assembled, and we move on to the next warm-up. But first, you need to choose three people who will hold these balls (I show, I select participants, the assistant distributes balls, arranges the participants) While the music is playing, everyone stands in a circle and performs my simple tasks, as soon as the music stops, you choose the color you like and run up to it. All clear? Begin!

(music stops, participants scatter)

(game "Balls")

Presenter. So, all the stations have been completed, all that remains is to find out how many points the fans bring to their teams! And we will decide this by your applause. So, fans of the White team, give your applause! Blues fans! And the Reds fans.

Music is playing. The presenters come out.

Ved 1. I love you, my Russia

For the clear light of your eyes,

Ved 2. I love you, I understand with all my heart

The steppes are filled with mysterious sadness.

I love everything that is called

In one broad word - Rus'.

Ved 1. For you, dear viewers, the song “At My Russia”

Ved 1. Love has long been sung by poets,

But in the song everyone repeats again:

The earth, the earth is warmed with the warmth of love,

This beautiful world will be saved by love!

We bring to your attention the song “White Swan”

Ved 2. Campaign “Vivat, Russian flag!” continues. Songs about Russia are heard everywhere today. Listen to them, remember them, love Russia.

Ved 1. The holiday dedicated to the Day of the State Flag of the Russian Federation is coming to an end.

Ved 2. Let the Russian flag be in every home,

This is a big symbol of the Motherland,

He is not at all modest in his greatness,

And with flowers, even fatal!

Ved 1. Let Russia be famous for its power,

Our country is big and kind!

And the flag flutters stylishly in the wind,

Forever and ever and for all time!

FINAL SONG “I, You, He, She”

Prepare for the holiday:

Russian flag. HYMN

Balloons - red, white and blue

Red, white and blue tokens

Letters – Russian Flag Day

Spanish Artistic director V.V.Belyuchenko

Symbols of glory. Slavic symbols and the meaning of traditional Slavic symbols. Swastika solar symbols

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