Home What do dreams mean G. Greenwald Famous cases from the practice of psychoanalysis. Vivid examples, cases from psychoanalysis

What do dreams mean

G. Greenwald Famous cases from the practice of psychoanalysis. Vivid examples, cases from psychoanalysis

Moscow "REFL-book" 1995
BBK 87.3 3-72

Translation under the general editorship A.L. Yudin

Decoration Lyudmila Kozeko

The publication was prepared on the initiative of the Port-Royal publishing house with the assistance of Iris LLC
3-72 Famous cases from the practice of psychoanalysis / Collection. - M.: "REFL-book", 1995. - 288 p. ISBN 5-87983-125-6

The series "Bestsellers of Psychology" opens with a book that contains, which have become a textbook, cases from the practice of the most prominent representatives of various trends in psychoanalysis - Freud, Abraham, Franz, Jung, Adler, Horney and many others.

A description of the hidden sides of the human psyche, the manifestations of which are usually considered abnormal or even perverted, as well as their explanation will give not only an idea of psychoanalysis, but will also help readers to relate with an open mind to the "oddities" of both those around them and themselves.

ISBN 5-87983-125-6

Introduction ..... 6

Part I

Freud and his followers

3.Freud. The Girl Who Couldn't Breathe

(translated by A.Yudin).................................. 13

3. Freud. The woman who seemed to be

chase ( translation by A. Yudin) ........................ 26

K. Abraham. The Man Who Loved Corsets

(translated by A. Yudin)........................................... 40

Sh. Ferenczi. Brief analysis of a case of hypochondria

(translated by Y. Danko).................................. 54

M. Klein. The child who couldn't sleep

(translated by YuLanko)......................................... 63

T. Raik. unknown killer ( translation by T. Titova). . 97

R. Lindner. The Girl Who Couldn't Stop

There is ( translation by A. Yudin) .................................... 112

Part II

Deviations from Freud's theories

(translated by A. Yudin)

K.G. Jung. Restless young woman and

retired businessman .............................................. 171

And Adler. Lust for Excellence.............................. 196

C. Horney. The Always Tired Editor.............................. 211

G. S. Sullivan. Unskillful Wife.............................. 228

C. Rogers. Angry teenager .......................... 236

Part III

Specialized psychoanalytic techniques

(translated by T. Titova)

R. R. Grinker and F. P. Robbins. Brief therapy

psychosomatic case ................................... 247

S.R. Slavson. Group of difficult girls .............. 255

Conclusion................................................................. 284
Introduction

This book collects case reports from psychoanalytic practice, selected from the works of the most prominent representatives of psychoanalysis, with the aim of presenting the history of its development. Some of these case histories are written by the founders of various currents in psychoanalysis, while others are written by scientists who have made the most significant contribution to the development of the particular current or movement they represent.

I think it is both instructive and logical to present such a story through case histories from psychoanalytic practice, since in them, as in all sincere writing, the desire to understand human nature, which is the root of psychoanalysis as such, is clearly revealed. For however elegant theories are woven by psychoanalysts, the truth and value of these theories rests on the results obtained in the consulting room.

The strands of psychological thought and the personalities of their founders, as well as the leading exponents of psychoanalytic thought, are best studied in the context of a particular treatment situation. These case histories take us directly into the consulting room of the great analysts of the last fifty years, allowing us to hear what they have heard and witness how they have worked with their patients.

For the professional therapist or the student who is about to become a psychologist, these cases will illustrate the therapeutic methods used by the masters in this field. Many of the psychoanalysts represented in this book have had to be doctors, and they have shown remarkable insight in doing so, for only in this way could one gain influence sufficient to gather followers around him and establish his direction. My experience of leading a seminar on classic cases from psychoanalytic practice at the National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis has shown that careful study of real case histories provides a rich educational material for both students and practitioners of psychoanalysis.

But perhaps most importantly, these cases from the practice of psychoanalysis, while helping us learn to understand others, will be able to help us understand ourselves.

It rarely happens that science owes as much to one man as psychoanalysis owes so much to Sigmund Freud. Dissatisfied with the results obtained in the treatment of neurosis by the physiological methods practiced by physicians in his time, Freud turned to psychology for a possible solution, as a result of which both a theory of consciousness and a method of treating his disorders arose. Freud considered mental illness as the result of a struggle between the individual's need to satisfy his instinctive desires and the prohibition imposed by society on their satisfaction. Society's condemnation of these instinctive urges, in his opinion, was so strong that the individual often could not even afford to be aware of them and thereby transferred them to a vast unconscious part of mental life.

In a broad sense, Freud gave this unconscious animal part of our nature the designation "It". Another unconscious area of consciousness has been called the "Superego"; it is, so-so, the hidden consciousness that is trying to control "It". The rational, striving for self-preservation, part of consciousness was called "I", it is she who is trying to resolve the ongoing conflict between the "It" and the "Super-I". Mental illness is, according to Freud, the result of the ego's failure to resolve this conflict.

The development of theory was preceded by practice. The treatment was that Freud tried to bring to the patient's consciousness the sometimes terrible struggle that raged between the "It" and the "Superego", and thereby strengthened the ability of the "I" to resolve the conflict. His method of bringing masses of the unconscious into consciousness was to explore the unconscious through the use of free association, the interpretation of dreams, and the interpretation of the relationship between analyst and patient as it developed in the process of analysis. With some deviations, all analysts still use this basic method of interpreting the unconscious, although many of them do not agree with Freud's theory of the structure of consciousness.

Freud was supported by Karl Abraham, who studied the stages of development of the individual in search of satisfaction. Another close associate of Freud, Sandor Ferenczi, tried to find methods to shorten the time of psychotherapy and apply it to the treatment of diseases that were considered incurable. Melanie Klein contributed to the modification of psychoanalytic technique in order to make possible the treatment of young children. Theodor Reik is credited with applying Freud's methods to the problems of crime and guilt. Raik's successor was Robert Lindner, who, in a dramatic way describing cases from his practice, provoked interest in psychoanalysis among the general public, who had not known him before. All these analysts, who are direct followers of Freud, like him, emphasized the role of sexual and libidinal drives in the unconscious of the individual.

Alfred Adler was the first of Freud's early followers to break with him. According to Adler, the key to understanding the human personality is the individual's effort to compensate for his feelings of inferiority. Somewhat later, Carl Gustav Jung also expressed his dissatisfaction with the fact that the main emphasis in psychoanalysis was on sexuality, who instead emphasized in every possible way the importance of the memories inherited by the individual as a member of the race. Like Adler, Karen Horney and Harry Stack Sullivan paid more attention to social rather than instinctive factors. Carl Rogers, although he did not develop his theory of personality, developed a simplified technique for the treatment of relatively mild neurotic disorders.

The book also includes descriptions of recent developments in psychoanalysis: the application of a modified psychoanalytic technique to the treatment of psychosomatic disorders and group psychoanalysis. Both directions allowed psychoanalysis to reach those who had previously remained outside of psychoanalytic therapy, and also discovered a valuable ability to penetrate those aspects of the personality that were hidden from the individual analyst.

In organizing this material, I encountered a number of difficulties and I do not at all claim that I managed to solve them in the only possible way. Since Freud's role as the founder of psychoanalysis is undeniable, he and his followers take up most of the book: the first section is devoted to Freud and the Freudians. The second section of the book is devoted to cases taken from the practice of the non-Freudians Jung and Adler, as well as the neo-Freudians Sullivan and Horney. These people openly expressed their disagreement with one or another of the important hypotheses of Freud, but nevertheless never denied their influence.

The last and shortest section consists of two examples of major new applications of psychoanalytic theory - in psychosomatic medicine and in a new and rapidly advancing form of therapy - group psychoanalysis.

Finally, some inevitable omissions should be mentioned. Unfortunately, I have not been able to obtain the case histories written by Otto Rank, who believed that the vicissitudes of birth were responsible for the emotional difficulties of the individual, nor the case histories written by Erich Fromm, whose most important work lies in the study of social problems by means of psychoanalysis.

Harold Greenwald (Ph.D.)

New York, 1959.
FREUD

AND HIS FOLLOWERS
SIGMUND FREUD
Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939) was the discoverer of psychoanalysis, so to speak, contrary to his own aspirations. His research interests were in the field of physiology, specifically the brain and nervous system. And only material difficulties forced him to turn to the study of diseases of the central nervous system of a person and engage in therapy.

In search of ways to understand and treat nervous disorders, Freud left the soil of physiology and came to the conclusion that they are purely mental in nature. He studied hypnosis for a while, but abandoned it after becoming convinced that hypnosis-based therapy provided only temporary relief. Together with Breuer, who was engaged in the medical practice of mental illness, he observed cases when the patient was cured of hysterical paralysis in the process of remembering and telling about important episodes of her life, which she considered forgotten.

But if Breuer used hypnosis to assist in the recall of forgotten experiences, then Freud abandoned this technique and moved on to a new, revolutionary method, which he called psychoanalysis. He asked his patients to lie down on the couch, and he himself took a place behind it so that he could not be seen. First, he asked patients to focus on recalling situations associated with the first manifestation of the symptoms they complained about; a little later he asked them to tell their story or just anything that came to their mind, no matter how trivial or reprehensible it might seem. For the most part, practitioners of classical psychoanalysis still follow this fundamental rule.

The case of "The Girl Who Couldn't Breathe" can hardly be considered a complete analysis. Freud himself said that he would not mind if someone regarded the history of the search for a solution in this case as more a guess than an analysis. However, since Freud on this occasion gave an almost verbatim account of everything he heard and said himself, this description can serve as a good illustration of the first attempts at psychotherapy.

This is the first case published by Freud in which he abandoned hypnosis. Since the method of free association was also not used, this case shows Freud's use of various conversational techniques that have since become common tools of psychologists. Many students spend years learning to do what Freud, in this case, does intuitively.
The Girl Who Couldn't Breathe

During a vacation in 189 ... I took a trip to the High Tauern (Eastern Alps) in order to forget about medicine for a while and especially about neuroses. I almost succeeded in this when one day I deviated from the main street, intending to climb a remote mountain, which was famous for its wonderful view, and a small but cozy hotel. After a tiring journey, I reached the summit and, after having a snack and rest, I plunged into the contemplation of the charming landscape. I forgot myself so much that at first I didn’t think to include the question: “Is Mr. a doctor?” I was asked a question by a girl of about eighteen years of age who waited at the table with a sullen expression on her face and whom the hostess called Katarina. Judging by her dress and the way she carried herself, she could not have been a maid. She was probably the owner's daughter or a distant relative.

Returning from some oblivion, I said:

Yes, I am a doctor. How do you know?

You checked into the guest book, and I thought, if Mr. Doctor has some time... You see, I'm nervous. I already consulted a doctor from L. ... and he also prescribed something for me, but it did not help.
So, I again returned to the world of neuroses, for what else could this large and strong girl with a gloomy face have. It seemed interesting to me that neuroses can successfully develop at an altitude of more than two thousand meters, and therefore I continued the survey.

The conversation that then took place between us, I will try to reproduce here as it is preserved in my memory, and I will quote the specific statements of this girl.

What are you complaining about?

It's very difficult for me to breathe. It's not always the case, but sometimes it grabs so hard that I feel like I'm suffocating.

It didn't look like nervousness at first, but I thought it might be a substitute for an anxiety attack. From the whole complex of sensations, she singled out one of the factors, downplaying the importance of the others - difficulty breathing.

Sit down and describe to me this condition when you find it difficult to breathe.

It comes unexpectedly. First there is pressure in the eyes. The head becomes so heavy and so buzzing that it can hardly be endured, and after that the head is so strong that it seems to me that I am falling, and then it begins to press on my chest so that I can hardly breathe.

What do you feel in your throat?

My throat tightens like I'm being choked.

Are there any other sensations in your head?

It's pounding so hard that it looks like it's about to crack.

Yeah, don't you feel fear?

I always feel like I should die, but on the contrary, it even makes me brave. I go everywhere alone, to the basement, to the mountains, but on the day I have an attack, I am afraid to go anywhere because I do not trust myself. It always seems to me that someone is standing behind me and is about to grab me.

It was indeed an attack of anxiety, no doubt caused by the symptoms of a hysterical state, or, to be more precise, it was an attack of hysteria, the content of which was anxiety. But could it have additional content?

When you have an attack, do you always think about the same thing, or maybe you see something in front of you?

Perhaps this is where we found a way to quickly get to the bottom of the situation.

Or maybe you recognize the face? I mean is that the face you once saw?

Do you know why you have such seizures?

And when did they start?

The first time it happened was two years ago, when my aunt and I were still living on another mountain. She used to have a hotel there. And now we have been living here for a year and a half, but this is repeated again and again.

Shouldn't the analysis start here? Of course, I would not dare to practice hypnosis at this height, but maybe a simple conversation will bring success. I must have been right in my guess. I have often seen anxiety attacks in young girls as a result of the fear that struck the girl's consciousness when the world of sexuality was first opened before them.

*I will give here as an example the case when I first managed to recognize this causal connection. I have treated a young woman for a complicated neurosis who each time refused to acknowledge that her anxiety had developed during her married life. She claimed that already as a girl she suffered from anxiety attacks that ended in fainting. But I was convinced that I was right. Some time later, when we already knew each other better, she unexpectedly said one day: “Now I will also tell you why these anxiety states began when I was a girl. At the time, I was sleeping in a room next to my parents' room. The door was open and a light was coming from the lamp on the table. I saw my father go to bed with my mother many times, and what I heard made me very worried. That's when my seizures started. *

So I said

If you don't know, I'll tell you what I think is causing your seizures. Then, two years ago, you saw or heard something that greatly disturbed and confused you, something that you did not want to see.

After these words, she exclaimed:

God! Yes, I found my uncle with my cousin Francisca!

What's the story with this girl? Can you tell me?

- You can tell the doctor everything, so I'll tell you.

At that time, my uncle, the husband of my aunt, whom you saw, kept an inn on the mountain with my aunt. Now they are divorced, and all because of me, because because of me it became known that he had something with Francisca.

Fine. And how did you know about it?

It was like that. One day, two years ago, two gentlemen came to the hotel and ordered dinner. My aunt was not at home at the time, and Franziska, who usually did the cooking, was nowhere to be found. We also couldn't find my uncle. We searched everywhere until the boy, my cousin Alua, said: "In the end we will find Franziska with his father." Then we laughed, but did not think anything bad about it. We went to the room where my uncle lived, but it was closed. We found this strange. Then Alua said: "If we go out, then from the path we can look into the room through the window."

But when we got out onto the path, Alua said that he was afraid to look out the window. Then I said: “You are just stupid. And I'll go, because I'm not afraid of anything." I didn't think anything bad. When I looked into the room it was very dark, but then I saw Franziska and my uncle who was lying on top of her.

I quickly jumped away from the window and pressed myself against the wall, and that's when it became difficult for me to breathe. Since then, this has been repeated. I lost my senses. His eyes were closed, and his head was pounding and buzzing.

And you told your aunt about it on the same day?

No, I didn't tell her anything.

But what were you afraid of when you found them together? Did you understand anything from this?

No. Then I did not understand anything. I was only sixteen years old. I don't know what scared me so.

Fraulein Katharina, if you could now remember what flashed through your head at the moment when your first attack happened to you, and what you thought about it, it will help you.

Yes, if I could. But I was so scared that I forgot everything.

(Translated into the language of our “preliminary communication”, this means: the affect created a hypnoid state, the products of which remained in the consciousness of the “I”, devoid of any associative connections.)

Tell me, Katharina, that head that appears to you when you find it difficult to breathe is the head of Franziska, j how did you see it at that moment?

No, no, her head didn't look that scary. This is the head of a man.

Then maybe it's your uncle's head?

But I didn't even see his face then. The room was too dark, and why did he have to have such a scary face?

You're right. (Looks like the thread broke. But maybe continuing the story will help find it again.) And what happened then?

They must have heard a noise. After a while they left. I felt very bad all the time. I just couldn't stop thinking about it. Two days later it was Sunday, I had a lot to do, and I worked all day, and on Monday morning I started to feel dizzy again, I felt sick, and I stayed in bed. I didn't vomit for three whole days.

We have often compared the symptomatology of hysteria with the interpretation of a picture which we begin to understand only when we find some points relating to two languages. According to this alphabet, vomiting means poisoning. So I asked her:

It seems to me that you felt disgusted when you looked in the window, once after three days you began to vomit.

Yes, of course, I was disgusted, - she said thoughtfully. - But why?

Maybe you saw some naked body parts. What did the two people in the room look like?

It was too dark to see anything, and both were dressed. Yes, if I knew what disgusted me...

I did not know this either, but I asked her to keep telling me everything that came into her head, in the hope that she would finally mention something I needed to explain this case.

Then she told me that she finally told her aunt about her discovery, because it seemed to her that there was some secret behind it; then followed scandalous scenes between uncle and aunt, and the children happened to hear something that opened their eyes to some things that they would have been better off not knowing. Finally, the aunt decided to leave her uncle and Franziska, who by that time was already pregnant, and, taking the children and her niece with her, she left to take over the management of another hotel. But then, to my surprise, Katarina suddenly deviated from this course of events and began to talk about other, older incidents that occurred two or three years before the traumatic event. The first series of incidents contained instances of the same uncle's attempted sexual advances on her when she was fourteen years old. She told me how one winter she went with him to the village, where they stayed overnight in an inn. He was in the dining room, drinking and playing cards, and she, feeling tired, retired early to her room, which they occupied together. Through her sleep, she heard him come in, but then she fell asleep and woke up suddenly from the fact that she "felt his body" in the bed next to her. She jumped up with the words: “What are you doing, uncle? Why aren't you in your bed?" He tried to joke about it, saying, “Calm down, silly. You don't even know how good it is." “I don’t want anything so good from you. You don't let me sleep." She stood all this time at the door, ready to run away, until he stopped coaxing her and fell asleep. She then went back to bed and slept until morning. From her behavior, it seems that she did not see their sexual lining in these actions. When I asked her if she knew what her uncle wanted, she replied, "Not at the time." She only realized this later. She was just angry because her sleep was disturbed and because she had never heard of such things before.

I had to recount this event in detail, as it was of great importance for everything that was yet to happen. Then she reported other, later experiences, how she had to defend herself from her uncle's harassment in a hotel when he was drunk, and so on. But when I asked if she had experienced similar difficulty in breathing in these cases, she confidently replied that each time there was pressure in the eyes and in the chest, but not as strong as at the time of her opening.

Immediately after this, she began to tell of another series of events, concerning those cases in which something that took place between her uncle and Francisca caught her attention. She reported how one day the whole family spent a whole night on a haystack in their clothes. She was awakened by some noise, and she saw how her uncle, who was lying between her and Francisca, moved away from her, and Francisca also somehow changed her position. She also told how she had spent the night in village N on another occasion. She and her uncle were in one room, and Franziska was in another. At night she woke up and saw a long white figure holding on to the doorknob:

Lord, uncle, is that you? What are you doing at the door?

Quiet. I'm just looking for one thing.

But you could exit through another door.

I just made a mistake - etc.

I asked if she had any suspicions at the time.

No, I didn't think of anything like that. It just seemed strange to me, but I did not understand anything. - Maybe this case caused her anxiety? - Seems to be yes. But now she wasn't sure.

After she finished these two stories, she stopped. Her appearance seemed to change. Gloomy, full of suffering features became more alive, she looked cheerful and was clearly in a brighter and more upbeat mood. In the meantime, an understanding of what had happened to her came over me; what she said last and apparently without any plan perfectly explains her behavior in the scene that caused her injury. At that time, it was as if two groups of experiences lived in her, which she could not understand and about which she could not come to any conclusion. Seeing the couple performing the act of intercourse, she immediately associated the new impression with these two groups of memories, finally coming to understand them and at the same time rejecting them. This was followed by a short period of processing, "incubation", after which the transformed symptoms appeared - vomiting as a substitute for moral and physical disgust. Thus the riddle was solved. It was not the spectacle of the two that disgusted her, but the memories that it awakened in her and explained everything to her. It could only be the memory of the nightly molestations when she felt her uncle's body.

After this confession, I told her:

Now you know what you thought the moment you looked into the room. You thought, "Now he's doing to her what he wanted to do to me that night and another time." This disgusted you because it reminded you of the feeling you had at night when you woke up when you felt his body.

She answered:

Yes, most likely that it was this that disgusted me and that I thought about it at that moment.

Well, now that you are an adult girl and you know everything ...

Now, of course, I think so.

Now try to remember exactly and tell me what you felt that night when you touched his body.

But she could not give any definite answer. She only smiled shyly, as if she was convinced that we had already reached the end of the story and there was nothing more to add to this. I can imagine the tactile sensation she later learned to describe. And it seemed to me that her features expressed agreement with my assumption. But I could not penetrate a single step deeper into her experiences. In any case, I was grateful to her because it was much easier to talk to her than to the puritanical ladies whom I happened to encounter during my practice in the city and for whom any naturalia necessarily meant turpia.

One could consider the case explained, but where did the hallucination of the head come from, which was repeated with each attack and which caused fear? I asked her about it. She immediately replied as if our conversation had expanded her ability to understand:

Yes, now I know where. This is my uncle's head. Now I recognize her. Later, when all these quarrels started, my uncle got terribly angry with me, although there was no point in it. He often said that it all happened because of me. If I hadn't talked, it wouldn't have come to a divorce. He always threatened to do something to me, and when he saw me from afar, his face contorted in anger and he ran up to me with his hand up. I always ran away from him and was always tormented by anxiety, afraid that he might grab me when I did not see him. So the face I always saw was his face contorted with rage.

This information reminded me that the first symptom of hysteria - vomiting - had disappeared, but the attack of anxiety remained and was filled with new content. This meant that we were dealing with hysteria, which was for the most part reacted upon. For soon she told her aunt what she had learned.

Did you tell your aunt other stories as you understood them?

Yes, but not immediately, but a little later, when it was already a question of divorce. My aunt then said, “Let it stay between us. And if he begins to put some obstacles in the divorce, then we will remember all this for him.

As I understand it, from that time on, one scandal in the house piled up on another, and Katharina's malaise ceased to attract the interest of her aunt, who was now completely absorbed in her quarrels - it was from that time of accumulation and preservation that this symbol was entrenched in memory.

I hope that our conversation has been of some use to this girl whose sexual sensibility has been so prematurely traumatized. I didn't have to see her again. I will not object if anyone sees in the resolution of this case of hysteria, as it is here described, a solution rather than an analysis. Of course, the patient accepted as probable all those insertions that I made into her story, but, nevertheless, she failed to identify them with her past experiences. Katharina's case is typical in this respect, since in any hysteria caused by sexual traumas one can find those experiences of the pre-sexual period that had no effect on the child, but later, when an understanding of her sexual life came to the girl or young woman, acquired a traumatic force as memories. Thus, the splitting off of groups of mental experiences is a normal process in the development of an adolescent, and it is quite clear that their subsequent contact with the "I" creates favorable conditions for psychological disorders. Moreover, it seems to me appropriate to express a certain doubt in this case: whether the splitting of consciousness due to ignorance is really different from that caused by conscious rejection, and whether adolescents do not have more extensive knowledge in the sexual sphere than they are credited with or than they themselves assume.

A further deviation in the development of the mental mechanism in this case is determined by the fact that the opening scene, which we have designated as "auxiliary", also deserves the name "traumatic". Its impact is determined not only by the awakening of the previous traumatic experience, but also by its own content; therefore, it can be attributed the character of both an “auxiliary” and a “traumatic” factor. However, I see no reason why this abstract distinction should be abandoned (although in this case these factors coincide), since in other cases this distinction may correspond to a divergence in time. Another peculiarity of Katharina's case, which, however, has already been known for some time, is found in the fact that in the process of conversion the formation of the phenomenon of hysteria does not follow immediately in time after the trauma, but appears only after a short period of incubation. Charcot considers the name "period of mental processing" appropriate for this period of time.

The anxiety that Katarina manifested during attacks was of hysterical origin, i.e. she reproduced that feeling of anxiety that arose with every sexual-psychological trauma. I will also refrain here from elucidating a process which I have regularly observed on a large number of occasions; I mean that even the mere observation of sexual relations causes an affect of anxiety in virgins.

Incredible Facts

The ideas and theories of Sigmund Freud may look outdated, but there is no doubt that he had a huge impact on the development psychology and methods of psychoanalysis.

Below we describe the most fascinating cases of Freud's patients.

10. Mathilde Schleicher

Mathilde Schleicher was one of Freud's first patients when he in 1886 he began his practice as a "nervous doctor".

Her story is heartbreaking.

Schleicher was a musician, and she began to have serious problems after her fiancé left her. She's always been prone to migraines, and after she lost control of her mental health, The woman fell into a deep depression.

She was sent to Freud for treatment, and he began a series of hypnotherapy. Everything started in April 1886. By June 1889, Mathilde was out of her depression and was so grateful for the help she received that she presented Freud with a beautiful signed book to record.

However, a month later her depression turned into mania and insomnia. She constantly talked about the fame and fortune that would come to her as a result of her musical career. In parallel with this, she was regularly tormented by convulsions.

Freud referred her to the private clinic of Dr. Wilhelm Svetlin, where she was not only diagnosed with what would later become known as manic depression or bipolar disorder, but also revealed that she is a nymphomaniac, because she was regularly naked and demanded Freud.

According to other records, her troubles went even deeper. She apparently believed that each of her bowel movements was a birth, so she tried to hide her "children" under her pillow.

The woman spent the next seven months using sedatives such as opium, morphine, chloral hydrate and even cannabis. Gradually, the manic episodes subsided. In May 1890, she left the hospital.

Freud continued to treat her depression with chloral hydrate and a new drug called sulfonal. However, she died in September of that year. Nobody noticed until it was too late that There was a lot of blood in her urine. This indicated liver damage caused by the use of drugs.

9. Little Hans

Freud worked with a five year old boy whom he called "Little Hans". The child was brought to him by his father. The father wanted Freud to help Hans deal with his fear of horses. The kid was only five years old, and he had no experience with horses, so it is not surprising that he was afraid of them.

They were large and terrified him. He was especially horrified by the horses that pulled the wagons, in no small part because he witnessed an accident involving one of these carts.

Then the horse was forced to pull a wagon overloaded with people, she did not cope with her task, fell and died right in front of the boy.

The boy's fear was, first of all, justified by the fact that the tragic death of the animal happened before his eyes. However, Freud, of course, found other explanations. He said that Hans was especially afraid of horses with black muzzles, supposedly they reminded him of his father's mustache.

He didn't like horses that wore blinders. Freud interpreted this as a connection with his father's glasses.

After all, Freud diagnosed the little boy's fear as a feature of his Oedipus complex. The horse represented his father due to the mustache-glass comparison. Little Hans, according to Freud, developed a strong, sexually tinged love for his mother and looked at his father as a rival, taking away her love and attention.

His father, of course, seemed to him bigger and stronger than he really was. This led to the development of fear not only for the father, but also for the horses.

Since most of the therapy with Hans was carried out with his father as an intermediary, Freud decided that the fear of horses isn't going anywhere anytime soon, because therapy depends on who he's afraid of.

After Freud had a close conversation with the boy, he reported that all his fears were correct, and Hans really developed an Oedipus complex.

However, do not worry about the baby. Freud watched him until the age of 19. The boy not only grew up absolutely normal, he could not even remember the fears that tormented him at the age of five.

Practice of Sigmund Freud

8. Bertha Pappenheim or Anna O (Bertha Pappenheim)

For many years, this patient of Dr. Josef Breuer and Freud was referred to as Anna O in order to hide her real name, Bertha Pappenheim. A woman began treatment with Breuer when her father was ill a strange hysteria developed.

The situation escalated after the father died. She suffered from a wide range of symptoms, including mood swings, hallucinations, a nervous cough, and partial paralysis. At times she forgot how to speak her native German and was only able to speak and read English and French.

Breuer spent hundreds of hours with her, trying to get to the root of her problem through conversation. At first she spoke exclusively in "fairy tales", writing stories about what she thinks or feels about a particular issue.

Gradually, the doctor was able to put her into a state of hypnosis in order to still find out her problems, to "talk" the woman. Thus, he created the basis of the method of therapy, which is quite well known to us today.

However, her mental illness has always been questioned, and the opinion has been expressed that she simply wanted to win the therapist's attention. Freud, who was a colleague and close friend of Breuer's (Freud even named his youngest daughter after Breuer's wife) argued that the sexual overtones were obvious.

Freud said that Anna O's problem was her crazy infatuation with her therapist. He was so convinced of this that friendship came to a sudden and bitter end.

Freud used the Pappenheim case as the basis for his work on psychoanalytic therapy. At the same time, he criticized Breuer in the eyes of his students, using the case as an example of what can happen when a therapist ignores what are clearly sexual fantasies.

The psychoanalyst argued that Bertha's grief over the death of her father was primarily due to her sexual fantasies in relation to her parent. She soon found a new "authority figure." It was Breuer.

Breuer, Anna O and Freud

Sigmund talked about one of the episodes of Bertha's treatment, which Breuer told him about. Once he caught her in a hysterical fit of false birth. She said she was pregnant by Breuer.

7. Irma injection

Freud found it difficult to self-diagnose when it came to proving his theories, however, one of his research on dreams was based on the analysis of one of his own dreams.

He named it "Irma's Injection". In a dream, one of Sigmund's patients, Irma, was visiting him. He noticed that she looked sicker than usual and scolded her for not listening to his diagnoses and not following his recommendations.

Other doctors appeared in the dream, who, after looking at Irma, came to the same diagnosis as Freud. The psychoanalyst notes that in a dream he knows the cause - the source of the problem - this is an injection that was prescribed by another doctor, and the use of which Freud himself considered irresponsible and thoughtless act.

He says that probably even the needle that was injected was not clean.

The dream rummaged through all the hidden drawers when it came to Freud's own desires. He said that the main thing he wanted was to be able to prove that the disease came from someone from outside.

He accused other doctors of treating her incorrectly (using dirty needles), he accused the patient of not following the recommendations of the doctors. Freud emphasized that he was quite satisfied with his arguments, and that in this way took no responsibility for her further suffering.

Analyzing Freud's reflections on his dream, some have suggested that Irma's injection is actually a case of Freud's guilt towards Emma Eckstein.

Emma Eckstein

Emma was a patient of Sigmund. He revealed in her hysterical symptoms that arose against the background of childhood trauma. The woman had some pathologies of the turbinates, so Freud prescribed her an operation, which went extremely wrong. After her, Emma needed additional surgical interventions, which brought her a lot of suffering.

6. Ernst Lanzer

The story of Ernest Lanzer helped Freud to understand whether the psychoanalytic methods used to treat hysteria work on patients suffering from other problems. In the case of Ernest, it was constantly haunted by his thoughts.

When Lanzer came to Freud, the psychoanalyst was struck by a huge assortment of obsessive thoughts. Lanzer feared for his life due to the fact that his throat was supposedly getting smaller and smaller. He also has an absolutely paralyzing fear that something will happen either to his father, or to the girl he invented.

Among other things, he was terribly afraid of rats after he overheard a story about terrible torture using these rodents in the army. Since then, the fear has been sitting in him that he, his father, or the aforementioned lady may be subjected to such torture.

He also spoke about the torture in question. Rats are placed in a bucket, then a guilty person is placed on it, thereby allowing rats "eat" their way through the anus of the guilty one. The picture is not pleasant.

One of Freud's first observations was the expression on Lanzer's face, which seemed to be somewhat inspired by the idea of rats looking for an exit/entrance through their anus. The man was diagnosed with an Oedipus complex.

This complex led to an emotional imbalance between love, hate and fear, directed in different volumes to a fictional lady, father and rats.

Freud also brought to psychoanalysis what he considered to be the powerful symbolism of "anus rats". It includes the care of cleanliness, the comparison between money and excrement, and the comparison of rats with children. The latter is related to the childhood belief that babies are born through the anus.

Freud also managed to find out that around the age of five, Lanzer's father often spanked him. At the same time, the boy's nanny allowed him to touch her naked body. Freud believes that it was then that these two things turned out to be tightly connected with each other in the subconscious of the baby.

Lanzer's case is unique in that it is his only patient about whom, in addition to official conclusions, Freud's thematic notes have also been preserved. These notes made it clear that there were some things that he excluded from the final conclusions. For example, Freud did not maintain neutrality in relations with clients, and sent them postcards while on vacation.

Freud's psychoanalysis: practice

5. Ida Bauer

Ida Bauer's problems began long before her father brought her to Freud in the hope of curing her daughter's hysteria. The parents got serious about their daughter when a clean-obsessed mother (who contracted a sexually transmitted disease from her husband) caused a seven-year-old girl to break down.

Her parents treated her with hydrotherapy and electric shock.

Years later, Ida was proposed to by a family friend, the father of the children for whom she was a nanny. Moreover, he was the husband of her father's mistresses. Ida refused, which subsequently led to a deep depression that went so far that The woman threatened to commit suicide.

Freud, who was treating her father for a venereal disease, was asked to help Ida as well. Freud's diagnosis was as follows: Ida suffered not because the once exemplary family man and family friend suddenly showed this kind of sympathy for her, but because of a repressed lesbian attraction to the wife of a failed lover.

Her attraction to a woman was further complicated by the fact that she was already her father's mistress. Because of this, Ida's relationship with her father was strained.

Freud also deciphered Ida's dream: her family's house is on fire, and while her father just wants to get out of it, her mother begins to look for a safe with jewelry. Sigmund said that this symbolizes her father's inability to protect her.

Freud's treatment was very short: Ida herself wanted it. She continued to struggle with mental illness for the rest of her life, which ended in 1945.

Over the years, Ida actually turned into her mother, becoming the same crazy fan of cleanliness. Ironically, she continued to keep in touch with the family that started it all, especially her father's mistress, who became her favorite bridge partner.

Psychology according to Freud: case studies

4. Fanny Moser

At first glance, Fanny Moser had everything that a person can only dream of. She had a happy marriage, two children, she was the heiress of an aristocratic family, and when she married, she became related to a family famous for the production of fine Swiss watches.

Just a few days after the birth of her second daughter, her husband died of a heart attack, and his son from a previous marriage began spreading rumors that Fanny had killed her husband.

After a long, scandalous battle in court, Fanny cleared her name of accusations, sold the Moser watch company, gave most of the money to build several hospitals, but her nervous system failed.

She went from one doctor to another, taking more and more medicines, but nothing helped.

She initially consulted with Breuer, and during her treatment at a sanatorium in Vienna, Freud also took part in her rescue. Suffering from severe depression and nervous tics, she was hypnotized by Freud, who tried to draw all her anxieties out of her with the ultimate goal of releasing them.

There were many injuries, ranging from a terrible toad that she once saw, and ending with the death of her husband. Her condition improved, but not for long. Less than a year later, she returned to the clinic.

PSYCHOLOGY BEST SELLERS

G. Greenwald

FAMOUS CASES

FROM PRACTICE

PSYCHOANALYSIS

Translation from English and German

Moscow "REFL-book" 1995

BBK 87.3 3-72

Translation under the general editorship of A.L. Yudin

Art design by Lyudmila Kozeko

The publication was prepared on the initiative of the Port-Royal publishing house with the assistance of Iris LLC

3-72 Famous cases from the practice of psychoanalysis / Collection. - M.: "REFL-book", 1995. - 288 p. ISBN 5-87983-125-6

ISBN 5-87983-125-6

Introduction..... 6

Part I

Freud and his followers

3. Freud. The Girl Who Couldn't Breathe

(translated by A.Yudin).................................. 13

3. Freud. The woman who seemed to be

persecuted (translated by A. Yudin) .......... 26

K. Abraham. The Man Who Loved Corsets

(translated by A. Yudin) ........................................... 40

Sh. Ferenczi. Brief analysis of a case of hypochondria

(translated by Y. Danko) .......................................... 54

M. Klein. The child who couldn't sleep

(translated by YuLanko )......................................... 63

T. Raik. Unknown killer (translated by T. Titova). . 97

R. Lindner. The Girl Who Couldn't Stop

there is (translated by A.Yudin) .................................... 112

Part II

Deviations from Freud's theories

(translated by A. Yudin)

K.G. Jung. Restless young woman and

retired businessman .............................................. 171

And Adler. Lust for Excellence.............................. 196

C. Horney. The Always Tired Editor.............................. 211

G. S. Sullivan. Unskillful Wife.............................. 228

C. Rogers. Angry teenager .......................... 236

Part III

Specialized psychoanalytic techniques

(translated by T. Titova)

R. R. Grinker and F. P. Robbins. Brief therapy

psychosomatic case ................................... 247

S.R. Slavson. Group of difficult girls .............. 255

Conclusion................................................................. 284

Introduction

But perhaps most importantly, these cases from the practice of psychoanalysis, while helping us learn to understand others, will be able to help us understand ourselves.

The series "Bestsellers of Psychology" opens with a book that contains, which have become textbook, cases from the practice of the most prominent representatives of various trends in psychoanalysis - Freud, Abraham, Franz, Jung, Adler, Horney and many others.
A description of the hidden sides of the human psyche, the manifestations of which are usually considered abnormal or even perverted, as well as their explanation will give not only an idea of psychoanalysis, but will also help readers to relate with an open mind to the "oddities" of both those around them and themselves.

CONTENTS Introduction 6
Part I Freud and his followers
3. Freud. The Girl Who Couldn't Breathe
Translation by AYudin) 13
3. Freud. The woman who seemed to be
persecuted (translated by AYudin) 26
K. Abraham. The Man Who Loved Corsets
(/ translation by AYudin) 40
Sh. Ferenczi. Brief analysis of a case of hypochondria
(translated by Y. Danko) 54
M. Klein. The child who couldn't sleep
(translated by YuLanko) 63
T. Raik. Unknown killer (translated by T. Titova). . 97 R. Lindner. The Girl Who Couldn't Stop
yes (translated by AYudin) 112
Part II Deviations from Freud's Theories
(translated by A. Yudin)
K.G. Jung. Restless young woman and
retired businessman 171
And Adler. Lust for Excellence 196
C. Horney. Always tired editor 211
G. S. Sullivan. Inept Wife 228
C. Rogers. Angry teenager 236
Part III
Specialized psychoanalytic techniques
(translated by T. Titova)
R. R. Grinker and F. P. Robbins. Brief therapy
psychosomatic case 247
S.R. Slavson. Group of difficult girls 255

Popular science edition

Translation from English and German

The currents of psychological thought and the personalities of their founders, as well as leading representatives of psychoanalytic thought, are best studied in the context of a specific treatment situation. These case histories take us directly into the consulting room of the great analysts of the last fifty years. letting them hear what they heard. and be witnesses of how they worked with their patients.

But perhaps most importantly, these cases from the practice of psychoanalysis, while helping us to understand others, will be able to help us understand ourselves.

Introduction

But perhaps most importantly, these cases from the practice of psychoanalysis, while helping us learn to understand others, will be able to help us understand ourselves.

It rarely happens that science owes as much to one person as psychoanalysis owes to Sigmund Freud. Dissatisfied with the results obtained in the treatment of neurosis by the physiological methods practiced by physicians in his time, Freud turned to psychology for a possible solution, as a result of which both a theory of consciousness and a method of treating its disorders arose. Freud considered mental illness as the result of a struggle between the individual's need to satisfy his instinctive desires and the prohibition imposed by society on their satisfaction. Society's condemnation of these instinctive urges, in his opinion, was so strong that the individual often could not even afford to be aware of them and thereby transferred them to a vast unconscious part of mental life.

In a broad sense, Freud gave this unconscious animal part of our nature the designation "It". Another unconscious area of consciousness has been called the "Superego"; it is, so to speak, a hidden consciousness that tries to control "It". The rational, striving for self-preservation, part of consciousness was called "I", it is she who is trying to resolve the ongoing conflict between the "It" and the "Super-I". Mental illness is, according to Freud, the result of the ego's failure to resolve this conflict.

Freud was supported by Karl Abraham, who studied the stages of development of the individual in search of satisfaction. Another close associate of Freud, Sandor Ferenczi, tried to find methods to shorten the time of psychotherapy and apply it to the treatment of diseases that were considered incurable. Melanie Klein contributed to the modification of psychoanalytic technique in order to make it possible to treat young children. Theodor Reik is credited with applying Freud's methods to the problems of crime and guilt. Raik's successor was Robert Lindner, who, in a dramatic way describing cases from his practice, provoked interest in psychoanalysis among the general public, who had not known him before. All these analysts, who are direct followers of Freud, like him, emphasized the role of sexual and libidinal drives in the unconscious of the individual.