(NTR) characterizes the current level of scientific and technological progress, a feature of which is the rapid development of fundamentally new industries and the discovery of previously unknown laws of nature. Moreover, the result of success is not only technological developments, but also the expansion of theoretical knowledge. Allocate different stages Scientific and technological revolutions, which have their own character, features of development and influence on the further course of progress. At the same time, there are also negative sides scientific and technological development. They also contribute to the pace of progress.
The essence of scientific and technological revolution and its features
Revolutionary changes in the scientific and technical field can be considered as an urgent problem. Formally, the scientific and technological revolution is a period of time associated with certain historical processes. However, its influence on the remote and immediate aspects of the social environment was and remains paramount.
There is still no consensus on the essence of scientific and technological revolution. Some experts define it as a process of changing the productive forces of society, while others understand it as a way to create super-powerful automated machines. In a broader sense, it is proposed to consider the stages of scientific and technological revolution as chronological processes of increasing the role of science in the development of information technology infrastructure and new generation technical means. In each case, the essence is reflected through individual signs of progress, but there are also general ones. distinctive features and features.
First of all, scientific and technical progress is a different quality of technical progress, which radically changes the nature of the interaction between production and science. Therefore, the main feature of scientific and technological revolution is determined by the pace of merging science and technology into a single process. Moreover, scientific development in relation to technology acts as a leading factor in determining the path of further movement and distribution of production forces.
You can also highlight the following characteristics of the stages of the NTR:
- Acceleration of transformations in the sphere of production. The time for opening new production facilities, their arrangement and launching is reduced.
- Versatility. New discoveries and developments in varying degrees but affect all sectors and spheres of human life.
- Military technical development. Improved and there are new types of weapons.
- Growing requirements for raw materials and labor. Improving the quality of technical means, respectively, is not complete without improving the quality indicators of related factors of production.
Background of scientific and technological revolution
Although the main stages of revolutionary progress in the scientific and technological sphere fall on the 20th century, it cannot be said that all previous history did without such breakthroughs. Another thing is that the technical and scientific revolutions took place separately, clearly not intersecting. The first signs of such a merger began to be traced only from the 16th century, when, with the emergence of manufacturing production, increasing requirements for logistics, the development of trade relations and navigation, the need for solving specific practical problems grew. They were more sharply formulated and gradually found answers in theoretical knowledge, which passed into experimental and applied forms. A fundamentally new stage in the fusion of science and technology was the 18th century, when new concepts of machine production led to an industrial revolution for the next 100 years.
In the 20th century initial stages The development of scientific and technical revolutions was supported by a whole series of scientific studies related to the discovery of the electron, the study of the relationship between energy and mass, etc. Subsequently, the nature of the conjugation of scientific knowledge and technologies for improving physical tools with tools became more obvious and could be predicted.
Main stages of scientific and technological revolution
It is customary to distinguish two stages. They are considered the main ones, although today the third, modern stage, demonstrates unprecedented development in a variety of industries. One way or another, the following leaps in the development of scientific and technological revolution took place in the 20th century:
- From 1940 to 1960 This is the first stage of the scientific and technological revolution, associated with unprecedented rates of development of a whole group of industrial countries. During this period, television networks are widely distributed, transistors, conceptual models of computers, satellite systems, etc. appear.
- From the 1970s to the present day. The second stage, characterized by the desire of the largest developed countries to get out of the systemic crisis and transform the economy into a post-industrial state. At this time, microprocessors, production robots, fiber optic networks, information technology, etc. are being created.
Characteristics of the NTR process
As a result of the main pushes of development at the first stage, an increased growth in economic and production indicators was noted throughout the world. Against the backdrop of success in industry, there was an increase in the share of employed workers in the service sector. Accordingly, the requirements for the professional skills of personnel, their qualifications and the level of general education were increased. Until today, the main stages of scientific and technological revolution in one way or another affect the economy. Since the 1970s, the following structural shifts have been noted:
- Reducing the growth rate of production demand for traditional raw materials, materials and fuel.
- General increase in labor productivity.
- Optimization and improvement of the efficiency of logistics models in production.
- The growth of science intensity in production, which determines the increase in the share of expenditures on design and research work.
- Increasing demand for new materials, types of energy, etc.
- Accelerating the process of renewal of fixed assets.
- The formation of new industries and the change in the classical production configuration.
- Changing the structure of employment. The first place in demand is the service sector.
Structure of scientific and technological revolution
As already noted, the fundamental feature of scientific and technological revolution is the interaction of science and technology. In a detailed form, a more complex structure is presented, which also includes production, management, and at the same time technology is closely associated with technological developments. Scientific knowledge remains the basis for both the emergence of new technologies and the theoretical concepts of their implementation.
What is science as an element of scientific and technological revolution? It is a complex body of knowledge. It covers all spheres of human activity where certain skills are applied. At each stage in the development of scientific and technological revolution, the importance of science for production only increases, as evidenced by the increase in the costs of leading countries and corporations for research.
The "technology-technology" link acts as a transitional link from science to direct production. In this case, the development process can be revolutionary and evolutionary. Moreover, the second way is continuous improvement and modernization, which allows increasing the capacity of equipment, machines and units. To illustrate this process, we can take the example of sea tankers, which in the 1950s could hold up to 50,000 tons of oil, and by the 1970s, the most powerful models began to serve up to 500,000 tons.
The pace of increasing production capacity is determined not only by specific technical means, but also by logistics with the organizational structure of the enterprise. Electrification and mechanization became a fundamental improvement in production at the initial stages of scientific and technological revolution. To date, technological development allows organizing not only work sites with the smallest components and mechanisms, but also transforming adjacent elements of the production structure.
Management in the structure of the scientific and technological revolution also deserves special mention. Its importance is growing today due to the information boom, changes in communication tools, security systems, etc. One of the latest areas that directly affects the concept modern management, we can call cybernetics and, in general, methods of processing information.
Features of modern scientific and technological revolution
The second stage of the scientific and technological revolution, according to many estimates, has not yet ended and largely determines the development of some areas. These are mainly industries that still cannot do without mechanization, manual power and traditional raw materials. At the same time, the modern stage of the scientific and technological revolution began in the 21st century, although, again, the time frame is rather arbitrary, since progress is characterized by the properties of direct development.
It can be said that the transition to new concept The scientific and technological revolution was marked by the entry into the era of the information society. The very understanding of the scientific and technological revolution in modern world becomes multifaceted and complex. Differences from the previous stages are in the characteristics that determine the changes in the technical and industrial complex. For example, progress in information communications is added to the traditional components of scientific and technological revolution. He, in turn, determines not so much the impact on production as on the social life of society. The factor of changes in society is gaining weight, radically changing the key parameters of people's lives.
But what are the features of the current stage of scientific and technological revolution in relation to the production sector as such? Technological systems of a new generation today are based on chains of equipment, both automated and robotic. Diverse teams are involved in the maintenance of equipment, so new principles for organizing work activity also come to the fore. The processes of research, design, construction, control and direct manufacturing are intertwined and begin to depend on each other. In this regard, there are difficulties in production in the new conditions. In order to meet the new challenges of complication of collective labor activity, new concepts of self-government are introduced on a scientific basis with the connection of modern computers, organizational and communication means.
Main directions of scientific and technological revolution
The most significant and rapidly developing areas include microelectronics, genetic engineering, nanotechnology, catalysis, laser systems, etc.
In particular, microelectronics provides a prime example of how a single industry can impact a wide range of industries, from multimedia entertainment systems to the medical and military industries. Moreover, in our time, the stages and directions of scientific and technological revolution are in a particularly close connection. For example, the same microelectronics is engaged in improving the ergonomics, accuracy and efficiency of metrological equipment. In parallel with this, laser technologies offer a number of optical recognition methods, which complements the instrumentation quite organically.
There are also directions connected not only with technology, but also with a person directly. The introduction of integrated systems in a new generation of computers makes it possible to increase the intellectual abilities of people. At the household level, they replace a person in solving typical economic problems. Such systems have existed almost from the first years of the scientific and technological revolution since the intensive development of household appliances. What, from the point of view of an ordinary person, will be the main features of the scientific and technological revolution at the present stage? As a rule, the following advantages of the product are distinguished, which at the output allow you to receive the current time scientific and technological revolution:
- performance.
- Infallibility.
- Ability to solve specific and non-standard tasks.
- Possibility of application of means in extreme conditions.
- Self-learning.
Consequences of modern scientific and technological revolution
It is believed that the development of the electronic information environment led to the formation of a "high technology society". The processes of complex robotization of production were launched, which led to a multiple reduction in simple mechanical units and assemblies, as well as maintenance personnel. The third stage of scientific and technological development is closely related to the integration of CNC machines, the introduction of high-precision machining and control centers into production lines. At the same time, automated systems have not bypassed the areas of marketing and financial services. Science itself, with the institution of knowledge, has turned into a powerful industry, the fruits of which are no longer perceived as purely theoretical.
Of course, all of the above processes have also caused global social changes. Labor has become more intellectual, and the working class is losing its position as the largest part of the population. By the way, the initial stages of the scientific and technological revolution had the opposite effect on the ratio of different strata of society. There are also negative consequences. One of the most painful phenomena caused by the scientific and technological revolution can be called mass unemployment, and the situation, according to experts, will only get worse. Even at the second stage of scientific and technological development, many Western countries were faced with the need to carry out socio-political reforms in parallel with technical transformations - otherwise the risk of a socio-political crisis increases.
The Importance of Biotechnology
These developments can lay the foundation for study for many years to come. In the global view, the goal of the development and implementation of biotechnologies should be an economically and environmentally safe transition from traditional energy to the use of alternative energy sources based on renewable resources. As in the early stages of scientific and technological revolution, the main directions of science in high-tech areas open up opportunities for a wide variety of applications. Moreover, bio- and nanotechnologies, if successfully developed, can create an entire platform for supporting industry and energy in a broad sense. The tasks set can be solved by using new mechanisms for mining, through more recycling of waste and obtaining new materials.
What is more important, the current stage of scientific and technological revolution does not ignore the problem of food security. The growing resource and environmental crisis is closely related to biotechnology, and today a number of developments make it possible to alleviate or at least slow down the burden of many problems in agricultural production. Suffice it to mention the development of effective means for the prevention of plant diseases, new ways to increase productivity, breeding methods, etc.
Conclusion
The degree of influence of scientific and technological revolution in the 20th century on the future of mankind can be compared with the peak of agricultural development in the Neolithic or with the industrial boom at the end of the 18th century. Moreover, if in the past, intensive development impulses in various areas were local and affected mainly the technical side of the life of society, then the new stage of scientific and technological revolution leads to serious structural changes not only in the production and technological niche, but also concerns the social relations of society. At the same time, the social system and the results of technological achievements cannot be considered in isolation from each other. It is not only positive phenomena associated with this new era scientific and technological revolution, but also the problems that the ideologists of technological progress face, and not only.
The concept of scientific and technological revolution
scientific and technological revolution- this is a qualitative revolution in the productive forces of mankind, based on the transformation of science into the direct productive force of society.
Scientific and technical revolution
I scientific and technological revolution
II scientific and technological revolution
III scientific and technological revolution
XVIII - XIX centuries
end XIX - Start XX centuries
middle XX centuries
The transition from manual labor to large-scale machine production, the use of steam energy.
The use of electricity, the emergence of new sectors of the economy: mechanical engineering, aircraft construction, aluminum production, etc.
The use of atomic energy, the development of electronics, space technology.
Versatility, inclusiveness
- Scientific and technological revolution transforms all industries and spheres, the nature of work, life, culture, people's psychology
- Scientific and technological revolution has affected all countries of the world and all geographic shells of the Earth, and
- also outer space.
Acceleration of scientific and technological transformation
Intellectualization of labor resources
The scientific and technological revolution has sharply increased the requirements for the level of qualification of labor resources. It led to the fact that in all spheres of human activity the share of mental labor increased.
Military technical revolution
- Scientific and technological revolution was born during the Second World War as a military-technical revolution: its beginning was heralded by the explosion of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima in 1945.
- For " cold war» The scientific and technological revolution was focused on the use of the latest achievements of scientific and technical thought for military purposes. This orientation continues to this day.
Components of scientific and technological revolution
The science (development of science-intensive production)
Technique and technology
Production
Control (cybernetics, managers)
The science
In the era of scientific and technological revolution has become a very complex body of knowledge
About 10 million people are involved in science, that is, more than 9-10 scientists who have ever lived on Earth - our contemporaries.
Example: The United States occupies the first place in the world in terms of the absolute number of scientists and engineers, followed by Japan and the countries of Western Europe, where spending on science accounts for 23% of GDP. Despite a significant decline in the number of scientists in the 1990s, Russia is still among the leaders. At the beginning of the XXI century. China also entered. And in most developing countries, spending on science does not exceed 0.5% on average.
Science intensity is measured by the level (shares) of costs for Scientific research and development in the total cost of producing a particular product.
The ties between science and production have increased, which is becoming knowledge-intensive
There are very large differences between economically developed and developing countries in the connection between science and production.
Technique and technology
Embodied in themselves scientific knowledge and discoveries
Technical functions and technologies
labor saving
resource saving
Example: In the UK and Italy, 2/3 of steel is obtained from scrap metal; in the FRG and Great Britain, more than 2/3 of paper is obtained from waste paper; in the USA and Japan, most of the aluminum is recycled.
environmental
Example:. The Federal Republic of Germany and the USA stand out in particular for the production of environmental protection equipment and the introduction of environmental technology, while the FRG ranks first in the export of such equipment.
Informational
Technique and technology
Development ways
Evolutionary
Revolutionary
It consists in improving the already known equipment and technology in increasing the power (productivity) of machinery and equipment, in increasing the carrying capacity of vehicles.
It consists in the transition to a fundamentally new technique and technology.
Example: In mechanical engineering this is a transition from mechanical methods of metal processing to non-mechanical ones - electrochemical, plasma, laser, radiation, ultrasonic, vacuum, etc. metallurgy is the use of new methods for producing cast iron, steel and rolled products, in agriculture plowless farming, in the field of communications - radio relay, fiberglass communications, telexes, telefaxes, e-mail, paging and cellular communications, etc.
Example: B early 50s. the largest sea tanker contained 50 thousand tons of oil. In the 60s. appeared supertankers with a carrying capacity of 100, 200, 300, and in 70x p. 400, 500, 550 thousand tons.
Production: directions of development
1. Electronization
H saturation of all areas of human activity with electronic computers. Electronization (computerization) changes the technology of many production processes. It is penetrating deeper and deeper into education, health care and the life of people, covering not only stationary, but also moving means.
2. Integrated automation
Japan is ahead of all countries in the world not only in terms of the number of industrial robots (40% of the world park), but also in terms of their production equipment. For every 10,000 manufacturing workers, there are 270 robots, compared to 50 in the US.
Along with industry, robots are now very widely used in other areas of activity.
It is based on energy saving, improvement of the structure of the fuel and energy balance, wider use of new energy sources.
The emergence of fundamentally new composite, semiconductor, ceramic materials, optical fiber, as well as such "metals of the twentieth century" as beryllium, lithium, titanium (the number one metal in the aerospace industry)
The main applications of biotechnology are: increasing the productivity of agricultural production, expanding the range of food products, increasing energy resources, protecting environment biotechnological methods.
The development of astronautics has led to the emergence of another new science-intensive branch of the aerospace industry. It is associated with the emergence of many new machines, devices, alloys, some of them then find application in non-space industries.
3. Restructuring of the energy sector
4. Production of new materials
5. Application of biotechnology
5. Cosmization
Control
Cybernetics special science of management
The production of various information technology has already become one of the newest science-intensive industries, and its maintenance has brought to life new specialties of programmers, operators, etc.
The volume of scientific knowledge and the number of sources of information are growing very rapidly. The transition from ordinary (paper) to machine information.
Formation of a global information space
Example: In the US, the Internet is already used by 70% of all residents. According to this indicator, they are noticeably superior to Western Europe and Japan. The United States also ranked first in the world in the development of cellular telephone communications, but lost it to China.
- Why is the revolutionary path of development of production in the era of scientific and technological revolution the main one?
- Why did the electric power industry, mechanical engineering and the chemical industry become the sectors of the "avant-garde trio" in the era of scientific and technological revolution?
- Give a definition of the concepts: scientific and technological revolution, scientific and technological progress, knowledge intensity, cybernetics?
Content
Introduction ............................................................... .................................... ................. ............. ...3
1. Essence and main features of scientific and technological revolution
1.1 Prerequisites for the emergence of scientific and technological revolution and its definition ...............................................5
1.2 Main directions of scientific and technological revolution ............................................... ........... ...............12
1.3 Features of scientific and technological revolution ............................................... .......... .............................. .16
2. The value of scientific and technological revolution, its consequences……………………………………..... ..........20
Conclusion.................... ............................. . ............................. ................... .......... 22
List of references……………………………………………... 24
Introduction
The scientific and technological revolution is sweeping the planet with a wide stride. There is no area of life that has not experienced its transformative impact. Production and science, the service sector and management, man himself - everything is changing under its mighty onslaught. Major discoveries, inventions, the knowledge of new properties of matter, the emergence of new branches of science are made in a daily stream.
The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that already in ancient times the discovery of something new in the nature of things was experienced by an individual as a social value that surpasses any others.From the 17th century to the present, mankind has discovered many scientific discoveries that have facilitated its existence. Carnot created his theoretical model of a heat engine, and pretty soon steam boilers began to work with a high efficiency. As soon as Hertz discovered radio waves, Popov's first radio transmitter appeared here. Einstein described a phenomenon that can happen with light, and many laboratories, clinics, entire industries cannot imagine their work without a laser. PhilosopherFrancis Bacon said "The true and legitimate aim of all sciences is to endow human life with new acquisitions and riches."At the same time, “in science, more than in any other institution of mankind, it is necessary to study the past in order to understand the present and dominate nature in the future” (John Bernal), since the history of each discovery is a model of the history of other discoveries, including those to be made. “The Great Discovery is not a terminal station, but rather a road leading into areas hitherto unknown. We climb to the top of the peak, and another peak opens up to us, even higher than we have ever seen so far, and so it goes on,” wrote J. Thomson, the man who discovered the electron. The most striking regularity of natural science is that the more complete and perfect a theory seems, the more reason to consider it doomed to revision, either in whole or in part. Seneca noted: "The time will come when our descendants will be surprised that we did not know such obvious things." We really see thatScientific achievements are becoming a decisive factor in the social and economic process in the modern world. The specific indicators of the science intensity of production are growing, especially in the space and pharmaceutical industries and enterprises that produce means and services of communication, and create software for computers. The rapid development of information technologies based on the Internet, computer technology produced in the 90s. a real revolution in the processes of exchange and storage of scientific and technical information.
The purpose of this essay is to analyze the essence and main features of the scientific and technological revolution, its directions, consequences based on the literature on this topic, the significance of scientific and technological revolution in the modern world.
1. Essence and main features of scientific and technological revolution
- Prerequisites for the emergence of scientific and technological revolution and its definition
The scientific and technological revolution did not arise on empty place, it was preceded by many discoveries in science and technology. And before characterizing the scientific and technological revolution, it is necessary to define science and technology. Science is “in a broad sense, the totality of all information subjected to some mental verification or report and brought into a certain systematic order, from theology, metaphysics, pure mathematics and ending with heraldry, numismatics, the doctrine of the hoof of cavalry horses”[Philosophical Dictionary of Vladimir Solovyov, Ed. "Phoenix", 1997, p.316].More specifically, the following definition is more precise.
Science is a sphere of human activity, the function of which is the development and theoretical systematization of objective knowledge about reality [Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1982, p. 403].
Born in ancient world in connection with the needs of social practice, science began to take shape from the 16th-17th centuries. and in the course of historical development has become a productive force and the most important social institution, which has a significant impact on all spheres of society. Back in 1884, V. Engels formulated a position on the accelerated development of science: “... Science moves forward in proportion to the mass of knowledge inherited from the previous generation ...” [Marx K. and Engels F., soch., vol. 1, p. 568].
Science is developing exponentially. The volume of scientific activity doubles every 10 to 15 years, which is reflected in the accelerated growth in the number of scientific discoveries and scientific information, as well as in the number of people employed in science. Science aims to reveal the laws according to which objects can be transformed in human activity. Scattered, chaotic information is not scientific knowledge. Science is a special form of social consciousness, reflecting the world in the form of scientific ideas, concepts, theories, a branch of spiritual production, in which millions of people are employed and the main products of which are concepts, laws, theories, a social institution with its own structure and functions. In science, two opposite sides (or essences) are simultaneously embodied: the spiritual, which manifests itself in the fact that science acts as a special form of knowledge (cognition), and the material, which is most clearly expressed in the fact that science acts as a direct productive force [. Science is divided into many branches of knowledge, which differ among themselves in what side of reality, the form of matter they study. Natural and human sciences, social sciences, sciences about thinking and technical, fundamental and applied, etc. are distinguished. The boundaries between them are mobile.
In the development of science, extensive and revolutionary periods alternate - scientific revolutions, leading to a change in its structure, principles of consciousness, categories and methods, as well as forms of its organization; science is characterized by a dialectical combination of the processes of its differentiation and integration, the development of fundamental and applied research. In the history of human knowledge, revolutionary changes have repeatedly occurred, both in certain areas of scientific knowledge and in science as a whole. The decisive and radical breaking of outdated views, the creation of a fundamentally new, deeper scientific theory testify to this kind of revolution. Facts that do not fit within the framework of the old scientific theories are comprehended in a new way, new theories are created, new principles are introduced that open up wider possibilities for the practical application of science [Man - science - technology. M.: Politizdat, 1973, p.19]. Starting from the 15th century, science gradually freed itself from scholasticism, from the influence of the church, and was enriched by the achievements of natural science. Scholasticism is knowledge divorced from life, based on abstract reasoning, not verified by experience. However, this revolution was not accompanied by a revolution in technology, which during this period was still developing on the basis of empirical achievements derived from its own practice. Since the 16th century, the nature of scientific progress has changed significantly. In the development of science there are turning points, crises, reaching a qualitatively new level of knowledge, radically changing the previous vision of the world. These critical stages in the genesis of scientific knowledge are called scientific revolutions. . Moreover, a revolution in science is, as a rule, not a short-term event, because fundamental changes in scientific knowledge require a certain time. Therefore, in any scientific revolution, one can chronologically single out some more or less long historical period during which it occurs. Periods of revolutions in science, noted the world famous physicist Louis de Broglie, "always characterize decisive stages in the progressive development of our knowledge." These decisive stages in the development of fundamental sciences can be divided according to the results and degree of influence on the development of science as a whole, global scientific revolutions and "microrevolutions" in individual sciences. The latter mean the creation of new theories in a particular field of science that change ideas about a certain, relatively narrow range of phenomena, but do not have a decisive influence on the existing scientific picture of the world, do not require a radical change in the way of scientific thinking. Revolutions in individual sciences took place more than once: in chemistry - thanks to Lavoisier's oxygen theory (late 18th century), in biology - in connection with the emergence of Darwin's evolutionary theory (second half of the 19th century), in physics - as a result of the discovery of the law of conservation and transformation energy (mid-nineteenth century). The revolution in individual sciences sometimes developed into fundamental revolutionary changes in the entire system of developing knowledge. During these periods, there was a radical break in the general approach to the study and interpretation of the phenomena of nature and society.
The global scientific revolution leads to the formation of a completely new vision of the world, causes the emergence of fundamentally new ideas about its structure and functioning, and also entails new ways and methods of its cognition. A global scientific revolution can initially take place in one of the fundamental sciences (or even form this science), turning it into a science leader for a certain historical period. The latter means that there is a kind of expansion of its new ideas, principles, methods that arose in the course of the revolution, to other areas of knowledge and to the worldview in general. The long process of formation of modern natural science began with the scientific revolutions that took place in the 16th-17th centuries. and created a fundamentally new (compared with antiquity and the Middle Ages) understanding of the world. Mankind has experienced several such scientific revolutions. The first of them, covering the period from the 16th to the 18th century, began with the creation of a heliocentric picture of the world. The second revolution is characterized by the fact that at the end of the 18th century - at the beginning of the 19th century there is a transition from classical science, focused on the study of mechanical and physical phenomena, to a disciplinedly organized science. In the middle of the 19th century, the third scientific revolution took place in all areas of scientific knowledge: the discovery of the cellular structure of living organisms, the law of conservation and transformation of energy, etc., as noted above.
Revolutions are also taking place in the field of technology. At a certain level of development of any technical means, a situation occurs when its further improvement no longer gives the desired effect, and the use of the principle inherent in its design does not provide a solution to the technical problem. Then there is a need for a radical transformation of technology. Replacing old technical means with new ones, working on completely different principles, means a revolution in the development of technical means.
Technique (from the Greek techne - art, skill, skill) - in the narrow sense, the term "Technology" is a set of artificial means of human activity, primarily material tools that increase its effectiveness in various areas of society, in production and non-production areas [Kondrashov V.A., Chekalov D.A., Koporulina V.N. The latest philosophical dictionary, Ed.3-e-Rostov n / D: Phoenix, 2008, pp. 540-541].
As a concept, technology has two meanings. In the first, it denotes tools and tools of labor and any artificial devices (artifacts) created by man and used to transform the environment, acting as means of labor to create other means of production and objects necessary to meet various needs. In the second sense, it denotes a system of skills, the level of mastery in the implementation of a particular type of activity. Technology materializes the knowledge and experience accumulated in the process of developing social production. The main purpose of technology is to facilitate and increase the efficiency of human labor efforts, expand its capabilities in the process of labor activity, and free (partially or completely) a person from work in conditions hazardous to health. Means of technology are used to influence the objects of labor in the creation of material and cultural values; for receiving, transferring and converting energy; study of the laws of nature and society; collection and storage, processing and transmission of information; production process management; creating materials with pre-created properties; movement and communications; household and cultural services; [Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1989, p. 1340].Revolutions can also take place in the entire aggregate technology used in social production. Such revolutions consist in the appearance and implementation of inventions that cause a revolution in the means of labor, types of energy, production technology, in the objects of labor and in the general material conditions of the production process. In the history of society, several broad technical revolutions are known, which each time led to a new, higher level of development of the productive forces. The most significant so far has been the technological revolution, which caused the industrial revolution in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. - transition from craftand manufactory to machine production.Under the influence of major scientific and technical discoveries, the increased interaction of science with technology and production in the middle of the 20th century, a scientific and technological revolution arose, the beginning of which was prepared by the outstanding successes of natural science in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These include the discovery of the complex structure of the atom as a system of particles rather than an indivisible whole; the discovery of radioactivity and the transformation of elements; creation of the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics; understanding the essence of chemical bonds, the discovery of isotopes, and then the production of new radioactive elements that are absent in nature. A revolutionary shift also occurred in technology, primarily under the influence of the use of electricity in industry and transport. Radio was invented, aviation was born, cybernetics arose.
The scientific and technological revolution is a radical technological revolution in the development of the productive forces of society. Scientific and technological revolution is a concept that is considered in relation to the concept of "scientific and technological progress" (STP). “STP is an interdependent progressive movement of science and technology, the evolutionary development of all elements of the productive forces of social production on the basis of broad knowledge and development of the external forces of nature. This is an objective, constantly operating pattern of development of material production, the result of which is the improvement of technology, technology and organization of production, increasing its efficiency. Scientific and technological revolution is a narrower concept, one of the stages or forms of scientific and technical progress, when progress acquires an accelerated, spasmodic character. A direct manifestation of scientific and technological revolution is a radical restructuring of the technical and technological basis of production, its organization and management, which are carried out on the basis of the practical use of the fundamental discoveries of modern science" [Kondrashov V.A., Chekalov D.A., Koporulina V.N. The latest philosophical dictionary, Ed.3-e-Rostov n / D: Phoenix, pp. 412-413, 2008].The main technological content of the scientific and technological revolution is the transformation of science into the direct productive force of society:
systematic scientific knowledge is gradually becoming predominant in value, a factor in the growth of the welfare of society in comparison with its traditional sources such as natural resources and raw materials, labor and capital. Material and largely spiritual production is gradually turning into practical application modern science: at the same time, science as a productive force is directly embodied in continuously improved technology and in the increasing professional knowledge of workers. Thus, the process of transformation of the productive forces of society presupposes an effective combination of the living knowledge of highly qualified workers with materialized knowledge, embodied in ever more perfect technology. The scientific and technological revolution is a qualitative new stage of scientific and technological progress.
1.2. The main directions of the scientific and technological revolution
In the past, revolutions in natural science and technology sometimes only coincided in time. Scientific and technological progress first began to converge in the XVI - XVIII centuries when manufacturing, the needs of navigation and trade required a theoretical and experimental solution of practical problems. This rapprochement took more concrete forms, starting from the end of the 18th century, in connection with the development of machine production, which was due to the invention of the steam engine by D. Watt. It was an industrial revolution, which was called the industrial revolution, which lasted almost 100 years. Starting in England, it then spread to other states of Europe, as well as North America, Russia and Japan. This industrial revolution decisively influenced the further process of improving technology. Science and technology began to mutually stimulate each other, actively influencing all aspects of society, radically transforming not only the material, but also the spiritual life of people.
From the end of the 19th century to the second half of the 20th century. The leader of natural science was physics. It penetrated deep into the microcosm and thus prepared the solution to many technical problems of our time. The successes of physics have advanced the entire complex of natural sciences: chemistry, astronomy, geology, biology. Humanity met the twentieth century with new modes of transport: airplanes, cars, huge steamships and ever faster steam locomotives, trams and telephones. Metro, electricity, radio and cinema have firmly entered the life of advanced countries.
In the first half of the 20th century, important natural scientific discoveries were made, which laid the fundamental foundations for the subsequent grandiose scientific and technological revolution. Atomic physics and molecular biology were among the natural sciences that largely determined the advent of scientific and technological revolution. An important milestone in the dramatic history of the atomic age was the experimental observation at the end of the 30s by the German physicists O. Hahn and F. Strassmann of the process of fission of uranium nuclei and the explanation of this phenomenon in the works of L. Meitneri and O. Frisch. It became clear that physicists managed to carry out a nuclear chain reaction that could lead to a nuclear explosion with the release of enormous energy. The first applications of atomic energy were by no means peaceful. The militarists were primarily interested in the possibility of creating on its basis a destructive weapon of colossal power. In the context of the outbreak of World War II, a group of US scientists led by A. Einstein began research and created the first atomic bomb. The long-term efforts of Soviet scientists in the field of nuclear research and their peaceful application led to the solution of a technical problem of great difficulty, which culminated in the construction of the world's first nuclear power plant (NPP). In 1954, an industrial-type nuclear power plant with a capacity of 5,000 kW was put into operation in the city of Obninsk near Moscow. Its launch was perceived as the beginning of the realization of the greatest possibilities opened up by the peaceful use of the atom.
The 20th century as a whole and its second half, which characterizes the scientific and technological revolution, brought tremendous achievements in the field of molecular biology. If in the first half of the 20th century progress in the field of the study of macromolecules was still relatively slow, then in the second half of the 20th century, i.e., in the era of scientific and technological revolution, these studies accelerated significantly, thanks to the technique of physical methods of analysis. By the mid-1950s, a scheme for the reproduction of living things (DNA-RNA-protein) had developed. Deciphering the genetic code and pathways for the biosynthesis of cellular proteins, studying the genetics of the biochemical properties of intracellular metabolic processes, etc. was the beginning of intensive research in chemistry and biology. It was found that nucleic acids, which are the carrier and transmitter of hereditary qualities and play a major role in the synthesis of cellular proteins, form a group of substances, the importance of which can hardly be overestimated. By the beginning of the 1960s, biologists had already developed a clear understanding of the basic processes of information transfer in the cell during protein synthesis. And here cybernetics played an enormous role, which made it possible to reveal the internal mechanism of self-government by life processes, from elementary ones up to those that take place in the brain of animals and humans.
Thus, achievements in the field of atomic physics and molecular biology, as well as the emergence of cybernetics, provided the natural scientific basis for the first stage of the scientific and technological revolution. ,
began in the middle of the 20th century and continued until about the middle of the 1970s. The main directions of this stage of the scientific and technological revolution were nuclear power engineering, electronic computers, rocket and space technology, satellite communications, and production automation. Human penetration into space is a natural step of world scientific and technical progress, prepared by the works of K.E. Tsiolkovsky, F.A. Zander, R. Oberth and others and other founders of astronautics and rocketry. In the first decade of the space age alone, 600 different spacecraft and ships were launched in the USSR and the USA. The physical sciences received new opportunities for the study of cosmic radiation, radiation and magnetic fields, unknown objects (quasers, radio galaxies, pulsars), the study of the Moon and other planets. The rocket and space industry has contributed to the emergence of new types of alloys, synthetic materials, devices, systems and assemblies, which are used not only in the interests of astronautics, but are also widely used on Earth in production. Weather forecasting is of paramount importance. Rapidly developing electronic - computer technology. The widespread use of computers significantly expands the possibilities of communication, the transfer of any amount of information. Automation significantly reduces the proportion of "manual" labor, frees from labor processes that are dangerous and harmful to human health, and improves working conditions and productivity. The growing demand for raw materials and materials is met in the course of the scientific and technological revolution thanks to the unprecedented flourishing of chemistry. Hundreds of different materials are created every year thanks to new technologies for their manufacture.
In the second half of the 1970s, the second stage of the scientific and technological revolution began, which continues to this day. An important characteristic the second stage of the scientific and technological revolution were new technologies that did not exist in the middle of the 20th century. These include laser technology, biotechnology, microelectronics, the creation of "artificial intelligence", fiber optic communications, genetic engineering, space exploration, etc. An important characteristic of the second stage of scientific and technological revolution was the unprecedented informatization of society based on personal computers years) and the Worldwide System of Public Electronic Networks (“Internet”). As a result, a person has access to much more information than ever before. The Internet ensures the dissemination of information to a virtually unlimited range of consumers, and they can easily communicate with each other. In the modern world, each discovery is so significant, it makes such big changes in our ideas about the world, technology, technology, production, that people call our time either the era of cybernetics, or the era of space or the age of atomic energy, automation, etc. Thus, in modern worldNTR is a process of improving existing technologies and creating new ones in the following areas:
1) Reduction of energy intensity and resource intensity per unit of production. For example, new aircraft engines use less fuel per thousand miles, and new TVs are lighter and use less energy.
2) Reducing labor intensity or the number of "man hours" per unit of output. This is achieved in two ways: by improving the physical and chemical basis of the technology and by introducing production automation tools.
3) Increase in productivity or quantity of production per unit of time.
4) Increasing economic security, reducing the harmful impact on the environment and improving working conditions.
5) The emergence of new opportunities, the release of products with new properties.
- Features of NTR
1) This revolution coincides in time. It is characterized by a deep internal interconnection, mutual influence, and is a process of deep qualitative transformations in all the most important branches of science, technology and production, with the dominant role of science. In other words, the qualitative transformation of technology and production takes place on the basis of the latest achievements of science, the laws of nature discovered by it. Thus, in the past, revolutions in natural science and technology rarely coincided in time. Now they are merging into a single process of the scientific and technological revolution. In the conditions of scientific and technological revolution, a new relationship between science and technology is emerging. In the past, the already fully defined needs of technology entailed the advancement of theoretical problems, the solution of which was associated with the discovery of new laws of nature, the creation of new natural science theories. At present, scientific achievements are becoming a necessary prerequisite for the very possibility of the emergence of new branches of technology.
2) Another important feature of scientific and technological revolution is a qualitative change in the relationship between science and production, which is manifested in their convergence, interpenetration and even mutual transformation. This is most clearly manifested in three processes: the industrialization of science is taking place, the periods from the appearance of a scientific idea to its application in the national economy are rapidly shortening, and periodic meetings between science and production are being replaced by constant cooperation. Many laboratories and institutes are becoming, as it were, workshops of the enterprises themselves.
3) Scientific and technological revolution is accompanied and combined with a new social revolution, which leads to the formation of a post-industrial society. Profound and diverse social transformations are taking place in all spheres of society. Scientific and technological revolution entails a new professional and social division of labor, gives rise to new branches of activity, changes the ratio of various branches, the leading of which is the production of scientific knowledge and information in general, as well as their practical, technological and professional change.
4) Scientific and technological revolution is characterized by a transition from extensive to intensive growth of production and a sharp acceleration economic development due to the fact that the development of fundamental science is ahead of the development of applied knowledge, and the improvement of new technology, in turn, is ahead of the growth of production, thereby contributing to its rapid modernization. Under these conditions, when “generations of machines” replace each other faster than generations of people, the requirements for the qualifications of workers and their ability to master new professions are significantly increasing.
At the present stage of its development, the scientific and technological revolution is characterized by the following main features:
1) The transformation of science into a direct productive force as a result of the merger of revolutions in science, technology and production, the strengthening of interaction between them and the reduction of the time from the birth of a new scientific idea to its production implementation.
2) A new stage in the social division of labor associated with the transformation of science into the leading sphere of economic and social activity, which is acquiring a mass character.
3) Qualitative transformation of all elements of the productive forces - the object of labor, the instruments of production and the worker himself; the increasing intensification of the entire production process due to its scientific organization and rationalization, the reduction of material consumption, capital intensity and labor intensity of products: the new knowledge acquired by society in a peculiar form “replaces” the costs of raw materials, equipment and labor, repeatedly paying back the costs of scientific research and technical development.
4) A change in the nature and content of labor, an increase in the role of creative elements in it; the transformation of the production process "... from a simple labor process into a scientific process ..." [Marx K. and Engels F., Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 46, part 2, p. 208].
5) The emergence on this basis of the material and technical prerequisites for overcoming the opposite and significant differences between
mental and physical labor, between town and countryside, between non-productive and industrial spheres.
6) Creation of new, potentially limitless energy sources and artificial materials with predetermined properties.
7) A huge increase in the social and economic significance of information activity as a means of ensuring scientific organization, control and management of social production; gigantic development of fundsmass communication.
8) the growth of the level of general and special education and culture of the working people; increase in free time.
9) An increase in the interaction of sciences, a comprehensive study of complex problems, the role of social sciences and ideological struggle.
10) A sharp acceleration of social progress, further internationalization of all human activity on a planetary scale, the emergence of so-called "environmental problems".
- The significance of the scientific and technological revolution, its consequences
Conclusion
In conclusion, it should be noted that the task is formulated very clearly: to teach young people to apply the entire arsenal of modern scientific methods to achieve the required results in a particular area, while easily adapting to changing conditions. In an address to the Federal Assembly, President Dmitry Medvedev noted that the country needed innovative technologies. This task can be solved only on the basis of a solid fundamental education. Laser technologies, biotechnologies, information technologies, technologies of modern materials cannot be mastered and put into practice without fundamental education. Unfortunately, at the end of the 20th century, the development of science, education in the country became much
etc.................
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES AND COMPONENTS OF STD.
Modern scientific and technological revolution is characterized by four main features.
Firstly, versatility, inclusiveness. It transforms all branches and spheres, the nature of work, way of life, culture, and the psychology of people. If a steam engine is usually considered a symbol of the industrial revolutions of the past, then for modern scientific and technological revolution, such symbols can be a computer, a space ship, a nuclear power plant, a jet aircraft, and a TV set. The inclusiveness of modern scientific and technological revolution can also be interpreted geographically, since, to one degree or another, it has affected all countries of the world and all geographic shells of the Earth, as well as outer space.
Secondly, extraordinary acceleration of scientific and technological transformations. It is expressed in a sharp reduction in the time between scientific discovery and its introduction into production, in faster, as they say, obsolescence and, consequently, in the constant renewal of products.
Thirdly, the scientific and technological revolution has sharply increased the requirements for skill level of labor resources which directly concerns each of you. It led to the fact that in all spheres of human activity the share of mental labor increased, as they say, its intellectualization took place.
Fourth, an important feature of the scientific and technological revolution is that it originated during the Second World War as a military-technical revolution: the explosion of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima in 1945 was the loudest announcement of its beginning. to an even greater extent was focused on the use of the latest achievements of scientific and technical thought for military purposes.
Economists, philosophers and sociologists believe that modern scientific and technological revolution is a single complex system in which four components closely interact with each other: 1) science, 2) engineering and technology, 3) production, 4) management.
Science: the growth of science intensity. Science in the era of scientific and technological revolution has become a very complex body of knowledge. Along with this, it forms a vast sphere of human activity; scientists in the world - 5-6 million people, i.e. 9/10 scientists who have ever lived on Earth - are our contemporaries. The ties between science and production, which is becoming more knowledge-intensive. However, the differences in this between economically developed and developing countries are very large.
The United States occupies the first place in the world in terms of the absolute number of scientists and engineers, followed by Japan and the countries of Western Europe, where spending on science amounts to 2-3% of GDP. Despite a significant decrease in the number of scientists for last years, Russia is also included in this group of leaders. And in developing countries, spending on science does not exceed 0.5% on average.
Technique and technology: two ways of development. Technique and technology embody scientific knowledge and discoveries. The main purpose of using new equipment and technology is to increase production efficiency and labor productivity.
Recently, along with the main - labor-saving - function of equipment and technology, its resource-saving and environmental protection functions are beginning to play an increasingly important role. In the UK and Italy, 2/3 of steel is obtained from scrap metal; in the UK and Japan, more than 1/2 of paper is from waste paper; in the USA and Japan, most of the aluminum is recycled. The Federal Republic of Germany and the United States stand out in particular for the production of environmental protection equipment and the introduction of environmental technology, while the FRG ranks first in the export of such equipment.
In the conditions of scientific and technological revolution, the development of engineering and technology occurs in two ways.
evolutionary path is to further improve the already known equipment and technology - to increase the power (productivity) of machinery and equipment, to increase the carrying capacity of vehicles. Back in the early 50s. the largest sea tanker contained 50 thousand tons of oil. In the 60s. supertankers with a carrying capacity of 100, 200, 300, and in the 70s - 400, 500, 550 thousand tons appeared. The largest of them were built in Japan and France.
revolutionary path is the transition to a fundamentally new technique and technology. Perhaps it finds its most striking expression in the production of electronic equipment. Indeed, they used to talk about the "age of textiles", "age of steel", "age of the car", and now - about the "age of microelectronics". It is no coincidence that the "second wave" of scientific and technological revolution, which began in the 1970s, is often called the microelectronic revolution. It is also called the microprocessor revolution, since the invention of the microprocessor in the history of mankind can only be compared with the invention of the wheel, printing press, steam engine or electricity.
It is also of great importance breakthrough to new technologies.
In mechanical engineering, this is the transition from mechanical methods of metal processing to non-mechanical ones - electrochemical, plasma, laser, radiation, ultrasonic, vacuum, etc. In metallurgy, this is the use of the most advanced methods for producing cast iron, steel and rolled products; tillage, in the field of communications - radio relay, fiber optic communications, telefaxes, e-mail, paging and cellular communications, etc.
In the late 90s. in the main Western countries, almost all steel is produced in oxygen converters and electric furnaces; half of all steel blanks, and in Japan, Germany, France, the Republic of Korea even 95%, is obtained by continuous casting. With the help of direct reduction of iron from metallized pellets, 40 million tons of steel are already produced in the world.
The revolutionary path is the main path for the development of engineering and technology in the era of scientific and technological revolution.
Tasks and tests on the topic "Characteristic features and components of scientific and technological revolution."
- Continents, parts of the world and oceans
Lessons: 3 Assignments: 11 Tests: 1
- Exploration of the interior of the continents - Development of geographical knowledge about the Earth Grade 5
Lessons: 4 Assignments: 7 Tests: 1
- Geographical location and natural features of North America - North America Grade 7
Lessons: 5 Assignments: 9 Quizzes: 1
- Oceans. Generalization of knowledge - Oceans Grade 7
Lessons: 1 Assignments: 9 Tests: 1
- Land waters - general characteristics nature of the earth grade 7
Lessons: 6 Assignments: 9 Quizzes: 1
Leading ideas: the current stage of development of the world economy and international economic relations is formed under the influence of scientific and technological revolution, which has recently become permanent; The main trends in the development of the world economy are characterized by the further deepening of the international specialization of countries, the complication of international economic relations, and the increased uneven development of individual countries and territories.
Basic concepts: world economy (MX), international economic relations (IER); branch of international specialization, international division of labor (MRI), international trade, trade balance, export, import; scientific and technological revolution (NTR), character traits and components of scientific and technical development, research and development (R&D); trade and economic blocs (GATT - WTO), international specialization of production (SMEs), international production cooperation (IPC), transnational corporations (TNCs); open economy, free economic zones (FEZ); geographical "model" of the world economy, "North and South", "center" and "periphery", integration; sectoral structure of the economy, science intensity, new, old and latest industries, the "avant-garde" trio, agrarian, industrial and post-industrial structure of the economy; territorial structure of the economy; old industrial and depressed areas, areas of new development, regional policy of developed and developing countries, "growth poles", "penetration lines".
Skills and abilities: be able to characterize scientific and technological revolution, MX, MEO, MGRT, accompanying them with clear definitions; give a comparative description of the branches of international specialization, sectoral and territorial structures of the economy of developed and developing countries, explain differences, determine trends using statistical, graphic and cartographic material.
Lesson-lecture in the 10th grade.
Subject: "Characteristics of the scientific and technological revolution"
Target: to form the concept of "scientific and technological revolution".
Tasks:
- educational:give the concept of the scientific and technological revolution; talk about the characteristic features of the scientific and technological revolution; show that scientific and technological revolution is a single complex system in which four components closely interact with each other: science, technology and technology, production, management; consider the impact of scientific and technological revolution on the world economy.
- developing: to form the ability to make notes on the text and lectures of the teacher; development of student attention.
- educational: continue to form students' worldview attitude to the world by discussing issues related to the influence of scientific and technological revolution on the organization of the world economy.
Equipment: personal computer and multimedia projector; multimedia presentation "Scientific and technological revolution and world economy", political map of the world, textbook, atlases.
During the classes:
1) Organizational moment:
Greetings, checking readiness for the lesson.
2) Learning new material:
We are starting to study a new topic “Scientific and technological revolution”. We will conduct the lesson in the form of a lecture. The lesson plan is written on the board. Each of you received the outline of the lecture, you can make notes on it that you consider necessary. During the lecture, you will be offered various tasks to complete, questions will be asked that will help you in the ability to listen to a lecture, understand the material being studied, and sketch out a summary. During the lecture, you have the right to ask questions, both orally and in writing, on each section of the lecture. Upon completion of the study section, you will receive answers to questions asked. At the end of the lesson, you will complete the task of understanding and consolidating the material covered.
Lecture plan (written on the board):
- Introduction to the topic.
- The concept of "scientific and technological revolution".
- Characteristic features of NTR.
- Four components.
- The concept of geographic information systems.
- Introduction.
Remember from history lessons what do you know about scientific and technological progress?
Students remember that the whole history of mankind is connected with scientific and technological progress.
2. The concept of "scientific and technological revolution".
There are periods when there are rapid and profound changes in the productive forces of mankind.
Such was the period of industrial revolutions in the 18th-19th centuries in a number of countries of the world, when manual labor was replaced by machine labor. In the 19th century, the steam engine was invented in England, and the invention of the conveyor belt and its use in production at Ford enterprises played a huge role in the development of industrial production.
The steam engine marked the beginning of the industrial revolution in the century before last. Continuation - the invention of the computer. Modern scientific and technological revolution began in the middle of the 20th century. In all countries, it manifests itself in different ways, and therefore we can say that it is far from being completed.
A new industrial revolution is already brewing in the world, and what it will be - the future will show.
Let's look at whatscientific and technological progress is different from the scientific and technological revolution.But first answer the question:
What do you think a revolution is?
Answer:
The concept of "revolution" reflects the scale of the process, cardinal changes.
Exercise:
Analyze the wording presented in the table. Compare them and find the main difference between these two phenomena (the table is displayed on the screen).
So, the beginning of the period of scientific and technological revolution refers to the middle of the 20th century. scientific and technological revolution - represents a radical qualitative revolution in the productive forces of mankind, based on the transformation of science into the direct productive force of society. The most important economic indicator of scientific and technological revolution is the cost of R&D (research and development work). Their main share - 85% - falls on the USA, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain. The absolute leader is the USA.
3. Characteristic features of scientific and technological revolution.
NTR is characterized by: Firstly, versatility, inclusiveness. It affected all countries of the world and all spheres of the geographical shell, outer space. Scientific and technological revolution transforms all branches of production, the nature of work, life, and the psychology of people. Examples: Previously, a steam engine was considered a symbol of scientific and technical progress. For the modern scientific and technological revolution, the symbol is a jet plane, a spaceship, a power station, a computer, a TV set, etc. Thanks to the scientific and technological revolution, the words appeared in our vocabulary: satellite, atom, robot.
(Table is displayed)
inclusiveness |
|
In all spheres of economy and society | Geographic |
all industries | all countries of the world |
nature of work | all geographic regions of the earth |
life of people | space |
human psychology | |
Secondly, extraordinary acceleration of scientific and technological transformations. In particular, it is expressed in the reduction of the "incubation" period between a scientific discovery and its introduction into production. For 15-20 years, humanity has gone from launching the first artificial earth satellite to landing a man on the moon. Mobility, constant updating of products have become an indispensable condition for the development of most industries. All this requires a lot of money.
(Table is displayed)
Scientific discovery | Introduction to production |
Solar panels | 2 years |
transistors | 3 years |
Atomic bomb | 6 years |
A television | 12 years |
x-ray | 18 years |
Radio | 35 years |
Telephone | 56 years old |
Photo | 112 years old |
Moral wear and tear occurs earlier than physical wear, so for some classes, the repair of cars becomes meaningless.
Question for students:
Give examples of classes of machines (equipment, devices) that are not profitable to repair (it is enough to give 4–5 examples).
Third: The scientific and technological revolution has increased the requirements for the level of qualification of labor resources.The nature of labor is changing, its intellectualization is taking place. What does it mean? In all spheres of human activity, the share of mental labor is increasing. All types of labor are transformed into highly skilled activities.
Exercise:
Give examples of countries where the proportion of the population with higher education(it is enough to give 3-4 examples).(slide map is old with a high proportion of people with higher education, if any)
Fourth: Scientific and technological revolution is a military-technical revolution.The military feature of the modern scientific and technological revolution, its close connection with military production, is confirmed by the world-famous explosion of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima in 1945. Throughout the entire period of the Cold War, scientific and technological revolution was focused on using the latest achievements of scientific and technical thought for military purposes. But after the commissioning of the first nuclear power plant and the launch of the first artificial earth satellite, many countries are doing everything to direct the scientific and technological revolution to achieve peaceful goals.
Interview with students:
Questions:
How do the concepts of “scientific and technological progress” and “scientific and technical “revolution” differ?
Highlight the main features of the NTR.
Students use their notebooks to highlight main features of NTR.
- Versatility, inclusiveness.
- Extraordinary acceleration of scientific and technological transformations.
- Intellectualization.
- Military technical revolution
It is proposed to consider the schemes:
- Reducing the time gap between a scientific discovery and its implementation in production. (presentation slide)
- Technique of offshore oil and gas drilling. (presentation slide)
4. Four components.
Considering the features of the NTR, we come to the conclusion thatScientific and technological revolution is a single complex system in which:
- The science
- Technique and technology
- Production.
- Control.
It is her components.
Let's get acquainted with each of them in detail:
- The science : the growth of science intensity.
Science in the era of scientific and technological revolution is a complex set of knowledge. There are 5-6 million scientists in the world, i.e. 9/10 of our contemporaries.
The connections between science and production have grown, which are becoming more knowledge-intensive:
The first place in terms of the number of scientists and engineers is occupied by: the USA, Japan, the countries of Western Europe, Russia. Spending on science in these countries is 2-3% of GDP.
In developing countries, spending on science on average does not exceed 0.5% of GDP.
2. In the conditions of scientific and technological revolution, developmenttechniques and technologieshappens in two ways:
Exercise: using the text of the textbook (on pages 84-85), answer the questions (the questions are displayed on the slide).
What are the functions of engineering and technology in the era of scientific and technological revolution? (along with the main function, resource-saving and environmental protection were added)
Name two main ways of development of engineering and technology (evolutionary and revolutionary).
Give examples of the evolutionary path of development (improvement of equipment that was produced at the beginning of the 20th century - cars, aircraft, court machines, blast furnaces, etc.)
What is the revolutionary path of development? (transition to a fundamentally new technique and technology. The 20th century is the century of electronic technology. The second wave of scientific and technological revolution, which appeared in the 70s, is called the microelectronic revolution).
Give an example of the manifestation of scientific and technological revolution in technology (transition from mechanical methods of metal processing to non-mechanical methods - electrochemical, ultrasonic, etc., an out-of-domain steel melting process, fiberglass communications, cellular communications, etc.)
3. Production in the era of scientific and technological revolution, it develops in the main directions:
Development directions | Examples |
Electronization | Saturation of all areas of human activity by means of electronic computers (industry, education, health care, people's everyday life). It ranks 1st in the world in terms of the value of its products. Leaders: USA, Japan, Germany, NIS |
Integrated automation | Associated with the advent of microcomputers and microprocessors. Robotics has made it possible to create flexible production systems, automatic factories. Total number industrial robots reached 800 thousand. Leaders: Japan, USA, Germany, Italy, Republic of Korea. |
Restructuring of the energy economy | It is based on energy saving, improvement of the structure of the Fuel and Energy Balance, wider use of new energy sources. The use of nuclear power plants. Leaders: USA, France, Japan, Germany, Russia, Ukraine. |
Production of new materials | Wider use of new materials: composite, semiconductor, ceramic, optical fibers, metals of the 20th century. (beryllium, lithium, titanium), etc. Strengthening the requirements for old materials - ferrous and non-ferrous metals, synthetic polymers. |
Accelerated development of biotechnology | The main areas of application of biotechnology are: increasing the productivity of agricultural production, expanding the range of food products, increasing energy resources, and protecting the environment. Leaders: USA, Japan, Germany, France. |
Cosmization | The emergence of a new industry - the aerospace industry, is associated with the emergence of new machines, devices, alloys, which are also used in non-space industries. Space exploration of the Earth has an impact on the development of fundamental sciences. |
4. Fourth component NTR - control
- on the way to a high information culture.
- The emergence of cybernetics
- management and information sciences;
- Emergence of new specialties: programmer, computer operator;
- World information space (Internet);
- A new direction in geography - geographic informatics - the creation of geographic information systems (GIS - a set of interconnected means of obtaining, storing, processing, selecting data and issuing geographic information)
- Fixing:
1. What is NTR.
2. Name the characteristic features and components of scientific and technological revolution.
3. What is the evolutionary and revolutionary way of development of engineering and technology?
4. What are the main ways of development of production?
5. Why did the role of management increase during the scientific and technological revolution?
- Homework:
Topic 4, §1.
Choice task:
Prepare presentations on the topic “Using the achievements of scientific and technological revolution in geography”.
- “Development of biotechnologies in the modern world”.
- "Space and NTR".
- "Scientific and technological revolution and human health".
- "Nobel laureates and scientific and technological revolution".
- “Solving the food problem through the achievements of scientific and technological revolution”
