Formulating and affirming the principles of life that correspond to the conditions of the communist socio-economic formation; the highest stage in the development of human morality. Being a natural result of the previous socio-historical and spiritual progress of mankind, K. n. synthesizes the achievements of the moral culture of past centuries and at the same time carries a fundamentally new content, reflecting qualitatively different laws of life in a socialist and communist society.
K. n. includes and develops "the basic universal moral norms that have been developed by the masses of the people over thousands of years in the fight against social oppression and moral vices" ("Program CPSU", p. 119). At the same time, from the very beginning, it opposes itself to the dominant morality of the capitalist society, in which social inequality, exploitation, antagonism between people associated with the existence of private property are recognized as natural and legitimate ( bourgeois morality, religious morality).
First historical form K. n. is the revolutionary morality of the proletariat, which is formed even in the conditions of capitalist society in the process of the conscious struggle of the working class for its liberation. This morality, as V. I. Lenin points out, “is completely subordinated to the interests of the class struggle of the proletariat” (vol. 41, p. 309). It "serves to destroy the old exploiting society and unite all the working people around the proletariat, which is building a new communist society" (ibid., p. 311).
In the struggle for their rights, V. I. Lenin said, “the working class rises at the same time morally” (vol. 21, p. 319), shows, according to F. Engels, “its most attractive, most noble, most human features” (vol. 2, p. 438), With victory socialist revolution With the development of new relations between people in all areas of social life, the principles of civil society are enriched in content, and their scope extends to the most diverse aspects of human existence.
With the establishment of a new system, objective prerequisites are created for the implementation of the principle of communist attitude to work and public property ( Relationship to property), for the development of new forms of life and relationships in the family ( Life morality, Marriage and family morality). In other words, from the moral leadership in the revolutionary struggle for the most conscious part of the proletariat, K, n. turns into law Everyday life about-va as a whole ( Rules of the socialist hostel), from a class one develops into a nationwide one.
With the construction of a socialist society, the class struggle in the sphere of morality does not yet end, it only acquires a new form of struggle against the remnants of bourgeois morality, the form communist education wt. During the period of building communism, before the socialist society, before the Communist Party and all the people, new moral tasks arise, connected with the expansion of the sphere of action of the moral principle in social life, ever higher moral requirements are imposed on the working people.
Main of which are formulated in the moral code of the builder of communism. And finally, the most complete and comprehensive development and implementation of the principles of K. n. will receive in the communist about-ve. Practical implementation of the principles of K. n. means the implementation of the highest measure humanism, justice and equality in relations between people, which is due to the very nature of the socialist and communist system. In the process of establishing communist relations, the contradiction inherent in any class society between individual and society.
For the first time, "the original and free development of individuals ceases to be a phrase" ( K. Marx And F. Engels, vol. 3, p. 441); at the same time, “the free development of each is a condition for the free development of all” (vol. 4, p. 447). collectivism. This principle involves the conscious and voluntary association of people to achieve their common goals, in which the personality of each develops most fully and diversified ( Comprehensive, holistic personal development).
In the conditions of socialism, when the difference between public and personal interests is still preserved, the principle of collectivism requires the priority of the first over the second, if a contradiction arises between them. However, this contradiction can only be of a private, transient nature, since at its core the interests of the community and the individual are in unity and gradually converge in the process of building communism. The unity of personal and public interests determines a fundamentally new understanding of the very nature of human moral activity.
He serves society without suppressing his own individual nature, but, on the contrary, affirming his true human purpose. This means that K. n. puts an end to the typical moral teachings past versus asceticism and enjoyment, principles love And selfishness, morality debt And virtues, performing external duties and following personal conscience ( Deontology). This unity of public and personal is primarily due to the nature of socialist and communist labor, in which a person serves society and at the same time freely exercises his creative abilities, material and spiritual needs.
“... Voluntary productive activity,” F. Engels points out, “is the highest of the pleasures known to us ...” (vol. 2, p. 351). The fundamentally new thing that K. introduces into human morality also consists in a high assessment of the moral possibilities of a person. Any morality of the past, formulating c.-l. requirements for a person, in the end was forced to admit that they were largely unrealizable, their achievement seemed only an infinitely distant ideal, for which there is no place in real life. The reason for this was usually seen in the limited and imperfect nature of man himself.
Only K. n., in which the question of the social and moral ideal is solved in connection with the transformation of social living conditions, is capable of setting goals for a person, to-rye surpass in scale everything that the moralists of the past thought about, and at the same time practically achievable by the efforts of the people themselves. That's why K. n. is distinguished by a deep faith in the historical possibilities and abilities of man and high demands on people. Her historical optimism organically combined with genuine respect for the person.
Moreover, the communist ideal is not just an ultimate goal, achievable somewhere in the infinitely distant future, but a set of very specific problems and tasks that should be solved already in modern times. conditions of socialism. Communist morality creates for the individual the possibility of achieving the highest moral freedom. A person is able to act with a full understanding of the meaning of those moral requirements, to-rye he fulfills, on the basis of a deep inner conviction.
This morality, precisely because it meets the fundamental interests of people, relies on their own consciousness, requires everyone to be highly ideological and principled, and is hostile to all dogmatism and formalism. Its principles cannot be reduced to a set of common truths, inert canons; they are based not only on the generally accepted
Morality is communist
Morality (Latin mores - mores, moralis - moral) - forms ("examples") of individual and group behavior that affect public interests are sanctioned by society (class). It has spiritual-ideological and social-practical aspects. The first includes public moral ideals, norms, values and moral qualities, attitudes, orientations of an individual or group developed on their basis; to the second - actions, relations in which the moral position of the subject is objectified.
The possibility and necessity of identifying such a position is due to the fact that the objective determination of human behavior in many cases is not “hard”, unambiguous, but alternative, providing the individual with relative freedom of choice and, therefore, giving rise to responsibility for this choice. The interaction of individual responsibility and social requirements is the “primary cell” (“primary element”) of morality.
The main function of morality is to ensure the historical viability of society (class, group), harmonization of public and personal interests, social regulation of the behavior of individuals.
Since the social antagonism generated by private property makes such coordination impossible in principle, in private property formations morality acquires an alienated character, which is expressed in the growing contradictions between the moral values promoted by the ruling classes and moral practice, morality “for oneself” and morality “for others”, in moral hypocrisy, hypocrisy, hypocrisy. These features and tendencies of the moral life of an exploitative, especially modern, bourgeois society are also manifested in other spheres of its life, in particular in politics, creating a conflict of moral and aesthetic values, characteristic of reactionary art.
However, already in the conditions of the exploitative system, along with class and universal moral values, they express the needs and interests of the progressive classes, and above all the working masses. Proletarian, and under socialism communist morality is the most complete and consistent embodiment of progressive tendencies. moral development humanity.
M. k. is one of the manifestations of the ideological, political and moral unity of socialist society, its movement towards social homogeneity. The basic principles of moral culture, formulated in the moral code of the builder of communism, characterize the main achievements and goals, the features of the moral character inherent in the advanced part of socialist society and formed in the practice of communist construction among all its members. In a number of these traits (loyalty to the cause of communism, love for the socialist motherland, friendship and brotherhood of the peoples of the USSR, fraternal solidarity with the working people of all countries, with all peoples), the unity of moral and ideological-political education, morality and politics, characteristic of socialist society, found expression.
As the upbringing of M. to., deepening in the moral consciousness and practical behavior of the Soviet people, in their attitude towards each other, the lofty ideals of communism, the harmony of morality and beauty, internal and external culture will increasingly manifest.
The development of socialism is connected with the systematic growth of the importance of the moral factor in the life of society. Specifically, this trend means an expansion of the sphere of life, where people proceed mainly from moral convictions, are guided primarily by moral values (mutual assistance, duty, honor, dignity, etc.). Beliefs are based on knowledge, but are not limited to it. Conviction is such a level of spiritual (in particular, moral) development of a person, when the approval, implementation of an idea becomes the highest meaning of his life, not only in large, but also in small, in all aspects of everyday behavior.
The need for the formation of conviction, and not just moral knowledge, is intensified in the modern period by the fact that the scientific and technological revolution, the increase in the intensity of urbanization and migration processes entail a significant weakening of the influence of traditional factors of socialization on people's actions: a stable social microenvironment, direct (visual) and interested social control, traditions and customs. Moral regulation in modern conditions is increasingly turning into self-regulation, and social control - into self-control. As for traditions and customs, there are great opportunities for increasing their importance in the M. to. system, but these opportunities have not yet been used to the proper extent.
M. to. affects all aspects of our lifestyle. At the same time, everywhere the moral factor manifests itself primarily as responsibility, the unity of word and deed. V. I. Lenin emphasized that for a communist, morality is all in “solid solidarity discipline” and “it is necessary that the Communist Youth League educates everyone from a young age in conscious and disciplined work” (vol. 41, pp. 313, 318).
Under socialism, labor is the highest measure of the dignity and social prestige of an individual, the main means of its moral development and self-affirmation, manifestation of morality, and hence citizenship, communist consciousness, patriotism and internationalism. Moreover, since under socialism distribution according to work is the most just way of distribution, to the extent that the economic motives of labor activity in a socialist society, in fact, do not oppose moral ones, but are in dialectical unity with them, which is clearly manifested in socialist competition, which combines, on the one hand, labor rivalry, and on the other, mutual assistance of those competing.
In turn, the moral motivation of labor is supplemented and enriched by ideological and political motives (devotion to the cause of communism) and aesthetic ones (a sense of the rhythm and beauty of the labor process, the desire of the worker to embody his aesthetic ideal in the product of labor).
The relationship of moral, ideological, political and aesthetic motives of behavior is characteristic not only for labor, but also for all other spheres of human life. In particular, the social regulation of man's relationship to nature proceeds not only from the principle of economic expediency, but also from the interests of preserving the most valuable landscapes from a historical or aesthetic point of view, caring for the needs of future generations, for the animal world (“our smaller brothers”).
The effectiveness of moral regulation on present stage Our development is also largely determined by the interaction of morality and law, especially when it comes to the fight against the antipodes of communist morality. To overcome these survivals, it is necessary to use both persuasion, and coercion, and education by the word, and the strict force of the law. Morality and law in a socialist society face fundamentally identical social tasks. This means that legal norms and sanctions have great moral and educational consequences, and the moral regulation of relationships between people has a great influence on their compliance with legal regulations.
Therefore, moral regulation must necessarily be combined and interact with other forms of regulation of human life, and above all with law. As socialist society moves further towards communism, the role of morality in solving economic and social problems will steadily increase. It will take over a number of functions performed by modern political, legal and socio-administrative institutions. However, this process presupposes not the weakening, but the strengthening of these institutions at the present time, because their activity is one of the main sources of the formation of the moral culture of the population, an important means of increasing the efficiency and quality of the moral education of the working people.
Scientific Communism: Dictionary. - M.: Politizdat. Alexandrov V. V., Amvrosov A. A., Anufriev E. A. and others; Ed. A. M. Rumyantseva. 1983 .
See what "Communist morality" is in other dictionaries:
MORAL COMMUNIST- see Morality (section Communist morality), Moral code, Communist education, Communist labor, Ethics. Philosophical Encyclopedia. In 5 x t. M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Edited by F. V. Konstantinov. 1960 1970 ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
MORAL COMMUNIST- higher stage of history moral development. M. to. one of the sides of the communist. ideology and way of life. It has its origins and beginning in the revolution. morality of the proletariat, is further developed in the M. builders of the socialist. and communist. society. M. to ... Atheistic Dictionary
MORAL RELIGIOUS- morality, put forward and consecrated by k. l. religion. Considering the historical the diversity of religions and the fact that in exploitation. about ve morality usually clothed in religion. shell, then M. p. includes a variety of incompatible morals. views. ... ... Atheistic Dictionary
Morality- (lat. moralis moral, from mos, plural mores customs, mores, behavior) morality, one of the main ways of normative regulation of human actions in society; a special form of social consciousness and a type of social ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
morality- , and, well. A set of principles and norms of human behavior, morality. == Collectivist morality. RYANSH, 1986, No. 7, 4. * Socialist morality. ◘ Soviet culture is inextricably linked with the new, socialist morality. Zhakovshchikov, 167 ... Dictionary the language of the Soviets
See communist ideology. Communist culture See Culture of the communist formation. Communist morality See Communist morality... Scientific Communism: Dictionary
MORALITY- (from lat. moralitas, moralis, mores tradition, folk custom, later temper, character, morals) is a concept by which customs, laws, actions, characters expressing the highest values and ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
COMMUNIST MORALITY- (shouted, formulating and affirming the principles of life that correspond to the conditions of the communist socio-economic formation; the highest stage in the development of the morality of mankind. Being a natural result of the previous social ... ... Ethics Dictionary
MORALITY- (Latin moralis moral; mores mores) the subject of ethics; a form of social consciousness, a social institution that performs the function of regulating human behavior. In any case, the actions of a huge multitude of people must be ... ... Ethics Dictionary
Prokofiev, Vasily Ivanovich- (06/19/1909 08/29/1987) special. in the region scientific atheism and ethics; Dr. philos. sciences, prof. Genus. in with. Neverkino, Penza region In 1928 he entered the Saratov University of Science and Technology. Sciences. In 1930 he transferred to Moscow. agro ped. in t, to ry and graduated in 1932. From ... ... Big biographical encyclopedia
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- White on black , Ruben David Gonzalez Gallego , Ruben David Gonzalez Gallego, Russian writer, grandson of the general secretary of the Communist Party of Spain, on the experience of his life in Soviet Russia, most of which was spent in boarding schools ... Category:
This ambiguous phenomenon was substantiated in the 19th century. ( German philosophers K. Marx, F. Engels, later - Russian politician V. Ulyanov (Lenin), documents of the Communist Party of the former Soviet Union) as an ideological construct subordinated to a specific political goal, designed to master the consciousness, spiritual life, first of all, of the proletarian masses, to direct them in the class struggle for the overthrow of the bourgeois system and the construction of a "just and humane communist society." Since it arose as an ideological system, there are many reasons to consider it a phenomenon of quasi-ethics, because its postulates never became the essence of a person's individual and social existence, an internal motivation in its relations with other people and the world.
Theorists and apologists of communist morality presented it as the morality of the proletariat, the opposite of bourgeois morality, the totality of moral norms and principles of the communist socio-economic formation, the highest stage of the moral development of mankind. its source was proclaimed the social position of the workers, their struggle for the elimination of private property, exploitation; the main norms are class solidarity, internationalism, collectivism; criteria - the conscious participation of workers in communist construction. The basic principles of communist morality were formulated in the moral code of the builder of communism, imposed in the former Soviet Union (Program of the CPSU), which allegedly fixed the moral standards inherent in the human creator of communist society. With the high requirements of communist morality, the code declared commitment to the cause of communism, patriotism, socialist internationalism, conscientious work for the benefit of society, awareness of civic duty, intolerance to violations of social norms. In interpersonal relations, he focused on collectivism, mutual assistance, in relations between peoples - on friendship, brotherhood, intolerance towards national and racial hostility, international solidarity of workers different countries. Accordingly, he also assessed the moral builders of communism: honesty, truthfulness, moral purity, mutual respect.
However, despite the statements about the highest manifestation of humanism of communist morality, even theoretically it sowed class antagonism, national disunity, testified to an attempt to subordinate the consciousness, the real moral practice of people to class political interests, which was a direct encroachment on the freedom of will of the individual. The actual practice in countries that had to endure experiments related to attempts to build a communist society contrasted even more strongly with these statements. Attempts to introduce artificial communist morality caused the displacement of morality traditional for the peoples, which resulted in a moral vacuum and various deformations in the moral sphere. On the one hand, it aroused socio-political aggressiveness, on the other hand, conformism. Evidence of this was the encouragement of denunciations of politically unreliable persons, discrimination for political reasons of peoples, total political repressions, famine and the like. Virtues such as truthfulness, sincerity, wisdom, initiative, the ability for creative, critical thinking were subjected to distortion, which were replaced by such moral problems as slander, lies, treason, and the like. True patriotism was often proclaimed a manifestation of "bourgeois nationalism", and the declared internationalist processes were an ideological cover for the Russification policy (USSR), which depressed and destroyed the culture of peoples.
The attitude of man to work has undergone significant deformations. At the level of official propaganda, conscious, creative work was encouraged by all means, people who were successful in this regard were glorified. However, the fabricated heroes of labor were not always such, which gave rise to disappointment in many people in a fair assessment of labor efforts and their results. And the alienation of a person from property, "leveling" resulted in mismanagement, industrial and technological indiscipline, marriage, economic and social apathy, an orientation towards shadow incomes, social dependency, the ugly signs of which were especially evident in many post-totalitarian states.
Ideologization invaded all spheres of public and private life, gave rise to moral nihilism, double morality, which affected significant masses of people. Attempts to openly oppose such practices were persecuted by the authorities.
In general, historical practice shows that communist morality turned out to be poorly constructed, attached to an ideological scheme that should subordinate moral consciousness and the moral practice of people to the political interests of not even a class, but a political nomenklatura. It could only hold on to fear of reprisals, and attempts to establish it in public life caused irreparable damage to many peoples.
We bring to the attention of readers an article by the famous Soviet psychologist and philosopher Viktor Nikolayevich Kolbanovsky, written in 1963.
And this "order" was declared fair, moral, pleasing to God.
The working class and working peasantry of our country, led by Lenin and the Communist Party, were the first in history to break the fetters of slavery, to destroy the vile "order" of the exploitation of man by man. They showed the whole world an example of how to build a just and free society that serves a person, gives him happiness, makes him better, cleaner, more beautiful.
Socialism re-educates a person in a communist way, teaching him to observe the norms and rules of the new, communist morality.
Communist morality is born in the revolutionary struggle against the forces and traditions of the past. Her prop is new social order- socialism. It is necessary for building a communist society, because it educates people who can build and live under communism. V. I. Lenin taught: “At the basis of communist morality lies the struggle for the strengthening and completion of communism.”
The norms and principles of bourgeois and communist morality are directly opposed and irreconcilable.
Bourgeois morality teaches: "man is a wolf to man." People have to tear each other's throats out of money, out of profit. They are competitors and enemies. Therefore, there is not and cannot be friendship and trust between them. Therefore, "every man for himself, one god for all."
Communist morality teaches: "Man is man's friend and brother." Only the unification of the working people into a friendly and cohesive collective will allow them to defeat the common enemy - capitalism - and move towards their cherished goal - communism. Therefore, “all for one and one for all”!
The conquerors of the virgin lands, the participants in the great construction projects of the seven-year plan, the members of the brigades of communist labor live and work according to the noble laws of collectivism.
According to these laws live Valentina Gaganova and thousands of her followers, who go to the aid of the lagging behind, bring them to the forefront.
According to these laws, the heroes of the Pacific Ocean lived and fought with the elements -. They withstood an unprecedented 49-day drift without water, food, fuel.
“Friendship, they say, is known in trouble. This is how our friendship came to be known, - Askhat Ziganshin says ... - American newspapers are all surprised that we never quarreled among ourselves and none of us had the idea to steal away the last potato from the common pot in order to live a day more. They were surprised at our friendship, discipline, endurance.”
The brave Soviet youths were able to defeat the ocean only because they stood shoulder to shoulder, because they opposed the force of the raging elements with the irresistible force of human camaraderie.
Collectivism is a wonderful feeling of mutual help and support, trust and love for people. It strengthens the labor brotherhood of the Soviet people, it makes them a single family, it brings up true humanity.
Communist morality proclaims work to be the first and sacred commandment of man. "Who does not work shall not eat!". Who does not give anything to society, but only takes, who does not create, but only consumes - he sits on the neck of others, robs society.
Communism and labor are brothers. Our people can build a communist society only thanks to the selfless creative and highly productive work of each and every one.
Our society teaches not to shy away from work, but to love and respect all useful work - the worker, the collective farmer, the intellectual. Labor is sacred, and its fruits are the property of the whole society. The better everyone works, the richer the whole society.
The source of the heroic deeds of the builders of communism is in love for the socialist motherland, in ardent Soviet patriotism.
Soviet patriotism gave rise to the massive feat of millions in the days Patriotic War. Soviet patriotism gives birth to the massive labor feat of millions in the great era of the full-scale construction of communism.
"Be ahead of time, complete the seven-year plan ahead of schedule, reach the 1965 milestones even now"—that is now the practical expression of Soviet patriotism.
Honest work and master's care for one's factory and collective farm, one's city and village - this is the measure of patriotism, this is what it means to love the socialist Motherland.
The life-giving Soviet patriotism is strengthened by the maternal care of the Soviet Fatherland for each of its faithful sons and daughters. "Everything for a man!" New machines and machines - to facilitate his work, spacious dwellings - to make his life comfortable, hospitals and sanatoriums - to protect his health, schools - to educate his children, clubs and theaters, libraries and institutes - to develop his abilities, raise his culture. Everything for a person.
Callousness and indifference, bureaucracy and rudeness - worst enemies socialist humanism. We are fighting for true humanity in human relations. Attention and sensitivity not only to one's "neighbors" - but also to "far ones", helping them in difficult times, in trouble - these are the requirements of communist morality for every Soviet person.
We are irreconcilable towards drunkards and hooligans, towards bureaucrats and those who are indifferent because they violate the norms of communist morality, insult Soviet people, and revive the bestial manners and customs of the old world.
Communist morality has become the morality of millions of Soviet people. We are waging an uncompromising struggle against the remnants of the old, wolfish, exploitative morality. We fight for man - to rid him of the filth and abomination of the past. We are fighting for peace and friendship among peoples, for the comradeship of all the working people of the earth, for the most humane relations between people.
