But all of the above demonstrates at least two more features of intuition: suddenness and unconsciousness.
Intuition is divided into several types. Repair of monitors of any complexity in Moscow ajs.ru. There are such types of intuition as technical, scientific, everyday, medical, artistic, etc.
By the nature of novelty, intuition is standardized and heuristic. The first of them is called intuition-reduction (a certain matrix-scheme is applied).
Heuristic (creative) intuition differs significantly from standardized intuition: it is associated with the formation of new knowledge, new epistemological images.
5. Sensationalism, rationalism, intuitionism as epistemological attitudes
The dilemma of sensationalism and rationalism has existed throughout the history of philosophy. Sensationalism was represented by Epicurus, Locke, Hobbes, Berkeley, and others, rationalism by Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Schelling, and others. The main position of sensationalism: "There is nothing in knowledge that was not originally in sensations." Representatives of rationalism, on the contrary, isolated abstract thinking from the sensory-sensitive ability of a person, considered the results of sensory reflection as imperfect, probabilistic, not giving true knowledge, and the results of abstract thinking - as having a universal and necessary, and with strict adherence to the laws of logic - and a true character. The historical dilemma "either feelings or abstract thinking" is removed in the synthesis of sensory-sensitive and abstract-mental reflection of reality. Consistent implementation of this provision becomes possible due to the appeal to practice, to the activity-active attitude of a person to the world.
Intuitionism as an epistemological attitude occupies a special position. Consideration of the question of the possible mechanism and components of intuition allows us to see that intuition is not reducible to either sensory-sensitive or abstract-logical cognition; it contains both forms of cognition, but there is also something that goes beyond these limits and does not allow it to be reduced to either one or the other form; it gives new knowledge, not attainable by any other means.
Modern epistemology is not limited to the relationship "individual-nature", but takes the complex system "individual-society-nature". From this point of view, epistemological optimism is affirmed, incompatible with the agnostic interpretation cognitive abilities person.
Task three
Table - Types of knowledge
|
Types of knowledge |
Purposes and meaning |
||
|
Ordinary |
Experience Everyday life, practice people. Based on observation and ingenuity, it is empirical in nature. |
Game knowledge; communication, collaboration |
"Supplied" elementary information about nature, as well as about the people themselves, their living conditions, communication, social connections, etc. Such knowledge is an important orienting basis for the daily behavior of people, their relationship with themselves and with nature. |
|
religious |
A fantastic reflection of reality, although it contains certain knowledge about it. Connecting an emotional attitude to the world with faith in the supernatural. |
rituals, prayers; Bible, Quran (sources) |
Religion has always played an important role for people. Religious knowledge was carried out through "revelation" to God, and only the worthy could receive "hidden" and "hidden" knowledge. |
|
artistic |
A holistic display of the world, and a person in the world. A work of art is built on an image, not on a concept. |
painting, music, theater |
Art satisfies the aesthetic needs of people. Extension of the human experience. The ability to express the phenomena of the world only with the help of art. |
|
philosophical |
It is aimed at studying the world around us, and about the place of man in this world. |
rationalism, sensationalism, intuitionism |
The philosophical way of knowing the world, which for so long was considered scientific, today is also separated from science, although it was in it that rationality was able to see its most complete reflection. |
see also
Categories of dialectics
The world, which is in constant motion and development, corresponds to an equally dynamic thinking about it. “If everything develops ... then does this apply to the most general concepts and categories of thinking? ...
Science in the context of culture
In everything I want to get to the very essence. In work, in search of a way, In heart trouble, To the essence of the past days, To their cause. To the foundations, to the roots, to the core. All the time grip...
Global problems of our time
The global problems of mankind are understood as a complex of the most acute socio-natural contradictions affecting the world as a whole, and with it individual regions and countries. Global issues...
Truth is knowledge corresponding to reality, adequately reflecting reality.
Truth Criteria
The problem of truth in the history of philosophy.
Questions to study
The problem of truth in philosophy
Sensual and rational cognition and their forms
Human cognition proceeds in two main forms, which we consider as aspects of cognitive activity: sensory cognition and rational cognition.
Sensory cognition is the direct receipt of information through the sense organs and the activity of the nervous system. Preservation and processing of knowledge in reality in the form of visual images.
Rational knowledge - abstract-logical thinking; comprehension of reality by generalized symbolic sign means.
Features of human cognitive activity are mainly associated with the ability to rational knowledge. Sensory cognition is approximately the same in humans and higher animals. The basic operations of cognitive activity (distinguishing, combining data, comparison) are the same for sensory and rational cognition. Sensual knowledge differs from rational knowledge in that the former is based on sensations, and the latter on the arguments of the mind.
Basic forms sensory knowledge It is sensation, perception, representation. Sensation is a sensory reflection of individual aspects of an object, the initial, simplest form of sensory cognition. Perception is a holistic image of an object. Representation - the preservation of a holistic image without contact with the object and the ability to produce it.
The main forms of rational cognition are the concept, judgment, and conclusion. A concept is a thought that singles out and generalizes objects based on an indication of their essential and necessary properties. Judgment is a form of thinking that reflects the existence of a connection between an object and its attribute, between objects, as well as the fact of the existence of an object. An inference is a connection of judgments in which others are derived from some judgments - new ones.
The main properties of truth are:
- absoluteness;
- relativity;
- concreteness;
- objectivity.
Relative truth is not complete knowledge. Absolute truth is the totality of relative truths.
Subjective truth is the content of our knowledge, which depends on the subject of knowledge.
Objective truth is the content of our knowledge that coincides with reality and does not depend on the consciousness of the subject.
Antiquity - the truth is in the essence of things. According to Aristotle, a statement or knowledge is true if it captures an event that actually happened or a relationship that really exists. Middle Ages - the truth is God and his revelation. Religious idealistic trends recognize only God as valid in the full sense, therefore, what is true is that which corresponds to his plans and will. New time - as true knowledge, information contained either in feelings or in clear ideas was considered. Currently, there are many approaches to the problem of truth. Neo-positivism (30s of the 20th century), according to which only “protocol sentences fixing” atomic facts are truly true. Irrationalist directions interpret inner world of a person as a stream of emotions, experiences, volitional impulses, therefore, what is true is what fits into this world, allows it to be expressed and harmonized. Therefore, there is no truth for everyone. Truth is experienced and comprehended in its own way different people, it is subjective. The ability to comprehend the truth by direct observation of it without resorting to logical arguments is called intuition. M. Heidegger - truth is "alletheia" - an ancient Greek word denoting unhiddenness and unhiddenness.
(late lat. intuitio, from lat. intueor - stare)
the ability to comprehend the truth by direct observation of it without substantiation with the help of evidence. In the history of philosophy, the concept of I. included a different content. I. was understood as a form of direct intellectual knowledge or contemplation (intellectual I.). Thus, Plato argued that the contemplation of ideas (prototypes of things in the sensible world) is a kind of direct knowledge that comes as a sudden insight that involves a long preparation of the mind. In the history of philosophy, sensual forms of cognition and thinking have often been opposed. R. Descartes, for example, argued: “By intuition, I mean not faith in the shaky evidence of the senses and not the deceptive judgment of a disorderly imagination, but the concept of a clear and attentive mind, so simple and distinct that it leaves no doubt that we are thinking, or that it is one and the same, a solid concept of a clear and attentive mind, generated only by the natural light of reason and due to its simplicity more reliable than deduction itself ... "(Selected prod. in., M., 1950, p. 86). G. Hegel in his system dialectically combined direct and indirect knowledge. I. was also interpreted as knowledge in the form of sensual contemplation (sensual I.): "... unconditionally undoubted, clear, like the sun ... only sensual", and therefore the mystery intuitive knowledge and “... concentrated in sensuality” (Feuerbach L., Selected Philosophical Works, vol. 1, M., 1955, p. 187). I. was understood both as an instinct that directly, without prior learning, determines the forms of behavior of the organism (A. Bergson), and as a hidden, unconscious first principle of creativity (S. Freud). In some currents bourgeois philosophy I. is interpreted as a divine revelation, as a completely unconscious process, incompatible with logic and life practice (Intuitionism). Various interpretations I. have something in common - emphasizing the moment of immediacy in the process of cognition, in contrast (or in opposition) to the mediated, discursive nature of logical thinking. Materialist dialectics sees the rational grain of the concept of intelligence in the characteristic of the moment of immediacy in cognition, which is the unity of the sensible and the rational. Process scientific knowledge, as well as various forms of artistic development of the world are not always carried out in a detailed, logically and factually demonstrative form. Often the subject grasps a complex situation in his mind, for example, during a military battle, determining the diagnosis, the guilt or innocence of the accused, etc. The role of I. is especially great where it is necessary to go beyond the existing methods of cognition in order to penetrate into the unknown. But I. is not something unreasonable or superreasonable. In the process of intuitive cognition, all the signs by which the conclusion is made, and the methods by which it is made, are not realized. I. does not constitute a special path of knowledge that bypasses sensations, ideas, and thinking. It is a peculiar type of thinking, when individual links of the process of thinking are carried in the mind more or less unconsciously, and it is the result of the thought - the truth - that is most clearly realized. I. is enough to discern the truth, but it is not enough to convince others and oneself of this truth. This requires proof. A. G. Spirkin.
- - direct comprehension of the truth without justification with the help of logical, mathematical or other evidence, "revelation developing from within a person"; flair, insight...
The Beginnings of Modern Natural Science
- - Correct judgments made by people. In language systems, the ability of native speakers to make correct judgments about the sentences of that language...
Great Psychological Encyclopedia
- - a mental function that informs us about the possibilities that the present carries in itself ...
Analytical Psychology Dictionary
- - The ability to directly, as if "suddenly", without resorting to a detailed logical conclusion, to comprehend the truth; inner "illumination", enlightenment of thought...
Dictionary psychiatric terms
- - True judgments made by people. In language systems, the ability of native speakers to make correct judgments about the sentences of that language...
Dictionary of Neuro-Linguistic Programming
- - - knowledge that arises without awareness of the ways and conditions for its receipt ...
Pedagogical terminological dictionary
- - In the history of philosophy, the following main interpretations of I. can be distinguished: 1) I. as an intelligible phenomenon, an extrasensory perception of a special reality ...
The latest philosophical dictionary
- - INTUITION - a form of knowledge obtained by the mind directly, without logical proof or analysis; a discovery or invention that comes about through insight...
Encyclopedia of Epistemology and Philosophy of Science
- - the ability to direct judgment of the truth, to comprehend it without any reasoning and proof ...
Dictionary of logic
- - English. intuition; German Intuition. 1. The ability to directly comprehend the truth without substantiation with the help of evidence, without prior logical reasoning, based on previous experience. 2...
Encyclopedia of Sociology
-
Political science. Dictionary.
- - direct knowledge of reality, accompanied by an internal sense of evidence and based on previous experience and knowledge ...
Big Medical Dictionary
- - direct perception of something as true, expedient, morally good or beautiful. The opposite of reflection...
encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Euphron
- - the ability to comprehend the truth by its direct discretion without substantiation with the help of evidence. In the history of philosophy, the concept of I. included a different content ...
- - comprehension of the truth by direct observation of it without substantiation with the help of evidence ...
Modern Encyclopedia
- - comprehension of the truth by direct observation of it without substantiation with the help of evidence ...
Big encyclopedic dictionary
"Intuition" in books
Intuition
From the book There is only a moment the author Anofriev OlegIntuition Everyone has intuition. Birds, animals, hunters, their prey, even plants. But there is one special intuition, this is the intuition of the people. A lot happens in the world: they cry about war, about the end of the world, about global warming, about a celestial body flying right at us - and the people
Intuition
From the book Themes and Variations (collection) author Karetnikov Nikolai NikolaevichIntuition In 1956 we had to visit evening reception, hosted by one of the main Moscow theater directors. While I was tying my tie, my wife unexpectedly told me: “One of the heads of the arts department of the MK party will be there today. We studied with him on the same
INTUITION
From the book Verboslov-1: A book with which you can talk author Maksimov Andrey MarkovichINTUITION Of course, it is very difficult to talk about a concept that not everyone believes in the very fact of its existence. I assure you that there are many people who will tell you: “Believe in intuition? What nonsense! We must believe in our own strength and own mind. And here it is unclear
Intuition
From the book Catch a Big Fish author Lynch DavidIntuition To know that, thanks to the knowledge of which everything is known. UPANISHADS Life is full of abstractions. The only way to understand them is to use your intuition. It allows you to see and decide. Intuition is the link between emotions and intellect. It is this combination that is extremely
5.5. Intuition
From the book Psychology of a Leader author Meneghetti Antonio5.5. The Leader's intuition is distinguished by the possession of natural intuition, which allows him to make the best choice in the conjuncture of problems and their possible solutions. Intuition manifests itself in many ways in images, impressions, ideas, system data, various experiences,
Intuition
From the book You create your own destiny. Beyond reality the author Melik LoraIntuition Intuition is the driver of the soul. Only a calm mind without distortion can hear the unmistakable advice of the inner voice. We are born on the very day and hour that is chosen for us from above and depends on our individual karma. But our fate is not predetermined. Choice
Intuition
From the book I am a money magnet. How to attract money and luck the author Tangaev YuriIntuition The ability to use the solutions prompted by intuition is one of the components of success and an indicator of how much a person has developed his inner self. All successful people always listen to intuition or inner voice. The secret of success lies in
Intuition
From the book Playing in the Void. Great Seal author Demchog Vadim ViktorovichIntuition Explanatory Dictionary on the question of what it is, gives an extremely stupid formulation. Here it is: “Intuition (from lat. Intuitio, from intueor - I look intently) is the comprehension of truth by direct observation of it without substantiation with the help of evidence; SubjectiveIntuition I don't see anything otherworldly in intuition. It seems to me that behind every intuitive decision there is a certain assessment of probabilities or the use of patterns of previous experience. The use of information in one form or another is unlikely to be
INTUITION
From the book The Art of Thinking Right author Ivin Alexander ArkhipovichINTUITION The considered methods of justification - they can be called rational or demonstrative - underlie the scientific, universally valid method. They are the tools by which a subjective belief, conjecture, hypothesis is transformed into
95. Intuition
From book Philosophical Dictionary mind, matter, morality [fragments] by Russell Bertrand95. Intuition Intuition is actually an aspect and extension of instinct. Like all instincts, it works admirably in the ordinary circumstances that have formed the habits of the animal, but is completely useless as soon as circumstances change and some kind of
Chapter 1. What is intuition? Intuition at various stages of human history
From the book Superintuition for Beginners author Teppervine KurtChapter 1. What is intuition? Intuition at various stages of human history At the dawn of human history, the problem of survival was posed directly. We had to take care of food, defend ourselves from wild animals, from enemies, from bad weather. Life was maintained
8.4. Intuition is needed, intuition is important
From the book Willpower. Self Management Guide by Winner Kelly8.4. Intuition is needed, intuition is important Let your intuition guide your actions - this irrational feeling is very, very often right. Remember how many times you said: “I knew that this was the end of the matter!”. And if you immediately
