The architecture of temples has a very rich and ambiguous history, which, however, shows that it was with the construction of temples that all architectural innovations, all new styles and trends all over the world began and spread. The majestic places of worship of great civilizations have survived to this day. ancient world. And also there were many modern examples of amazing architecture of religious buildings.
(Total 28 photos)
1. Hallgrimskirkja
The Lutheran Church in Reykjavik is the fourth tallest building in Iceland. The project of the church was developed in 1937 by the architect Gudjoun Samuelson. It took 38 years to build the church. The church is located in the center of Reykjavik, and is visible from any part of the city. It has become one of the main attractions of the city, and is also used as a lookout tower.
2. Las Lajas Cathedral
One of the most visited temples in Colombia. The construction of the temple was completed in 1948. The neo-gothic cathedral was built directly on a 30-meter arched bridge connecting the two sides of a deep gorge. The church is cared for by two Franciscan communities, one Colombian and the other Ecuadorian. Thus, the Cathedral of Las Lajas became the key to peace and union between the two South American peoples.
3. Notre Dame du Haut
Concrete pilgrimage church, built in 1950-55. in the French city of Ronchamp. The architect Le Corbusier, not being religious, agreed to take on the project on the condition that Catholic Church will give him complete freedom of creative expression. Initially, the non-standard building caused violent protests from local residents who refused to supply water and electricity to the temple, but by now the tourists who come to see it have become one of the main sources of income for the Ronshans.
4. Jubilee Church
Or the Church of the Merciful God the Father is a community center in Rome. It was built by architect Richard Meyer between 1996 and 2003 to revitalize the lives of the area's residents. The temple was built of prefabricated concrete on a triangular platform on the border of the city park, surrounded by 10-story residential and public buildings with a population of about 30,000 inhabitants.
5. St. Basil's Cathedral
The Orthodox church is located on Red Square in Moscow. A well-known monument of Russian architecture and one of the most famous sights of Russia. It was built in 1555-1561 by order of Ivan the Terrible in memory of the victory over the Kazan Khanate. According to legend, the architects of the cathedral were blinded by order of Ivan the Terrible so that they could no longer build a similar temple.
6. Milan Cathedral
The world-famous fourth largest church in the world is located in the very center of Milan and is its symbol. It is a late Gothic marvel that contains a forest of spiers and sculptures, marble pointed turrets and columns. The white marble cathedral was built over 5 centuries.
7. Church of the Holy Family
Built on private donations since 1882, the church in Barcelona is Antonio Gaudí's famous project. The unusual appearance of the temple made it one of the main attractions of Barcelona. However, due to the difficulty of manufacturing stone structures, the cathedral will be completed no earlier than 2026.
8. Paraportiani Church
The dazzling white church is located on the Greek island of Mykonos. The temple was built in the 15th-17th centuries and consists of five separate churches: four churches are built on the ground, and the fifth is based on these four.
9. Stave Church in Borgunn
One of the oldest surviving frame churches is located in Norway. Metal parts were not used in the construction of the Borgund Stave Church. And the number of parts that make up the church exceeds 2 thousand. The strong frame of the racks was assembled on the ground and then raised to a vertical position with the help of long poles. The Stave Church in Borgunn was built presumably in 1150-80.
10. Cathedral of the Blessed Virgin Mary
The Cathedral of the Catholic Archdiocese of Brasilia was built in the modernist style by the famous architect Oscar Niemeyer. In 1988 Oscar Niemeyer received the Pritzker Prize for the design of the Cathedral. The building consists of 16 hyperboloid columns, symbolizing hands raised to the sky. The space between the columns is covered with stained-glass windows.
11. Grundtvig Church
Lutheran church located in Copenhagen, Denmark. It is one of the most famous churches in the city and a rare example places of worship built in the style of expressionism. The competition for the design of the future church was won in 1913 by the architect Peder Klint. Construction continued from 1921 to 1926.
12. Cathedral - small basilica of the Glorious Mother of God
It is the highest in Latin America Catholic cathedral. Its height is 114 m + 10 m cross on top. The shape of the cathedral was created under the impression of Soviet satellites. The initial project of the cathedral was proposed by Don Jaime Luis Coelho, and the architect José Augusto Bellucci designed the cathedral. The cathedral was built between July 1959 and May 1972.
13. Church of Consolation
Located in the Spanish city of Cordoba. A very young church was designed by the architectural bureau Vicens + Ramos last year according to all the rules of strict minimalist canons. The only departure from the strictly white color is the golden wall in place of the altar.
14. Church of St. George
The cave church, entirely carved into the rocks, is located in the Ethiopian city of Lalibela. The building is a cross 25 by 25 meters and goes underground for the same amount. This miracle was created in the 13th century by order of the king of Lalibela according to legend for 24 years. In total, there are 11 temples in Lalibela completely carved into the rocks and connected by tunnels.
16. Church of St. Joseph
The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church of St. Joseph in Chicago was built in 1956. Known in the world thanks to 13 golden domes, symbolizing the 12 apostles and Jesus Christ.
17. Cathedral of Our Lady of Tears
The cathedral in the form of a concrete tent towers over the Italian city of Syracuse. In the middle of the last century, an elderly woman lived on the site of the cathedral. married couple who had a figurine of the Madonna. Once the figurine began to “cry” with human tears, pilgrims from all over the world rushed to the city. In honor of her, a huge cathedral was built, perfectly visible from anywhere in the city.
18. Zipaquira Salt Cathedral
The Cathedral of Zipaquira in Colombia is carved into a solid salt rock. A dark tunnel leads to the altar. The height of the cathedral is 23 m, the capacity is over 10 thousand people. Historically, this place was a mine used by the Indians to obtain salt. When the need for this disappeared, a temple appeared on the site of the mine.
20. US Air Force Academy Cadets Chapel
It is located in the state of Colorado on the territory of a military camp and a training base of a branch of the US Air Force Pilot Academy. The monumental profile of the building of the chapel is created by seventeen rows of steel frames, ending with peaks at a height of about fifty meters. The building is divided into three levels, and in its halls services are held for the Catholic, Protestant and Jewish denominations.
21. St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery
One of the oldest monasteries in Kyiv. It includes the Newly Built St. Michael's Golden-Domed Cathedral, a refectory with the Church of St. John the Evangelist and a bell tower. It is assumed that St. Michael's Cathedral was the first temple with a gilded top, from where this peculiar tradition went in Rus'.
22. Crown of Thorns Chapel
The wooden chapel is located in Eureka Springs, Arkansas, USA. The chapel was built in 1980 by architect E. Fay Jones. There are a total of 425 windows in the light and spacious chapel building.
24. Arctic Cathedral
Lutheran church in the Norwegian city of Tromsø. As conceived by the architect, the exterior of the building, consisting of two merging triangular structures covered with aluminum plates, should evoke an association with an iceberg.
25. Painted Church in the Arbor
Painted temples- the most famous architectural sights of Moldova. Churches are decorated with frescoes both outside and inside. Each of these temples is on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
26. Mosque in Tirana
The project of a cultural center in the Albanian capital Tirana, which will include a mosque, an Islamic Cultural Center and the Museum of Religious Accord. international competition The project was won last year by the Danish architectural firm BIG.
27. Farmers' Chapel
A concrete chapel at the edge of a field near the German town of Mechernich was built by local farmers in honor of their patron saint Bruder Claus.
28. Inflatable Church
The Dutch philosopher Frank Los came up with the inflatable Transparent Church, which can be built anywhere in the world and under any conditions: at festivals, private parties and other public events. The inflatable church easily fits in the trunk of a car and, when disassembled, can accommodate about 30 parishioners.
On May 1, Orthodox Christians around the world celebrate Easter. In honor of this happy holiday we offer you to see a selection of beautiful temples located in various parts of the Earth.
1. Holy Trinity Cathedral (Jerusalem, Israel)
Photo from tripvip.ru
The main temple of the Russian Orthodox Church in Jerusalem - the Holy Trinity Cathedral - was erected in the second half of the 19th century in the neo-Byzantine style. The author of the five-domed white stone church was the Russian Martin Eppinger.
2. St. Sava Cathedral (Belgrade, Serbia) 
Photo from tonkosti.ru
One of the largest Orthodox churches in the world is considered Cathedral Saint Sava in Belgrade. It was built throughout almost the entire twentieth century, from 1935 to 1989. His architectural model was Saint Sophia Cathedral in Constantinople (Istanbul), so it is made in the classical Byzantine style. And the four turrets around the main dome are a feature of the Serbian medieval style.
3. Temple-monument of Alexander Nevsky (Sofia, Bulgaria)
Photo from vokrugplanetu.ru
The temple-monument of Alexander Nevsky stands out among all the other churches in Bulgaria with its impressive size and beauty. This largest Orthodox cathedral in the Balkans was built at the beginning of the 20th century in honor of Russian soldiers who died during the liberation of Bulgaria from Turkish rule during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-78. The author of the project of the temple was the Russian architect Alexander Pomerantsev. Granite and white stone were used in the decoration of the facade of the cathedral, it is also decorated with cornices, friezes and columns.
4. Tsminda Sameba (Tbilisi, Georgia)
Photo flickr.com/tonyabekneva
The main temple of the Georgian Orthodox Church is Tsminda Sameba - the Cathedral of the Holy Trinity in Tbilisi, built at the end of the 20th century. Its architecture mixed the traditional Georgian style of church architecture and some features of the Byzantine architectural style.
5. Cathedral of the Assumption Holy Mother of God(Helsinki, Finland)
Photo from cotfin.ru
Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Helsinki is considered the largest Orthodox church in Northern Europe. It was built during the reign of Emperor Alexander II, when Finland was part of the Russian Empire as an autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland.
6. Cathedral of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker (Nice, Italy)
Photo from tuizm.ru
the most beautiful Orthodox Cathedral Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker can boast of Nice. The temple was built at the beginning of the 20th century according to the classical canons of the architecture of the five-domed Moscow churches. Moreover, for the construction of the dome and the completion of construction work, the Russian Emperor Nicholas II donated 700 thousand francs from his personal treasury.
7. Annunciation Cathedral (Kharkiv, Ukraine)
Photo from autocentre.ua
Kharkov Annunciation Cathedral began to be built at the end of the 19th century in a spectacular Byzantine-Russian style with eclectic elements. The project was developed by the architect Mikhail Lovtsov, who, on the one hand, crowned the cathedral with the traditional Moscow five-domed domes, and, on the other hand, used the hemispherical domed outlines characteristic of the ancient Byzantine style.
8. Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg, Russia)
Photo from spas.spb.ru
Russian Orthodox churches for the most part are not only stunningly beautiful, but also unique in terms of architecture. So, for example, the legendary Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ (Church of the Savior on Blood) in St. Petersburg is a kind of collective image of a Russian Orthodox church. Its decor uses a variety of materials: brick, marble, granite, enamel, gilded copper and mosaics.
Currently, the temple is an object of cultural heritage and is considered inactive. However, for large church holidays, including at Christmas, it hosts solemn services and liturgies.
9. Cathedral of Christ the Savior (Moscow, Russia) 
Photo from hdgallery.ru
The main Christmas service in Russia traditionally takes place in the Moscow Cathedral of Christ the Savior, which experienced a "second birth" in the 90s of the twentieth century, when it was rebuilt. In the architecture of the building, the features of Greek and Byzantine temples are guessed, however, the temple is distinguished from their monumentality by the lightness of forms.
10. Holy Ascension Cathedral (Almaty, Kazakhstan) 
Photo courtesy of unikaz.asia
One of the two cathedral churches of the Astana and Almaty diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church. It is located on the territory of the park named after 28 Panfilov guardsmen. Monument of wooden architecture; example of an earthquake-resistant structure. It is included in the list of historical and cultural monuments of Kazakhstan of republican significance.
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Some of these temples were built several centuries ago, others are the creations of modern architects. Some ideas took decades and even centuries to implement. Others took only a few years. All these buildings have one thing in common - their architecture is unique, and this attracts millions of people, regardless of beliefs.
website brings you some of the most architecturally remarkable places of worship from around the world.
Milan Cathedral, Italy
Holy Trinity Church, Antarctica
Russian Orthodox Church was built in Russia in the 1990s and then transported to a Russian station in Antarctica. This is one of 7 churches on its territory.
Taktsang Lhakhang, Bhutan
Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque, United Arab Emirates
Church of Hallgrimskirkja, Iceland
The Lutheran Church in Reykjavik is the fourth tallest building in Iceland. It is located in the center of Reykjavik and is visible from any part of the city.
Temple of All Religions, Kazan, Russia
This unique building miraculously combines the Christian cross, the Muslim crescent, the Star of David and the Chinese dome. True, no rituals are performed here, because this is not a functioning temple, but simply a building that looks like a residential building inside. In total, the project provides for domes and other iconic elements of religious buildings of 16 world religions, including disappeared civilizations.
Lotus Temple, India
For the people of India, the lotus symbolizes purity and peace. This is one of the most visited buildings in the world.
Kul-Sharif Mosque, Kazan, Russia
The designers of the new mosque tried to recreate the main mosque of the Kazan Khanate, destroyed in 1552 by the troops of Ivan the Terrible.
Cathedral of Las Lajas, Colombia
The neo-Gothic cathedral is built directly on a 30-meter arched bridge connecting the two sides of a deep gorge. The temple is taken care of by two Franciscan communities: one is Colombian, the other is Ecuadorian. Thus, the Cathedral of Las Lajas became the key to peace and union between the two South American peoples.
Kamppi Chapel of Silence, Finland
It is intended for solitude and meetings. Services are not held in the chapel. Here you can hide from the hustle and bustle, enjoy peace in one of the busiest places in the capital and meditate in an ecologically clean space. Because of appearance and materials, the chapel of silence is often called the "sauna of the spirit."
Church of the Assumption of the Virgin, Slovenia
The church is located on the only island in all of Slovenia. To get inside, you need to swim across the lake in a boat and climb 99 steps.
Air Force Academy Cadet Chapel, USA
The unique design of the chapel is a classic example of modernist architecture. The magnificent interior combines several different areas of worship under one roof, including Protestant, Catholic, Jewish and Buddhist chapels. Each of them has its own distinctive symbolism, ammunition and its own exit.
Paoai Church, Philippines
St. Patrick's Cathedral, Australia
St. Patrick's Cathedral - the tallest and most big church in Australia.
Church of the Transfiguration, Kizhi, Russia
The church was built in the traditions of Russian carpentry, that is, without nails. It is crowned with 22 domes, and its height is 37 meters.
Green Church, Argentina
The most ordinary Catholic church became famous thanks to the rich, lively ivy decor that turned the facade into an allusion to the Biblical Garden of Gethsemane.
Andrew's Church, Ukraine
The church is located on a steep hill, offering a beautiful view of Kyiv. According to legend, it was built on the site where St. Andrew the First-Called set up a cross. This is just one of the many legends that shrouded St. Andrew's Church.
California Mormon Temple, USA
The huge building is made in a dazzling white color. And such a color scheme is not accidental, because the white color is traditionally perceived as a symbol of purity and purity. Inside the Mormon Temple itself, tourists and simply curious people are not allowed to enter the premises sacred building only members of the community can.
Crystal Mosque, Malaysia
It is located on an artificial island. The mosque is made of steel and glass, so it seems that it is crystal.
Dutch Reformed Church, Republic of South Africa
There are a great many ancient temples in the world: colorful, amazing, shrouded mysterious stories and legends. Pilgrims and tourists come to them - for help, to quench their curiosity, for an expression of admiration that has been preserved for hundreds of years. We present you the top ten famous cathedrals, which conquered people with their beauty and difficult history of construction.
1
The walls of this cathedral were erected at the beginning of the 4th century, at the time when Constantine I ruled Byzantium. After the Turks captured Constantinople in 1453, the temple was supplemented with several more minarets, which later allowed it to become a world-famous museum.
2
This temple was erected in the IV century. The construction site was not chosen by chance: it is believed that it was here that Christ was executed. For all the time of its existence, the temple has survived fires, destruction, and reconstruction.
3
Masjid al-Haram is considered the main Muslim shrine and this. It was built in the 7th century around the Kaaba, where, according to legend, Adam erected the first of all sanctuaries existing on earth. On the instructions of the Prophet Muhammad, all Muslims from now on turn their prayers to this mosque.
4
The ancient temple of Notre Dame de Paris was built for a very long time: its walls began to be laid in 1163, and completed almost 200 years later. The cathedral houses an amazing Christian relic. We are talking about the Crown of Thorns, put on Jesus during the execution.
This temple is considered the center of the entire Catholic world. Its history begins during the reign of Emperor Nero, who organized public executions here. Another ruler, Constantine, erected a basilica on this site, and Pope Nicholas V built the present temple here in 1452, striking in its size.
6
The mosque, built in memory of Shah Jahan's crazy love for his wife, who died in childbirth, amazes with its impeccable beauty. Feelings frozen in white stone are constantly “changing”: translucent marble, from which the walls are built, paints them in different shades depending on the lighting.
7
The Temple of Mykonos Island consists of 365 churches. Perhaps that is why this architectural structure considered one of the most beautiful cathedrals in the world. The austerity and modesty of the temple is “diluted” by its frame: a transparent blue sea that replaces the walls of the cathedral, and a bottomless blue sky that serves as its dome.
8
This is the only cathedral whose construction has not yet been completed. After construction is completed, it will be 170 meters. Antonio Gaudi built the walls of the temple for 40 years, but still did not have time to bring the matter to its logical end. The approximate date of completion of the construction of the cathedral is 2026, but even the townspeople do not believe in this, calling the temple a building that will never be completed.
9
The great Russian temple was built during the reign of Ivan the Terrible. Today it is also known as the Cathedral of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin. It is 65 meters high and has eleven domes of various colors and shapes.
10
Las Lajas was built on the bridge at Nariño, over Guaitara. This was done in order for the temple to help protect these places from mystical forces. Amazing Fact: the composition of the paint that soaked the stones to the very foundation cannot be identified by any scientist.
The most unusual temples in Russia.
Church Icons Mother of God "Burning bush in the city of Dyatkovo
This temple was called the eighth wonder of the world, because nowhere in the world there are the same iconostases as in the Neopalimovskaya church in the city of Dyatkovo, Bryansk region. The entire iconostasis of this temple is made of crystal. In 1810 it was built by the owner of the local crystal factory Maltsov. Not only the heavy, elegantly made crystal iconostasis, “as if floating in the air”, but also crystal chandeliers and chandeliers, unique candlesticks made of multi-layered and multi-colored glass, human height adorned the church until 1929. The amazing temple was destroyed, but some parts of its decoration took refuge in the Dyatkovo Museum.
In 1990, the ruined temple was rebuilt, and local glassblowers, using the preserved drawings of 200 years ago, made thousands of details for its decoration for more than a year. The restoration of the iconostasis required several tons of crystal, and not ordinary, but fused with lead - such an alloy is used to make the most expensive dishes.
The Neopalimovsky temple inside seems both icy and iridescent: mirrors are placed under the crystal plates on the walls, which gives the effect of a rainbow glow.
Arkhyz churches
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Arkhyz temples are the oldest or one of the most ancient in Russia. They are dated to the end of the 9th - the beginning of the 10th century. Scientists believe that it was here, in the area of the ancient settlement of Magas, that the capital of the patriarchate of ancient Alanya was. Alans finally joined Christianity in the first quarter of the 10th century, but its penetration here began much earlier. Written sources mention this from the second half of the 7th century.
On the territory of the ancient settlement, three medieval temples have been preserved - Northern, Middle and Southern. During excavations by archaeologist V.A. Kuznetsov even found the only ancient baptismal church in the North Caucasus, built of flat stone slabs. The walls of the temple were covered with frescoes skillfully made by Byzantine masters - this is evidenced by the drawings of the artist and archaeologist D.M. Strukov, made at the end of the 19th century.
In the Middle Church, even the acoustics are thought out: it has a system of golosniks - through and blind holes in the walls of the temple.
The southern church of this settlement is now the oldest functioning Orthodox church in Russia. In a rock grotto not far from this temple, the face of Christ was found, manifested on a stone.
Church in honor of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker on the Blue Stones in Yekaterinburg
On an ordinary Yekaterinburg Khrushchev house, a bell tower and a boy are drawn by a child. Apostle Paul's "Hymn of Love" written in Slavic script stretches along the wall. Chapter 13, Corinthians... You will come closer, guided by words of love, and read the inscription: "Heaven on earth." Just like that, even children can begin to comprehend Christian wisdom. This temple does not have high ceilings with rotundas and domes, a narrow corridor leads inside, and shelves with books stand right along the church walls. But there are always a lot of children here and there are many traditions of their own: for example, to hold role-playing games, drink tea with the whole parish after the Sunday liturgy, sing along with the choir or draw “good graffiti”. A baptismal water here they sometimes "sell" for the knowledge of the first commandment or its immediate study. The parish publishes the newspaper "Animated Stones", and the temple website lives a life filled with creativity.
Church of the Sign of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Dubrovitsy
Mysterious church with mysterious story, the only temple in Russia, which is crowned not with a dome, but with a golden crown. The construction of the Znamenskaya Church dates back to the time when the educator of Peter I, Prince Boris Alekseevich Golitsyn, owned the Dubrovitsy estate. By the way, Peter I himself with his son Tsarevich Alexei were present at the consecration of this temple. This church does not look like a Russian one, it was built in a rococo style, rare for our lands, and very richly decorated with round sculptures of white stone and stucco. They say that it looks especially impressive in winter, when the landscape around is emphatically Russian.
In 1812, the temple was occupied by Napoleonic troops, however, without causing any damage to it. But in the twentieth century, this temple was also closed.
In 1929 the temple was closed for worship; in September 1931, the bell tower and the church of Adrian and Natalia located in it were blown up.
The history of the inscriptions inside the temple is interesting. Initially, they were made in Latin, later, at the request of Metropolitan Filaret (Drozdov), they were replaced by Church Slavonic. And in 2004, during the restoration, the temple again “spoke” in Latin.
Church car in Nizhny Novgorod
Almost opposite in concept Orthodox church originated in Nizhny Novgorod in 2005. The temple surprises without trying to surprise, because it is located in ... a railway car. This is a temporary structure: the parishioners are waiting for the construction of a stone church. And it all started with a gift: the Nizhny Novgorod diocese was given a wagon by the railroad workers. And the diocese decided to equip it as a church: they fixed the car, made steps with a porch, installed a dome, a cross, and on December 19, 2005, on the day of memory of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, they consecrated it. among the people unusual temple They are also called the "blue wagon" after the children's song of the same name, and the "Soul train" in the English manner. The symbolism of a train, a wagon, and therefore a path, has been inherent in christian church. From early times, temples were built in the image of ships - in this sense, the Nizhny Novgorod temple continues Byzantine traditions! It is worth noting that this is not the only, but the most famous temple-wagon in Russia.
Kostomarovsky Spassky Convent
oldest cave monastery Russia with "divas" - chalk pillars, inside of which monastic cloisters are built. The bell tower of the Church of the Savior was built between two such divas and literally soars in the air. Inside, in the thickness of the chalk mountain, the temple is so large that it can accommodate two thousand people. It is here that the “cave of repentance”, famous throughout Russia, is located - a corridor stretching 220 meters underground and gradually narrowing. It is known that before the revolution, the most hardened sinners were sent here to "correct the mind". The very movement through the cave sets one up for confession: the penitent makes a long journey in the dark, holding a lit candle, the arch of the cave becomes lower and lower, and the person bows. Pilgrims say they feel as if someone's hand is gradually bowing their head, humbled by human pride. Even today, those who visit the "cave of repentance" are not accompanied to the end: a person is left to walk alone part of the way.
Trinity Church "Kulich and Easter" in St. Petersburg
This nickname of the church was not invented by witty Petersburgers - the customer of the construction, Prosecutor General A.A. Vyazemsky asked the architect to build a temple in the form of traditional Easter dishes. Both buildings are crowned with "apples" with a cross. Due to the fact that there is no drum on the dome of the "Kulich", it becomes dark in the altar part of the church. The play of light and the blue "heavenly" dome change the sense of volume, so the inside of the temple seems much more spacious than the outside.
In the lower part of the "Easter" bell tower there is a baptistery, which has only two small windows at the top on the walls. But right above the person being baptized there are bells, the sound of which spreads through arches cut into the wall. The wall thickness increases downward as the wall slopes. On the outside of the belfry, above the bells, there are dials, each of which “shows” a different time. By the way, A.V. was baptized in this temple. Kolchak, future admiral.
