The history of Kizhi Island goes back to ancient times. The ancestors of modern Kizhans were Slavs-Novgorodians. IN X-XI centuries they began to explore the northern lands inhabited by the Baltic-Finnish tribes of the Korela and the whole. A reminder of these settlements are the names of the villages adjacent to the Kizhi island that have survived to this day: Korba, Kurgenitsy, Konda, Lakhta.
The name of the island Kizhi also has a Baltic-Finnish origin. There are two versions of its explanation: The name of the island Kizhi also has a Baltic-Finnish origin. There are two variants of its explanation: 1) Kizhi - from the Karelian word "kizhat" - "games". In ancient times, there was a pagan sanctuary on the island, where ritual sacrifices were held, sopro 1) Kizhi - from the Karelian word "kizhat" - "games". In ancient times, there was a pagan sanctuary on the island, where ritual sacrifices were held, accompanied by ritual songs and dances. led by ritual songs and dances. 2) From the Karelian "kiiji" - "water moss". 2) From the Karelian "kiiji" - "water moss".
Ancient history Kizhi in the period from the 11th to the 15th centuries was part of the history of Novgorod - a major political, economic and cultural center northern Slavs. The influence of Novgorod contributed to the Christianization of the northern region, and often churches and chapels were erected on the sites of ancient pagan temples. In 1478, all Novgorod possessions became part of the Muscovite state that had gained strength. The ancient history of Kizhi in the period from the 11th to the 15th centuries was part of the history of Novgorod - a major political, economic and cultural center of the northern Slavs. The influence of Novgorod contributed to the Christianization of the northern region, and often churches and chapels were erected on the sites of ancient pagan temples. In 1478, all Novgorod possessions became part of the Muscovite state that had gained strength.
The lands of Kizhi Island and its immediate environs were part of the Obonezh Pyatina and were the center of the Spaso-Kizhi churchyard, the territory of which covered the southern part of the Zaonezhsky Peninsula. "Savior's churchyard in Kizhi" was first mentioned in 1563, since earlier documents have not been preserved. The lands of Kizhi Island and its immediate environs were part of the Obonezh Pyatina and were the center of the Spaso-Kizhi churchyard, the territory of which covered the southern part of the Zaonezhsky Peninsula. "Savior's churchyard in Kizhi" was first mentioned in 1563, since earlier documents have not been preserved.
There were 12 villages on the island of Kizhi in 1582. The main occupations of the inhabitants of all settlements were agriculture and fishing. In the scribe book of 1582, temples are also mentioned for the first time: "Savior's Graveyard in Kizhi on Lake Onega" and the Church of the Intercession of the Holy Mother of God. These temples have not survived. Modern churches erected on the site of former churches that burned down at the end of the 17th century from a lightning strike during a thunderstorm. There were 12 villages on the island of Kizhi in 1582. The main occupations of the inhabitants of all settlements were agriculture and fishing. In the scribe book of 1582, temples are also mentioned for the first time: "Savior's Graveyard in Kizhi on Lake Onega" and the Church of the Intercession of the Holy Mother of God. These temples have not survived. Modern churches were erected on the site of former churches that burned down at the end of the 17th century from a lightning strike during a thunderstorm.
In the 16th century, two more parish churches existed in the vicinity of Kizhi Island. In the immediate vicinity of the island of Kizhi, on the island of Bolshoi Klimetsky, there was the Klimenetsky Monastery, founded in the 16th century. Gradually, as new villages arose, new parishes were formed and new churches were built. By the beginning of the 18th century there were already 12 parish churches. In the 16th century, two more parish churches existed in the vicinity of Kizhi Island. In the immediate vicinity of the island of Kizhi, on the island of Bolshoi Klimetsky, there was the Klimenetsky Monastery, founded in the 16th century. Gradually, as new villages arose, new parishes were formed and new churches were built. By the beginning of the 18th century there were already 12 parish churches.
In the XVIII century, after the abolition of churchyards as territorial units, from the lands closest to the island of Kizhi, the Kizhi volost of the Petrozavodsk district of the Olonetsk province was formed. In the XVIII century, after the abolition of churchyards as territorial units, from the lands closest to the island of Kizhi, the Kizhi volost of the Petrozavodsk district of the Olonetsk province was formed. In modern Russian, the word "graveyard" has been preserved in the meaning of "church with a cemetery" or "rural cemetery". In modern Russian, the word "graveyard" has been preserved in the meaning of "church with a cemetery" or "rural cemetery".
At the end of the 19th century, the Kizhi volost consisted of 47 villages closest to the island of Kizhi, located along the shores of the northwestern coast of Klimets Island, on the islands of Kizhi, Volkostrov, Eglov and Rogachev, in which 2555 people were peasants, engaged in crafts, and fished. There were 9 villages on Kizhi Island. The territory of the church parish at that time coincided with the administrative boundaries of the Kizhi volost. At the end of the 19th century, the Kizhi volost consisted of 47 villages closest to the island of Kizhi, located along the shores of the northwestern coast of Klimets Island, on the islands of Kizhi, Volkostrov, Eglov and Rogachev, in which 2555 people were peasants, engaged in crafts, and fished. There were 9 villages on Kizhi Island. The territory of the church parish at that time coincided with the administrative boundaries of the Kizhi volost.
The unique monument of wooden architecture that has survived to this day - the ensemble of the ancient churchyard on the island of Kizhi - became the basis of the architectural museum-reserve created here in 1960, now known to the whole world. The unique monument of wooden architecture that has survived to this day - the ensemble of the ancient churchyard on the island of Kizhi - became the basis of the architectural museum-reserve created here in 1960, now known to the whole world.
Kizhi is a small island lost in Lake Onega. Karelia is the land of majestic nature, the land of lakes, marshes, large and small rivers, dense forests. The departed generations of this harsh land of the Russian North have left amazing monuments of ancient culture and architecture.
The hipped bell tower (1874) is the latest construction of the Kizhi ensemble. Successfully located between the churches, its thoughtful simplicity of outline sets off the luxurious forms of both churches. The ancient log fortress wall, which surrounded the graveyard, was preserved only until the 18th century, as evidenced by ancient engravings. During the restoration of 1959, it was recreated on the model of the preserved fence of the Ilyinsky churchyard on Vodlozero. You never get tired of being surprised at the taste and sense of proportion of the unknown masters, who arranged all the buildings of the ensemble in such a way that, walking around it, you see pictures that change all the time, more and more new angles, while the churches seem to merge into one fantastic building, and then scatter. An amazing combination of gray-brown tones of the log walls of churches with a silvery, lighter color of the domes made of aspen plowshare - and all this against the background of a cold northern sky! In addition to the Kizhi churchyard, the open-air museum also contains monuments of wooden architecture, transported from different regions of Karelia. This is first of all places of worship. The oldest of them is the small Lazarevskaya church from the former Murom monastery (until 1391), which was intended for the monastery cemetery, as mentioned in the cadastral book of 1563: "...behind the monastery is the church of St. Lazor on the tombs." There are also two chapels of the 18th century in Kizhi - from Lelikozero (Zaonezhsky Peninsula) and unlike it from the village of Kavgory (Kondopozhsky district).
"KIGI"
Geography teacher
MBOU "Secondary School No. 2"
Vladivostok
Titova Elena Vladimirovna
KIzhi - the most amazing island of Kizhi: the blue expanse of Lake Onega, the greenery of the forests and the blue Karelian sky echo with the striking beauty of wooden churches and houses. Time has stopped here, arriving on the island, you seem to be transported back to the 18th century. And all this miracle of nature, harmoniously combined with buildings created by human hands, is located just 68 km from Petrozavodsk. On the island there is a museum of traditional peasant culture of the Russian North, one of the largest and most famous open-air museums in Russia. It contains architectural monuments, icon paintings and household items that were created in Karelian, Vepsian and Russian villages over the centuries. The length of the island is 5.5 km.
Kizhi is a state historical, architectural and ethnographic museum-reserve located in the Republic of Karelia Russian Federation.
The name of the museum comes from the island of Kizhi, where the main part of the museum's exposition is located. Museum objects are also located in Petrozavodsk and in a number of settlements in the Medvezhyegorsk region.
All the churches located on the territory of the Kizhi Museum-Reserve are included in the Spaso-Kizhi Patriarchal Metochion.
The museum was founded on January 1, 1966. The museum originally consisted of two churches and a bell tower of the 18th-19th centuries of the Kizhi Pogost - monuments of ancient architecture, surrounded by a fence.
Currently, it is supplemented by chapels, houses, icons, household items and outbuildings from Karelian, Russian and Vepsian villages brought from various parts of Zaonezhye, as well as a number of historical objects in Zaonezhye and Petrozavodsk.
The territory of the Kizhi Museum-Reserve has the status of historical and cultural lands.
Cultural heritage sites in
Museum-Reserve "Kizhi"
Church of the Transfiguration - Orthodox church, an architectural monument of federal significance, located on the territory of the Kizhi Museum-Reserve, is part of the temple complex of the Kizhi Pogost. The height of the church is 37 meters. The log cabin of the church is chopped in the traditions of Russian carpentry - without nails. The church is crowned with 23 heads.
The bell tower of the Kizhi Pogost
Built in 1862. It is part of the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site "Kizhi Pogost", a cultural heritage site of federal significance.
Windmill Bikanina Built at the beginning of the 20th century in the village of Volkostrov, Medvezhyegorsk district. An object of cultural heritage of federal significance. Church of the Intercession Holy Mother of God Built in 1694-1764. The height of the church is 26 m, the total length is 32 m, the width is 8 m, the material is pine, aspen. It is part of the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage site "Kizhi Pogost", a cultural heritage site of federal significance. The fence of the Kizhi Pogost Built in 1800. It is part of the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage site "Kizhi Pogost", a cultural heritage site of federal significance. The fence, about 300 m long, is a log house with a gable roof on a high foundation of boulders. Oshevnev House Built in 1876 in the village of Oshevnevo, Medvezhyegorsk district. An object of cultural heritage of federal significance. Welcome to Kizhi Island! Thank you for your attention! Sources of information and illustrated material: -https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizhi_(Museum-Reserve);
- http://mapsoid.ru/publ/geografija_mira/ostrova/ostrov_kizhi_na_karte/17-1-0-3748;
- -http://rus-atlas.ru/834857.html. All photos are taken from the personal archive of the author of the presentation.
History presentation on the topic: "Kizhi Pogost, Kizhi" - To print this presentation, you can download it for free. Download presentation
Kizhi Pogost, Kizhi
Kizhi churchyard, Kizhi (the Kizhi variant is also common) - architectural ensemble as part of the Kizhi State Historical and Architectural Museum, located on the Kizhi Island of Lake Onega, consisting of two churches and a bell tower of the 18th-19th centuries, surrounded by a single fence - the reconstruction of the traditional fences of churchyards. UNESCO World Heritage Site in Russia.
The name "Kizhi", according to one version, comes from the Vepsian word kiz - "moss (growing at the bottom of reservoirs)", according to another version, the name goes back to the Vepsian word kiši - "a place for games, holidays".
Geographical position
Kizhi Island is located in the northern part of Lake Onega in the Kizhi Skerries - a system of islands adjacent to the Zaonezhsky Peninsula. The peninsula is located to the west of the island of Kizhi, and to the southeast - the island of Bolshoy Klimenetsky, to the east of the South Deer Island. To the north of the island is the Great Bay.
Sights of the Kizhi Pogost
The fence of the Kizhi churchyard
Cemetery of the Kizhi Pogost
Church of the Transfiguration
The Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord (1714) is the most famous building of the ensemble. A monument of federal significance, a monument of the cultural heritage of the Russian Federation. Its prototype is the Church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos (1708) in the Vologda region.
This church was erected on the site of an old one that burned down from a lightning strike. The height of the church is 37 meters. The log cabin of the church is chopped in the traditions of Russian carpentry - without nails. In fact, there are nails, but not in the building itself, but in the domes. By its type, the temple is a “summer” unheated one; in winter, services are not held in it.
The church is crowned with 22 domes, placed in tiers on the roofs of prirubs and octagonal structures, which have a curvilinear shape like a “barrel”. The shape and size of the domes vary by tier, which gives a peculiar rhythmic pattern to the appearance of the church.
The iconostasis is four-tiered, composed of 102 icons. According to the time of writing and stylistic features, icons are divided into three groups: two old icons- "Transfiguration" and "Pokrov" - date back to the end of the 17th century and are typical of the "northern writing". The main part of the lower "local" row of the iconostasis represents the second group of icons, dating back to the second half of the 18th century. The icons of the upper three tiers of the iconostasis make up the third group and date back to the first third of the 18th century, imported.
Church of the Intercession of the Holy Mother of God
The Church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos is an elongated rectangle with a five-sided altar part in the east. Built in 1694, burned down (rebuilt in 1764). The height of the church is 26 m, the total length is 32 m, the width is 8 m, the material is pine, aspen. This temple is “winter” (that is, heated), services are conducted in it from October 1 until Easter.
The hipped bell tower of the Kizhi Pogost
The bell tower was built in 1863 on the site of the old hipped bell tower, which was “hidden behind decay” in 1862. In 1951-1954, the roofs of the bell tower and several pillars of the belfry were replaced. A significant restoration of the bell tower was carried out in 1991.
The fence of the Kizhi Pogost The fence, about 300 m long, is a log cabin with a gable roof on a high foundation of boulders. The main entrance to the churchyard is located near the Church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos, in the middle there are double-leaf gates.
Inserting a picture
Kizhi Museum-Reserve
The Kizhi Museum-Reserve is one of the largest open-air museums in Russia. This is a unique historical, cultural and natural complex, which is a particularly valuable object of the cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia. The basis of the museum collection - ensemble Kizhi churchyard- UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage Site. Restoration of the monuments of the Kizhi Pogost is taking place "in front of the whole world" .
Catalog of monuments of wooden architecture in Kizhi
Zaonezhie - the land "for Onego", as the peasants of the villages of the eastern coast of Lake Onega called the land located on the other side.
The modern geographical concept of "Zaonezhye" includes the northwestern part of Lake Onega - the Zaonezhsky Peninsula, as well as numerous islands adjacent to it - the Kizhi skerries. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, a local group of the northern Russian population lived here - Zaonezhans ("Zaonezhana"), with peculiar features of material and spiritual culture.
The main exposition sector of the Kizhi Museum-Reserve is dedicated to traditional culture Russian Zaonezhie.
At the southernmost tip of Kizhi Island there are two architectural monuments that were transported from the western coast of Lake Onega.
Exhibition sector: Russians Zaonezhie Date of construction: Early XVIII century Place of construction: Kizhi Island, Medvezhyegorsky Overall dimensions: 37.0 × 20.0 × 29.0 Materials: pine, spruce, aspen. Protected status: Monument of the World Natural and Cultural Heritage of UNESCO, Monument of the cultural heritage of the Russian Federation (especially valuable object).
Exhibition sector:
Russians Zaonezhie
Date of construction:
Early 18th century
Construction site:
Kizhi island, Medvezhyegorsky
Dimensions:
37.0×20.0×29.0
Materials:
pine, spruce, aspen.
Guard status:
Monument of the World natural and cultural heritage of UNESCO, Monument of federal significance, Monument of the cultural heritage of the Russian Federation (especially valuable object).
The Church of the Intercession of the Virgin belongs to a unique type of many-domed temples. The plan is an elongated polygon with a five-sided altar in the east. Built in 1694 (rebuilt in 1764). The proportional solution of the enfilade: the vestibule, the refectory, the chapel and the altar is traditional, in particular, it almost completely repeats the proportions in terms of Church of the Epiphany With. Chelmuzhi of Karelia, 1641. The horizontally elongated volume of the vestibule and the refectory, covered with a gable roof of a nail-free design, adjoins the central volume of the actual church building, formed by an “octagon on a quadrangle” and covered by an eight-slope roof with nine cupolas on small, chopped “in the paw”, octagon. From the east, the five-sided frame of the altar part is covered with a roof in the form of a "barrel" with an altar cupola. From the west, the main volume is adjoined by a single-story porch on pillars, covered with a gable asymmetric roof. Covering the porch, as well as the police octagon and quadrangle from red tessel. Doorways are located along the central axis.
The fence of the Kizhi churchyard
The fence of the Kizhi churchyard
The fence of the Kizhi churchyard
Rectangular in plan, the building is covered with a gable symmetrical roof. The main volume is a five-wall with a transverse cut dividing the building into two rooms: a dressing room and a bathhouse itself.
On the northern facade there is an entrance to the bathhouse with a boardwalk-bridge in front of it leading to the lake. The walls are chopped "in the cloud". Plank ceilings on beams. The roof is male plank, nail-free design according to "hens and streams". Threads, shells and pricheliny - simple without decorative cutting.
The bathhouse is illuminated by a small slanting window from the side of the lake. In the bathhouse near the eastern wall there is a stove-heater and flooring made of boards-shelves. Above the heater there is a ceiling chimney in the form of a square plank chimney, which is pushed in from the inside by a latch-drag.
Exhibition sector:
Russians Zaonezhie
Date of construction:
2nd half of the 19th century
Builder:
Elizarov
Construction site:
Seredka village, Medvezhyegorsky
Dimensions:
Materials:
Guard status:
Monument of federal significance
Exhibition sector:
Russians Zaonezhie
Date of construction:
Late XIX - early XX centuries
Construction site:
Suisar village, Prionezhsky
Dimensions:
Materials:
Guard status:
Revealed.
The entrance on the end facade is made in the form of a double-leaf gate, next to the gate there is a large window.
Inside, against the back wall, there is a forge with bellows.
In the middle of the forge is an anvil, near the window is a table-shelf for tools. The log house was built without a foundation on boulders.
Exhibition sector:
Russians Zaonezhie
Date of construction:
Builder:
Peasant N.A. Bikanin (1880-1958)
Construction site:
Volkostrov village, Medvezhyegorsky
Dimensions:
Materials:
pine, birch, stone.
Guard status:
Monument of federal significance
Construction of the "mill-pillar" type. It is a high log house, square in plan, in the center of which there is an axial column, dug into the ground with its lower end.
The body of the mill in the form of an elongated parallelepiped was erected on a log turntable - a "swivel", equipped on the side of the wings and on the side of the entrance with logs-levers - "cogwheels". The turntable and the "big wheel" allow you to turn the mill in the direction of the wind. The turn of the mill (case) was carried out with the help of a rope and a gate of the simplest design, dug in not far from the structure. The workroom of the building is two-story: on the second floor there is a horizontal shaft, ending with eight wings on the outside, stone millstones, a ladle for filling grain. The body of the shaft is equipped with wooden teeth that drive the wooden pestles from the mortars on the ground floor. With the help of a wooden gear, millstones are driven. The first floor, in addition to the stupas, is equipped with a chest for flour and a device that regulates the grinding of grain. The body of the mill was built from thick boards. The roof is asymmetric gable nail design.
Exhibition sector:
Russians Zaonezhie
Date of construction:
Late XIX - early XX centuries
Builder:
Peasant F.M. Stafeev
Construction site:
Berezovaya Selga village, Medvezhyegorsky
Dimensions:
Materials:
Guard status:
Monument of federal significance
Exhibition sector:
Russians Zaonezhie
Date of construction:
Until the 16th century
Builder:
Saint Lazarus (according to legend)
Construction site:
Murom Monastery, Pudozh
Dimensions:
Materials:
pine, aspen.
Guard status:
Monument of federal significance
Exhibition sector:
Russians Zaonezhie
Date of construction:
Late 18th - early 19th centuries
Construction site:
Lelikozero village, Medvezhyegorsk
Dimensions:
Materials:
pine, aspen.
Guard status:
Monument of federal significance
Exhibition sector:
Russians Zaonezhie
Date of construction:
2nd half of the 19th century
Builder:
Oshevnev family
Construction site:
Oshevnevo village, Medvezhyegorsky
Dimensions:
Materials:
Guard status:
Monument of federal significance
House-complex of the "purse" type with a merged two-row parallel connection of utility and residential premises under a common asymmetric gable roof. It is a flat parallelepiped with a base approaching a square. Housing is two-story. The first floor is a winter hut, through the canopy from which there are pantries: one with an entrance from the canopy, and the other with an entrance from the southern hut of the second floor. Svetelka has an independent gable roof (it is located in the attic, the log house of which overlooks the facade above the hallway of the second floor). The residential part of the house at the level of the second floor is surrounded on three sides by a balcony-gully, based on wall logs and brackets. Entrance to the abyss from the hallway of the second floor. The economic part is two-story (1st floor - a yard with barns, 2nd floor - a barn) with a log cabin adjoining the southern hut of the second floor of housing. Under the upper room on the first floor of the utility part there is an additional cage with an entrance from the yard. At the northern wall of the barn, the second cage is a pantry for storing dairy products. The entrance to the barn is located on the south side of the house, perpendicular to its hut.
