Research work on the topic “Dolls-amulet. Research work on the topic “Amulets dolls” Research project on the topic “Amulets dolls”

GAPOU PJSC "CHUKOTKA MULTI-DISCIPLINARY COLLEGE"

Research work

"Amulets Dolls"

Completed by: Ershova Sofia gr.513-01

Head: Khalus Olga Vladimirovna

teaching staff methodologist

scientific and methodological department

2015

Introduction………………………………………………………page 3

History of creation ……………………………………………..page 6

Characteristics of amulets dolls …………………………….. page 8

Conclusion…………………………………………………… p.25

Literature…………………………………………………….page 26

Appendix……………………………………………………page 27

Brief summary

Target: studying the creation of protective dolls and their purpose.

Task:

show the differences between play dolls and dolls

amulets

learn technologies for making protective dolls

create your own amulets

An object: creation of protective dolls

Item: amulets dolls.

We carried out the work based on printed and electronic publications.

While working on the project, I learned a lot of interesting and useful things and learned how to create with my own hands. Now I know what to give to my loved ones.

1. Introduction

Once on a TV show they talked about a museum of amulets dolls and showed how to make amulets dolls yourself. I liked the show and wanted to learn more about these dolls and try to make them myself.

The essence of amulets exactly corresponds to their name: their calling is to protect people, especially during hard times, during periods of military conflicts, terrorist attacks and other adversities. In other words, to protect its owner from any directed negative impact, whatever it may be and wherever it comes from. Negative influences can be purely physical influences - such as illness. Charms can protect their owner from any impact on his psyche, soul, or emotional sphere. They will protect you from the imposition of someone else's will, love spells, suggestions from the outside and from severe depression.

Amulets are magical objects that have been experimentally selected over many centuries, having studied which, our ancestors came to the conclusion that they can guard and protect us from unfriendly forces. There are different types of amulets. These are beads, bracelets, protective embroideries on clothes, the patterns of which are stylized symbols of ancient gods or patrons of the family, decorations on windows, shutters, trim, above the porch and roof, above the gates of the house.

The impact of amulets is associated with the colors of the spectrum of the human aura. By putting on a talisman of the appropriate color, we get the opportunity to quickly patch up energy breakdowns in one or another part of the aura, which can be dangerous to our health and even life. From the point of view of a person who is able to see the aura, this will look like an increase in the glow of a certain color of the aura when putting on a talisman (more details about colors will be discussed at the end of the article).

What amulets can be useful to us? Of course, the most powerful will be your personal amulets, passed down in the family by inheritance: earrings, rings or rings, beads - any thing that, according to legend, brings happiness in family life. More often, such items are passed down through the female line - rings and earrings; less often through the male line - knives, belt buckles. If your family does not have such things, you will have to choose them yourself, and this is not easy if you do not have pronounced psychic abilities. Therefore, let's talk about the simplest, but at the same time very effective remedy. These are protective embroideries. You should embroider flowers and figures that carry a traditional protective meaning: silhouettes of a horse, dog, rooster or fairy-tale bird with a woman’s face. These symbols come from the times of cults of pagan gods and symbolize protective magical creatures that are friendly to us. It is especially convenient to use protective embroidery and appliques for children's clothing, since it is difficult for children to constantly wear beads, rings or bracelets.

In general, there is such a law: a truly strong amulet cannot be bought. It should be “found” among the things that were passed down in your family by inheritance. This doesn't happen very often. But someone has to start any tradition, right? Why not, if your family doesn’t yet have traditional amulets, don’t you create one so that it can be passed from hand to hand - to your children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren? Try making amulets for yourself and your loved ones yourself.

By the end of the 19th century, the origins of the ancient ritual were completely lost and forgotten, but the dolls remained.

But their purpose changed: now they were hung over the cradle after the baby was baptized, still protecting him from evil spirits. Usually there were from 3 to 5 dolls made of multi-colored fabric in a bunch. Bright and cheerful, they replaced rattles. They also believed that until the age of four, nothing cold should be put into the hands of a child - neither iron nor clay. So as not to chill the soul. And the children always had “warm” dolls in their hands - made of fabric or wood

2. History of creation

Slavic amulets dolls were not only used to decorate the interior or play with, they have always been very powerful helpers in everyday life, in the social and personal life of our ancestors. Dolls were made on the occasion of folk holidays, for example, for Maslenitsa or Midsummer Day, as gifts or ritual symbols for celebrating family events, such as a wedding or the birth of a child, and were also simply made as companions and guardians of peace, health, prosperity, love.

Ritual dolls were made for various events, such as a new harvest, the passing of winter and other vital stages of the year, and each of them was filled with its own meaning and had its own personal purpose - some dolls were burned as a symbol of purification, and some, on the contrary, filled with cereals and placed in a prominent place to attract wealth into the house. There were a variety of dolls, not only made of fabric, but also made of clay, straw, and even ash.

There are several types of amulets dolls that were made for different stages of life, but with one purpose - to protect. The principle of making amulets dolls is also the same. The richer the family was, the more dolls it had. According to tradition, the blessed fabric could not be touched with a knife or scissors, so the material was simply torn. This extended to the use of needles. So, most often, dolls were rolled up from several pieces and tied with threads.

In different regions, Orthodox mothers, making doll amulets with their own hands, used, in addition to pieces of kryzhma, other materials. In Ukraine and Moldova, dry corn leaves were often woven; in some regions of Ukraine, only threads and pompoms from them were used to make dolls. They made dolls from straw and bast. The face was covered with kryzhma fabric and dressed in the attire customary in this region. Traditional rag doll with no face. The face, as a rule, was not marked and remained white. A doll without a face was considered an inanimate object, inaccessible to the instillation of evil, unkind forces into it, and therefore harmless to the child. She was supposed to bring him prosperity, health, joy. It was a miracle: from several rags, without arms, without legs, without a designated face, the character of the doll was conveyed. The doll had many faces, she could laugh and cry.

The dolls of our ancestors carried a good beginning and were faceless. No eyes, button noses or bow sponges. A doll with a face, according to the Slavs, acquired a soul and could be used for witchcraft and causing damage. Making a doll was a purely feminine task. The men were not allowed to even glance at the process. It was believed that the fate of the family and clan depended on the quality of the housewife’s work. Before starting such a responsible work, the woman prepared herself and read conspiracies.
A woman made her first doll at about 12-13 years old. Based on the quality of the product, they concluded that they were ready for marriage. The most beautiful dolls made by hand were kept in a chest and were part of the dowry.
All dolls are divided into three large groups: gaming, ritual and amulets.

Amulet dolls differ in the material they are made of: they can be made from a wide variety of materials: bast, straw, birch bark, flax, clay, etc.

Amulet dolls vary in meaning; those. purpose.

1. Dolls for the home (a doll on a broom, a herbal egg-little, a grain-shaped doll, a Vepskaya doll, day - night, a doll - twisted, a Valdai bell, for a snatch, a willow, a ten-handed doll.)

2. For mother and child. (Christmas angel, bunny on the finger, tumbler, swaddle, doll on a spoon, nurse, changeling doll, gift for a gift, tumbler (with grass), baby comforter (with candies), colic doll.)

3. For the bride and groom. (for a successful marriage, Murashenskaya couple, lovebirds).

3. Characteristics of amulets dolls

D ten pen

This is a ritual multi-armed doll “Ten Hands” (see Figure No. 1). It was made from bast or straw on October 14, Pokrov, when they sat down to do needlework. In production, red threads are used, which is a protective color. 9 red strings-bows are necessarily tied in a circle to the bottom of the sundress.

The doll was intended to help girls preparing their dowries and women in various activities, such as weaving, sewing, embroidery, knitting, etc.
Traditionally, after production, it was burned almost immediately.
We suggest hanging the doll in a prominent place in the room where the woman spends time working.

Spiridon-Solstice

Saying: “Spiridon-Solstice carries a wheel in his hands.”
The holiday of Spiridon is a holiday of the winter and summer solstice, a holiday of the emerging or departing sun. It took place with participation

rituals of this doll.

During the festival, rituals dedicated to the sun were performed. They rolled the wheel down the mountain and burned it along with other symbols of the sun, saying: “Wheel, burn, roll, return with red spring!” (see Figure No. 2)
At the end of the holiday, the doll was burned without clothes, the clothes were put away for the next doll. They burned with old things that had a round shape, as if the doll was supposed to take away everything old and unusable from people and release strength for a new life.

On December 25, a messenger came to Ivan the Terrible and reported that the day was increasing. The king greeted him as a dear guest, rejoiced, hugged him and gave him a golden ruble. And on June 22, when the messenger reported that the day was waning, the king became angry and distributed cuffs to the messenger and everyone who fell under his royal hand and locked the messenger in prison for the whole day.

This bast doll was made to bring about the desired changes in life. Spiridon, by turning the wheel, can completely change your life, directing it in the right direction.

Spiridon-Solstice was traditionally made from bast, without a needle, with red thread. When creating a doll, coiling and knots are used - symbols of male and female energy, thereby harmonizing these flows within oneself. Although the Solstice was not included in the official holidays, no one started serious work on this day, except that the housewives tried to look into the chicken coop one more time to feed the chickens with buckwheat from the right sleeve. They say that this made them lay faster and better, without running into neighboring yards and not “littering” eggs anywhere.

And the men stocked up on cherry branches on Spiridon, guessing from them about the future harvest. To do this, you had to put a “cherry bouquet” in the water, place it in the “front” corner and wait for Christmas. If there are more flowers on the branches than there are leaves, there will be no need for garden fruits; they will certainly bear fruit. And if the twigs wither or there are significantly more leaves on them than flowers, it turns out that they did not hope for a good harvest, believing that it would either freeze out or be damaged by hail.
A Solstice figurine is good to make for those who need to firmly hold the helm of their life in their hands in the coming year. Women can make this wonderful doll for their loved ones.

Goat

The goat and the bear are indispensable participants in the Christmas round of courtyards and mummers, since these animals have long been associated with the cult of fertility among the Slavs. The goat was a symbol of vitality, and it was supposed to bring this strength to the owner of the hut and his land, the field, so that bread would be born better.

The goat was usually portrayed by one of the guys. They put a sheepskin coat on him, with the fur turned outward, his face was smeared with soot, and any hat was put on his head, to which horns made of straw were attached. The “goat” guy sat astride the arch - so the carolers carried him from hut to hut. At the same time, the goat danced and her retinue sang.

In some provinces there was a Goat doll (see Figure No. 3), which had the same functions as a caroler dressed as a goat. It is based on a wooden cross, and the muzzle, horns, and beard are made of bast or straw.
The Goat was dressed in a special bright dress, on top of which were attached ritual objects: pipes, barrel organs, tambourines, horseshoes as a gift for good luck, bells, bells, wooden beads, earrings, bags with gifts, wreaths of prosperity with small red bags with cereal grains, a wooden a block as a gift to a bachelor, as a reminder of the need to get married.

Krupenichka

The “Krupenichka” doll (see Figure No. 4) (other names “Zernushka”, “Pea”) is a talisman for satiety and prosperity in the family (for housekeeping). Traditionally, this doll was filled with buckwheat grain or wheat. This is the main doll in the family.

The first handfuls of grain when sowing were taken from a bag sewn in the image of this doll. The grain in it symbolized the saved strength of the Earth's Nurse.
After the harvest season, the pupa was again filled with selected grain from the new harvest. She was dressed up and carefully kept in a visible place in the red corner. They believed that only then would the next year be full and there would be prosperity in the family. In times of famine, they took grain from the pupa and cooked porridge from it. It was believed that this porridge conveys the powers of Mother Earth. A guest entering the hut could determine from the doll whether the family was living well. If the doll was thin, it means there is trouble in the family... And today this doll will help you have wealth in your home.

Kubyshka-Herbalist

To keep the air in the hut clean, they made a useful “Herbal Pot” doll. (See Figure No. 5) They hung it where the air stagnated or above the child’s cradle.

This doll is filled with fragrant medicinal herbs. You need to crush the doll in your hands, move it, and the herbal spirit will spread throughout the room, which will drive away the spirits of illness. After 2 years, the grass in the pupa must be changed. This is exactly what our ancestors did.

Kobyshka the Herbalist still makes sure that the disease does not enter the house. Warmth emanates from her, like from a caring housewife. She is both a protector from the evil spirits of illness and a kind comforter.

Kolyada

All Christmas carols were sung with Kolyada. This doll is a symbol of the sun and good relationships in the family. (see Figure No. 6) She was a stout woman, dressed in everything new and elegant. On her behalf, the carolers wished happiness and prosperity. They sang joyful songs glorifying the owners.
In some areas, carols ended near the fire with wishes for good to themselves and loved ones and the burning of Kolyada. With her arrival, happiness, peace and harmony between family members will settle in the house. The Kolyada doll is made from cut wood. Bags suspended from the belt contain bread and salt. A broom is tucked into his belt, which Kolyada uses to ward off evil spirits.

Day and night

Dolls "Day and Night" are dolls that serve as home amulets. Dolls protect the change of day and night and order in the world. During the day they put the light one forward, and at night - the dark one. (see Figure No. 7)

The "Day" doll is young, lively, active, hard-working and cheerful. She is the mistress of the day, and makes sure that on weekdays people work, work, on holidays they have fun, sing, dance, play, so that the sun shines during the day. The doll monitors the lives of people in the light of day, protects the day. So that the day is not wasted, but meaningfully. Then the doll is happy, and everything is fine with the people. The “Night” doll is wise, thoughtful, calm, she is the mistress of the night. Night is a magician. It changes both things and people. She brings another world. Everything is mysterious at night. Everything familiar without sunlight becomes unrecognizable. And people become different. More frank and open. The most heartfelt conversations drag on past midnight. But the main thing is that people sleep at night. The night makes sure that everyone calms down and goes to bed, rests from daytime activities, and gains strength. She gives sleep and protects it.

Bell

The Bell doll is a doll of good news. The homeland of the doll is Valdai. That's where the Valdai bells came from. (see Figure No. 8)

The ringing of the bell protected people from the plague and other terrible diseases. The bell rang under the arc at all the festive troikas. The bell is dome-shaped and resembles a sun on top. The doll has three skirts. Man also has three kingdoms. Copper, silver, gold. And happiness also consists of three parts. If the body feels good, the soul is happy, the spirit is calm, then the person is completely happy.

This doll is cheerful, perky, and brings joy and fun to the house. Amulet of good mood. By giving a Bell, a person wishes his friend to receive only good news and maintains a joyful and cheerful mood in him.

Cabbage

It’s not for nothing that they say that children are found in cabbage. This doll was made by a girl when she gained the desire and strength to get married, continue the family line, and give birth to children. I put it on the window, and the guys knew that they could send matchmakers. (see Figure No. 9)
Such a doll was made in different places in Russia. Among the Vepsians living on the Volga, it is called Kormilka, Kapustka, and here in Siberia it is called Rozhanitsa. She carries within herself the image of a mother-nurse. Her large breasts symbolize her ability to feed everyone.

Girl-Baba

People call her Changeling, Vertushka. (see Figure No. 10) It can be called a doll doll, because it contains 2 heads, 4 arms, 2 skirts. The secret is that when one part of the doll is visible, for example, the girl, then the second, the woman, is hidden under the skirt; if you turn the doll over, the woman will reveal herself and the girl will hide.

The girl is a beauty, a bird who will fly away from her parents' house, carefree, cheerful, playing on the street. But the woman is economical, sedate, she has all the worries about the house and family, she does not run into the street, she has a different state. She looks more inward and protects her home.

The Girl-Baba doll reflects the 2 essences of a woman: she can be open to the world and give beauty and joy, and she can be turned to herself, to the unborn child, and preserve peace.

Stonefly

In many Russian fairy tales there are dolls to whom the heroes entrust their sorrows and joys and share their thoughts. And little helper dolls do not leave their owners in trouble. (see Figure No. 11)
Vesnyanka is a cheerful, perky doll that young girls made for the arrival of spring. Traditionally, she is very bright, with unusually colored hair. Girls like these dolls

gave to each other.

Springfly is a talisman of youth and beauty. By giving such a doll to a man, you wish him to remain young and cheerful for a long time, and for a woman to always be charming and attractive

Sunny horse

In many Russian fairy tales there are dolls to whom the heroes entrust their sorrows and joys and share their thoughts. And little helper dolls do not leave their owners in trouble.

A horse is a person’s friend and companion in life. He is the conductor of human souls into this world. (see Figure No. 12)

In ancient times, much of people's lives depended on the horse. Neither sowing, nor a trip, nor a wedding could do without this animal. Everywhere the man was accompanied by a faithful horse. Since those times, the expression “to be on a horse” has been preserved, meaning success and good luck. Place the Sunny Horse in your home, and he will bring happiness and good luck.

Simeon the Stylite

"Simeon the Stylite" Also has the name Simeon the Flyer, Romeol the Stylite. (See Figure No. 13)

From the middle of the 14th century until 1700, on September 14, the New Year or New Year was celebrated in Rus'. At this time, Indian summer began, the blushing rowan was celebrated, and Ryabinka’s name day was celebrated. At this holiday, children and mothers were congratulated, men drank beer. A funeral ceremony was held for flies and cockroaches.

This ritual itself is quite strange and funny. Its origin is explained by the fact that with the onset of autumn, these insects themselves died from the cold. For the ritual, girls and young women made boxes or coffins from beets and radishes and buried flies, and buried cockroaches in wood chips and pretended to cry, dressed as best as possible. This served as a good reason for young people to look out for brides and send matchmakers.

In its content, this custom is somewhat reminiscent of the ancient Russian veneration of Belobog. He was usually presented in a bloody form, covered all over with flies and insects, and was generally regarded as a good deity.

In the square where the celebration was taking place, a pillar was dug in, at the top of which Simeon the Stylite was firmly attached. The guys competed in dexterity. They climbed onto the pole and tried to remove it. Whoever succeeded in this received universal respect and honor.

Also associated with this day is an equally important rite - the so-called “Tunement” and “Mounting a horse” during the transition from infancy to the fourth year of life. Our chronicles mention him very often. By the day of Simeon the Summerman, the main field work ended and the time for weddings began. The Simeon doll was made for the harvest. In his hands is a threshing flail. Simeon adds strength to men.

Fatty-Kostromushka

Tolstushka-Kostromushka (Female Essence) is a talisman against loneliness. (see Figure No. 14)

His task was to restore fertility to a woman, to lure the soul of a child. If a woman did not become pregnant within a year after marriage, they made a doll and put it in a visible place from the door. Her female relative sewed: sister, godmother, mother or grandmother. When a child appeared in the house, the doll was taken to the women's quarters and hidden.

Fatty Kostromushka carried the image of a girl who combined several ages at the same time: 8-9 years old - a nanny girl, 10-12 years old - a teenage girl. From the nanny the doll has chubby cheeks and a figure, and from the teenager - developing breasts. On the one hand, she knows how to get around, on the other hand, she can be an adviser to her younger sisters and brothers. It’s as if she’s saying: “Everything is fine with me, but I’m missing a brother or sister!”

Vepsian doll

Russia is a huge multinational country. About one hundred and fifty peoples live in its vast expanses. Since ancient times, outside the borders of Russia, it has been customary to consider as Russian all those who accepted Orthodoxy and submitted to the authority of the Moscow princes. And rightfully, the Vepsian doll, which has preserved the name of the people who created it, is placed among the traditional Russian dolls. Today the Vepsians are a small people living in the territory of Karelia, Leningrad and Vologda regions, which have preserved their traditions and rituals, many of which are similar to those of northern Russia.
The Vepsian doll is an image of a married woman. (see Figure No. 15)

The doll's parts are not sewn together. It is made from scraps of worn-out clothing, and threads are pulled out of them to tangle and tie together the doll’s parts.

Kuvadki

Today, few people know the “couvade” ritual. In the middle of the 19th century, it, like a half-erased trace of ancient antiquity, still existed in the Oryol and Kostroma provinces. (see Figure No. 16)

In the beliefs of our ancestors, the birth of a new life was perceived as the mercy and disposition of divine powers. On the other hand, the process of birth itself was associated with something sinful and unclean. The labor pains were seen as the intervention of evil forces tormenting the defenseless woman in labor and the baby.
The man, the father of the child, was given an active role. He was present at the birth of a child and provided protection from evil spirits by performing magical ritual actions.

These rituals are called “kuvada”: a basket with chicken eggs was placed in the dressing room. The man sat on a basket, pretending to hatch eggs (according to legend, the egg was the fundamental principle of life). With loud, frantic screams, imitating the cries of a woman in labor, the man lured evil spirits into the dressing room. To prevent deceived and angry spirits from returning to the woman in labor, ritual dolls were hung in the dressing room. They believed that these first inanimate images of people that caught the eye were inhabited by evil spirits. The baby itself was hidden in a closet, and a swaddled doll was placed on the man. After childbirth, the dolls were burned during a purification ceremony.
By the end of the 19th century, the origins of the ancient ritual were completely lost and forgotten, but the dolls remained. But the direction of their magical action changed: now they were hung over the cradle after the baby’s baptism, still protecting him from the countless machinations of evil spirits. In some provinces, two weeks before the birth of the child, the expectant mother placed such a doll-amulet in the cradle. When the parents went to the field to work and the child was left alone in the house, he looked at these little dolls and played calmly. As a rule, these toys were small in size and all of different colors, this developed the baby’s vision.

Usually there are from 3 to 5 dolls made of multi-colored fabric in the crib. Bright and cheerful, they replaced rattles.

Pelenashka

In an ancient Russian village, peasants believed that evil spirits were trying in every possible way to harm defenseless people. To confuse the evil spirits, a swaddled doll was placed in the baby’s cradle, where it remained until the child’s baptism, in order to take upon itself all the misfortunes that threatened the child unprotected by the cross. Only after baptism, which confirms the baby’s human status, was the doll removed from the cradle. The doll was kept in the house along with the child’s baptismal shirt. (see Figure No. 17)

This doll reproduced the peculiarities of the worldview of Russian peasants. It was believed that restricting movement would make the child invisible to evil spirits, so the baby spent almost the entire first year of his life tightly swaddled in the cradle.

The rules for making the Pelenashka doll are based on the traditional peasant understanding of the universe. In it, using the simplest manufacturing techniques, the main features of a human likeness were reproduced: the body, head and center of vital force, which, according to legend, is located in the navel area. The doll was made from a piece of worn homespun clothing, which absorbed the warmth of the hands that made it. It was believed that a piece of vitality was transferred to the doll with native, homemade material.
The diaper, or baby doll, has a talismanic design. The doll is placed in the child’s hand as a natural massager, and when guests arrive, it is inserted into the folds of the child’s handkerchief, and then the guests, so as not to “jinx” the child, say about the doll: “Oh, how good the doll is!”

The birth of a child was dangerous both for himself and for the mother. It was believed that evil spirits try in every possible way to harm defenseless people. To deceive the evil spirits, numerous maternity rituals were performed. Immediately after birth, boys were wrapped in the unwashed shirts of their fathers, and girls in their mother's blankets. In this way, with old things, they tried to transfer part of the parents’ vitality to the babies. Then the child was hidden in a stable or in a closet. The woman in labor was dressed in her husband's clothes, and he himself dressed in his wife's dress and took her place in
bed. A swaddled doll was placed in bed with the moaning husband. It was believed that in this way danger could be warded off from the woman in labor and the newborn. Rituals accompanied not only the birth of children. They tried to use magic to ensure the conception of a child. So, in some places, during a wedding, after the bride moved to the groom’s house, a swaddled doll was certainly placed on the newlywed’s lap.

It was believed that after this maternal strength came to the young wife. To confuse the evil spirits, a swaddled doll was placed in the baby’s cradle, where it remained until the child’s baptism, in order to take upon itself all the misfortunes that threatened the child not protected by the cross. Only after baptism, which confirmed the baby’s human status, was the doll removed from the cradle. The doll was kept in the house along with the child’s baptismal shirt.

Moscow doll

Another name for the doll is “Seventh Me” (family). (see Figure No. 18)

The doll has six children tied to a belt or fastened with a belt. The history of the doll goes back to the formation of the Moscow principality, which annexed new lands. Moscow is the mother, the new principality is the new child. In the doll, this historical process stopped at the number 6. This doll is a symbol of maternal care and love.

plantain

This little doll, called the Plantain, is a faithful keeper on the road and is given to someone who goes on a trip. (see Figure No. 19)

She is only 5-6 centimeters tall. It won’t make your bag heavier, but will always remind you of your home or an interesting trip. In her bag she carries either a handful of earth or a little ash, and you can also add a piece of bread or grain there so that the traveler is full.

Murashen couple

An important event in the life of our ancestors was a wedding. This event was significant not only for one family, but also for the entire community, clan, since the consequence of the wedding was the birth of a new life.(see Figure No. 20)

Shortly before the wedding, the bride's friends prepared a talismanic ritual wedding doll, which is amazing in its essence in terms of content. The bride and groom, the future husband and wife, are girded with one belt - the thread of life. The doll was supposed to distract any negativity from young people and protect future spouses. When making such a doll, girls read certain conspiracies for a happy married life and fertility of the bride and groom. It was believed that the more sincere the wishes, the faster the bridesmaids themselves will get married and their family life will be happy.

For a successful marriage

The doll helps you successfully find a husband.(see Figure No. 21) . “The husband is the head, and the wife is the neck.” Wherever the neck turns, the head will look there. Apparently that’s why in the “Successful Marriage” doll the main emphasis is on the neck. The neck is decorated with beautiful multi-colored collars, but for a reason - on each collar they wish for the desired qualities of the future husband that they would like to see in him in his future married life. The Ognevitsa sign is embroidered on the apron - burning away women's diseases.

Lovebirds
The Lovebirds doll is a symbol and amulet of a strong union, therefore it is done as if on one hand, to go through life hand in hand, to be together in joy and trouble. ( see Figure No. 22) Currently, the tradition has been preserved. Now, like hundreds of years ago, you can make dolls with your own hands and give them from the bottom of your heart with the wish to never be separated.

These dolls were very symbolic - the feminine and masculine principles were combined into an inextricable whole.

Magpies (Larks)

On Zhavoronki day, winter ends and spring begins. There was a belief that on this day forty different birds would fly from warm countries, and the first of them was the lark. At Zhavoronki they usually baked “larks,” in most cases with outstretched wings, as if flying, and with tufts. Baked larks were impaled on long sticks and they ran out onto the hills with them, or the birds were impaled on poles or on fence sticks and, huddled together, shouted as loud as they could:

“Larks, come,
Take away the cold winter,
Bring warmth to spring:
We're tired of winter
She ate all our bread!”

On this day you can make a Magpie doll. ( see Figure No. 23) If you want to give the Magpie doll special power, you should speak to it. At the same time, take the Magpie in your left hand so that your thumb and forefinger lie under its wings. Swing your hand as if the Magpie is jumping and flapping its wings. Turn her “facing” away from you and pronounce the spell on her behalf.

“Bastard, bastard, the earth is burning, it will burn you, and I am burning, I will burn you!
You bastard, you bastard, the water is burning, it will burn you, and I am burning, I will burn you!
You bastard, you bastard, the stone is burning, it will burn you, and I am burning, I will burn you!
Even though you are watery, even though you are windy, even though you are sent, even though you are running,
at least you're a flyer. Even if you met me on the road, or even on the threshold.
At least from the whirlwind, at least from the eyes, at least from lessons, at least from laughter, at least from fear.
Even though you are masculine, even though you are youthful, even feminine, even girlish.
Even if you are sent, even if you are sleepy, even if you are from the oven, even if you are from food,
even in a dream, even in crying. Whether from walking, from the water, or from the wind.
Crows are magpies, grab your lessons (name). Carry, magpies, through the dark forests,
through dense bushes. Cling to the vine, roll on the grass,
Drown in the water, pricked on a rose hip.
Where did it come from, so that it could be faked there. Amen!"

Sew bead eyes on the bridge of her nose. Now Soroka will look after you. It can not only bring useful news, but also take away unnecessary information that you, like a virus, picked up somewhere.

ABOUT very small

In ancient times, the Slavs celebrated the New Year on the first day of spring - March 1, which according to the new style falls on March 14. Celebrations were widespread because the beginning of a new year was a symbol of the beginning of a new time.
From this day it was possible to begin a new cycle of field work and engage in other agricultural work. After the adoption of Christianity, this holiday began to be celebrated as the day of the Venerable Martyr Evdokia, who took upon herself the image of Vesna (Vesenitsa).

On this day they made a Vesnyanka doll.(See Figure No. 24). This is a cheerful, perky doll that is made for the arrival of spring. The Vesnyanka doll has another name - Avdotya-Vesnovka. They started making spring flowers on March 14th. Special signs were associated with this day. It was believed that Avdotya kept the keys to the spring waters, and if he wanted, he would let the water flow, but if he didn’t, he would hold it back, or let the frosts come. The beginning of spring winds was also associated with March 14, so Vesnyanka was also nicknamed Whistler, saying: “Here you go!” The Whistler has arrived." Vesnyanka-Avdotya was also called Plyushchikha, Plyushnikha - due to the fact that the snow began to “flatten”, that is, to settle and cake when melting. That’s why they said: “The bunnie spent the buns.” The doll is as tall as the palm of your hand, and it has reserves of strength, joy and the young spring yari right up to Kupala. Traditionally, it is very bright, with hair of an unusual color, because it depicted not a person, but the Spirit of awakening nature. She is a talisman of youth and beauty.

Metlushka

When the owner of the house decided that the house was “clogged” with negativity (quarrels, evil eyes, damage, illness, bad deeds and thoughts of residents and guests), she took the Broom doll(see Figure No. 25) and clockwise, moving from the edges to the center, she swept away the “garbage” - the negative - into one pile (on a rag or piece of paper). After which the rag or paper was collected into a ball and thrown away or burned. Typically, the cleansing ritual is performed on the waning moon (ideally before the new moon). Before the ceremony, the house had to be cleaned. After the ritual of cleansing the house, you immediately feel a decompressed atmosphere, it becomes easier to breathe and relationships between family members become harmonious. The ritual can be performed every month - then negative energy will not accumulate in the house.

Twist-up doll with button

A twisted doll is the best amulet against damage and the evil eye.(See Figure No. 26). This amulet is so ancient that now no one can say who and where first twisted a rag doll. Twist dolls are amazing creations that require only a few scraps, pieces of braid and thread to make. A twist doll is made without using a needle or scissors. This is a small twist doll with a button, made in the form of a brooch.

Column

Take care of the family hearth.(See Figure No. 27). Since ancient times, it was believed that a pillar protects the house from the evil eye. This is a rag doll without eyes and ears. She does not see or hear anything; it was believed that by acquiring facial features, such a doll gains independence and loses its magical and protective properties.

Hostess - Well-Being

Hostess - Blessed is a small and very cute doll.
Such a doll was given with wishes of wealth and prosperity.(see Figure No. 28)

Maslenitsa

Maslenitsa is an ancient Slavic holiday that we inherited from pagan culture and survived even after the adoption of Christianity.
Maslenitsa was actually perceived by the Christian Church as a religious holiday and was called Cheese or Cheese Week, but this did not change its inner essence. Maslenitsa falls on the week preceding Lent. Therefore, at this time a person vents his soul on the eve of the difficult and long Lent. Maslenitsa is, first of all, abundant and satisfying food. Therefore, there is nothing wrong with enjoying yourself at this time, tasting a wide variety of dishes and not denying yourself anything. In traditional life, it was always believed that a person who spent the Maslenitsa week poorly and boringly would be unlucky throughout the year. Unbridled Maslenitsa gluttony and fun are considered as a magical harbinger of future well-being, prosperity and success in all business, household and economic endeavors. Even pancakes, an indispensable attribute of Maslenitsa, had a ritual meaning: round, rosy, hot, they were a symbol of the sun, which was burning brighter, lengthening the days. Centuries passed, life changed, with the adoption of Christianity in Rus' new church holidays appeared, but the wide Maslenitsa continued to live. She was greeted and seen off with the same uncontrollable daring as in pagan times.

The Maslenitsa doll is a mandatory attribute of this holiday.(see Figure No. 29) The Maslenitsa ritual doll was made from straw or bast, but they always used wood, personifying the violent power of nature. Ribbons were hung on the doll's hands, and when tied, they made a wish.

Amulet of the cradle

Charms for children are sometimes very necessary. Children, especially small ones, are very sensitive to the influence of someone else's biofield. Therefore, what we call the evil eye often happens to them. Often, after communicating with people, close or unfamiliar, the child begins to cry, be capricious, and sleep poorly. To protect a child from the evil eye and from any other bad influence, there are amulets for children. Many amulets for children have been known for a long time. So, our ancestors put a doll in the cradle of a child. It is believed that it is better if this doll is made by hand.(See Figure No. 30). Then guests admiring the baby, bending over his crib, will not be able to harm him in any way. After all, the doll will take all the negativity upon itself.

Metlushka and the Sunny Horse

As you know, a broom has always been considered a talisman against evil forces. That is why the broom is successfully used in home cleansing rituals.(See Figure No. 31). Broomsticks are one of the few ancient amulets that have many meanings and are used for different occasions. The first and most necessary amulet in any home: Broom for cleansing the house. The amulet is made on a smaller copy of the broom. The protective properties of a broom and its ability to counteract evil spirits are associated with its utilitarian function of cleansing and eliminating evil spirits. When the owner of the house decided that the house was “clogged” with negativity (quarrels, evil eyes, damage, illnesses, sins, bad deeds and thoughts of residents and guests who somehow ended up in their own lair during this time), she took the Broom doll and clockwise The arrow, moving from the edges to the center, swept away the “garbage” - the negative - into one pile (on a rag or piece of paper). After which the rag or paper was collected into a ball and thrown away or burned. Typically, the cleansing ritual is performed on the waning moon (ideally before the new moon). Before the ceremony, the house had to be cleaned. After the ceremony, you can walk around the house with a lit candle (especially carefully in all corners). It is especially good to have such a talisman in the office, especially in those teams where disputes and quarrels often occur between employees, where negative energy is felt. After the ritual of cleansing your home/office, you immediately feel a relaxed atmosphere, it becomes easier to breathe, and relationships between family/team members also become harmonious. The ritual can be performed every month - then negative energy will not accumulate in the home/office.

The horse is a male amulet. This amulet helps a man to be successful in business and win victories. This is the wish enshrined in the doll - to always be “on horseback”, to achieve your goals. Wishing you success and good luck in your business. Sun Horse amulet - brings time and strength from the Sun to perform good and noble deeds.

Doll on a spoon

This is a play doll, the base is an ordinary wooden spoon.(see Figure No. 32). Children played with it at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. A child of 5 or 6 years old could make such a doll himself; for small children, the mother made it. After eating, the mother usually did not even wash the spoon, but simply wiped it clean and dry. Then she took out pieces of material from her chest, made a doll and put it in the cradle of her baby. The child played and fell asleep. After this, the mother took the doll, washed the dishes, did housework, and again used the spoon for its intended purpose. The Slavic symbol “Kolyadnik” is embroidered on the apron - the sign of the young Sun - the god Kolyada. It means the beginning, the beginning, the existing potential that should be revealed. This is a talisman for male children - for boys and young men. It gives health, luck, spiritual and physical growth, and reveals abilities.

Metlushka - mistress

This doll was made exclusively for women.(See Figure No. 33). It has the function of cleansing the female soul from vain worries, is designed to remove grief and sadness from a woman’s soul, and also to pacify the dark sides of the soul, such as anger, envy.) The amulet helps a woman find and define her inner essence, her purpose, harmonizes her internal state housewife (this amulet is especially good during periods of mental torment associated with the search for inner harmony). With the same broom doll you can sweep away bad things from the house (diseases, evil eyes, negative energy) and “sweep” good things into the house (prosperity, success, health). Together with the amulet, a special basket is made, in which there are 3 bag knots: red, white and yellow.

The red bag is filled with fragrant herbs. Has the function of caring for the physical health of its owner (giving good health, vigor and strength).

The yellow bag is filled with grain. Called to take care of the material well-being of his mistress (the house is in abundance).

The white bag is filled with salt. This bag is special. It is called upon, firstly, to take care of the mental state of the owner of the amulet (to harmonize the internal state of a woman), secondly, this bag has a protective function (removing bad thoughts directed at the owner of the amulet), thirdly, the bag helps to get rid of sadness, pain and sadness (takes away the pain of loss, resentment, quarrels and arguments).
Depending on what a woman wanted at a certain period (spiritual harmony, physical health or material well-being) - she took one of the bags in her hands and held it for several minutes (they say sometimes you could put one of the bags with you in bed and sleep together with him, especially when health was needed or there was a suspicion of damage or the evil eye.

Bereginya

The Bereginya doll had a special meaning.(See Figure No. 34). Bereginya - from the word “to protect”, “amulet”. This doll is traditionally placed opposite the front door, above people’s heads, so that it greets everyone who enters and does not allow evil forces into the house, protects the family from dark forces, quarrels, and illnesses.

Despite the simplicity of the technology for making traditional dolls, they all turn out different, with their own character, so you need to choose from several dolls, which one “the eye catches”, the one that attracted attention, the one you take, because it chooses its owner. A sincere gift - a wish for goodness, joy, comfort, prosperity, happiness.

Grove .

The Grove doll is a symbol and amulet of the family, the unity of united clans, where the roots are the ancestors, and the branches are the new family and its descendants.(See Figure No. 35). Previously, this doll was used to decorate a wedding loaf; in the center stood a stuck birch slingshot, decorated with dolls. Like other magical wedding attributes, the spear from a wedding loaf had a deep symbolic meaning - it is a figurative tree growing from the ground, and the newlyweds together will need to cultivate the land - life, raise crops - children. The doll is made on a spear, the meaning of which is also symbolic: this is the merging together of two destinies, two genera, now becoming a single whole, stronger than two separate branches.

The base of the doll is made from dried birch rods about 15 cm long; the birch bark is not removed. The rods are carefully broken out without using a knife.
Zhiva is embroidered on the apron - the goddess of life, spring, fertility, birth, life-grain. Goddess of spring and life in all its manifestations; the giver of the vital force of the Family, making all living things actually alive. She is the goddess of the life-giving forces of nature, spring bubbling waters, the first green shoots; patroness of young girls and young wives.

For luck

In the Happiness doll, the main thing is the hair, it contains feminine power.(See Figure No. 36). The braid twists upward and serves as a support for the doll, making it stable. Few traditional folk dolls can stand on their own. The doll for luck has peculiar little paws that help it on the path to finding your happiness, because the path can be long.

She touches and touches everyone who sees her for the first time. You can play with it without fear that it will unwind, as in the version of folk spin dolls, which should only stand in a place of honor. You can wear such a doll for good luck as a talisman as keychains on bags and mobile phones. It can be placed on your desktop or bedside table. A doll for good luck is a funny cute doll, a talisman, your assistant on the way to achieving your goal, and hope for the most wonderful future.

Feminine essence

In a house where they really expect and desire a child, there was this doll.(See Figure No. 37). They placed it in a prominent place in the bedroom. The purpose of this amulet was to restore fertility to a woman. It was believed that the doll had the ability to lure the soul of a child with its long braid. The doll should demonstrate a well-fed, rich life, and should be smartly dressed. Her legs are very thin, she always wears shoes, her hands are in mittens, her body is plump (a well-fed girl). The obligatory part of this doll (in fact, why it is called “feminine essence”) is the hole left at the bottom. From which the filling sticks out - mokhnashka. On the apron is embroidered the Woman in Birth - Lada giving birth to Lelya. In addition, the sign of Ognevitsa, which burns away female diseases, Vseslavets, symbolizing a strong family, symbols of the Sown Field, and Moraine crosses, symbolizing the Transition of Hypostasis, were used.

MBOU "Ongudai Secondary School"

MBOU "Oҥdoidyҥ orto uredulyu school"

Research work “Study of community

amulets of the Altai and Russian peoples."

Shiҥzhӱ ish “Altai la orus albatynyҥ јamannaҥ korulanar edimderinin budumderi.”

The work was completed by a student of grade 6 "B"

Sanakaeva Maya,

Head teacher of Altai

language and literature

With. Ongudai, 2013

1. Introduction. The relevance of research.

2. What are amulets.

3. Amulets of the Russian people. Home amulets.

4. Amulets of the Altai people.

5. Plants are amulets.

6. Amulets - amulets.

In Altai language and literature lessons we often come across the words “tangma”, “bayan”, “kurchu”. Translated into Russian, we settled on the term “amulets”. Revealing the meaning of these words in class takes a lot of time. Having limited ourselves only to vocabulary work in the classroom, as part of the work of the Enchi ethnoclub, we decided to consider questions that to us, the club members, seemed to be words that we inherited from our ancestors and require a broader interpretation. This is how the idea was born to consider the amulets of the Altai and Russian peoples, to draw a comparative parallel between the objects of our research.

· The object of research is the amulets of the Altai and Russian peoples;

· The purpose of the study is to reveal the historical meaning of amulets, the etymology of the word “amulets”; consider the types of amulets; compare Altai and Russian amulets.

· The objectives of the research are to study various literature on this topic at meetings of the ethnic club, draw up a plan for research work, develop a questionnaire about the use of amulets by people in the modern world;

Why are amulets needed? Even in ancient times, it was common for people to look for ways to protect themselves in a complex and dangerous world. The pagan people believed that in the world there were things and objects specially created by nature and man that could protect it. This belief was also supported by sorcerers, who were necessarily present in every tribe.
Charms were ordinary objects endowed with a magical function: protection, protection. They could have been made by the man himself.
A talisman should be distinguished from an amulet. Amulets were often made by sorcerers for a relatively small fee. And what is also important: they were mostly worn at a time when a person clearly felt that they wanted to harm him. They took the amulet with them for protection, just in case.

The main difference between amulets and amulets and talismans is the following:

amulets are created by the person himself, he does it intentionally in order to protect not only himself, but also his home, his family and friends.

Everyone has their own amulet, as well as a talisman. The amulet can be shared. A talisman, in principle, is not very different from an amulet. Any object that has supposedly magical functions—protection—can become a talisman.

Home amulets.

When laying the foundation of a new house, a piece of wool, a handful of grain, wax, and sometimes a horse's head were placed under the corners as amulets. The second sacred place in the hut was matitsa. The “wheel of race” was carved on it - Kolovrat- in the form of a circle with six rays and on its sides - ideograms of a plowed field. The most common amulet was usually placed above the doors - horseshoe. The red corner was hung with ritual towels with the figures of Mokosh, Lada and Lelya embroidered on them. (Amulets-embroidery will be discussed below, in the section “Amulets-embroideries”)

Home amulets. Amulet dolls.
God's Eye
This doll was one of the ancient protective dolls for the home. “The cruciform composition expresses the idea of ​​​​the spread of the forces of good or protective forces to all four directions of the world” (“Paganism of Ancient Rus'”). Traditionally, the “Eye of God” is placed above the front door of a house, a room, above a child’s bed, that is, in a place that is clearly visible to the person entering. This was not done without reason: the bright image of the amulet attracts the attention of those entering, and if there were bad intentions towards the owners of the house, then the person forgets about it.

The Bird of Happiness
The amulet doll - “Bird of Happiness” was considered the guardian of family happiness and well-being. This amulet must be made from wood (spruce, fir, Siberian cedar). The energy of wood helps to bring positive energy into the house along with the amulet. Such a talisman hung in every house; it was usually placed under the ceiling in the hallway so that everyone entering would pass under it. This was done on purpose, so that the amulet took away everything negative that a person might come into the house with and only lets good things into the house.

Krupenichka
The “Krupenichka” doll is a talisman for satiety and prosperity in the family. When sowing grain, the first handfuls were taken from a bag sewn in the shape of a pupa. The grain in it symbolized the protective forces of the Earth. After the harvest season, the pupa was again filled with selected grain from the new harvest. She was dressed up and carefully stored in the red corner. They believed that only then would the next year be full and there would be prosperity in the family. In times of famine, they took grain from the pupa and cooked porridge. It was believed that the porridge transferred the powers of Mother Earth. A guest entering the hut could determine from the doll whether the family was living well. If the doll was thin, then there was trouble in the house. By the end of the 19th century, the origins of the ritual were partially lost or distorted. They began to sew the bag tightly. Millet, peas and other main agricultural crops were used to fill it. In this regard, other names of Krupenichka appeared: Zernovushka, Goroshinka.

Ten-handle
The multi-armed doll "Ten Hands" was placed in a prominent place in the house where the woman spent time at work. This doll helped girls and women in various household chores, in particular in needlework.

Bell
The "Bell" doll is considered a talisman of good mood. If there was such a talisman at home, then there will always be joy and fun in the house.

Day and night
“Day and Night” are dolls that protect the home, the change of day and night, and order in the house. During the day they put a light doll in front, and in the evening - a dark one. The “Day” doll protects the day so that it doesn’t go in vain, and the “Night” doll makes sure that everyone calms down and goes to bed.

Herbal egg capsule
The “herbal pot” was intended to protect households from diseases. To keep the air in the hut clean and healthy, the doll was filled with medicinal herbs and hung in places where the air usually stagnated. Such a doll amulet did not “live” for more than two years, because after approximately this period it is worth changing the filler grass so that the amulet continues to work.

Fever dolls
Feverish dolls lured trouble and illness out of the house. Why were there usually 13 of them? The fact is that there were exactly so many shaking sisters: Kumokha, Avvareusha, Glazeya, Gluheya, Zhelteya, Karkusha, Ledey, Nemeya, Ogneya, Otpeya, Pukhleya, Shaking, Khrapusha. On the orders of Kumoha, the worst sister, the feverish women attack the relaxed man and do not give him a chance to breathe - they break him, shake him, throw him into the heat, then into the cold. They penetrate into the huts through the chimneys in the evenings, like any other evil spirits and dashing force. That is why feverish dolls were placed behind the stove. They made such dolls with a conspiracy: during the entire process of knitting the doll, the fortuneteller was not supposed to lose the rhythm and not interrupt the recitative of the conspiracy, but with the last word, tie the last knot on the doll. It was believed that upon seeing the doll, the shaking sister would recognize herself and move into the doll instead of the person. Burning at the stake, the feverish doll carried away - lured - trouble out of the house.

Home amulets. "Housewomen."

“Housewomen” amulets were traditionally made to protect the house and to appease the brownie. A talisman - a broom - was made as a talisman. It was hung in a prominent place at the entrance. Moreover, if the amulet was placed outside the house, then it was hung with the handle down, so the broom could drive away evil spirits from the house. Inside the house, the amulet was hung only with the handle up. The broom amulet was usually decorated in a special way. The more beautiful and neat he was, the more power he had. If serious troubles happened in the house, the broom-amulet was replaced with a new one, believing that it had absorbed all the negativity. An old broom was buried at a crossroads so that the earth would absorb all the troubles and they would not pass on to another person. A broom was thrown after a person with an evil look. The ritual broom was leaned against the head of the woman in labor and the cradle of the baby, they swept the sick person, and cleared the way for the bride and groom. This item was used in rituals to increase the yield, improve the rise of the dough, churn butter, etc. In addition to the “housekeepers”-brooms, braids and wreaths were widespread, which were also decorated. They were usually located in the kitchen.

External amulets and symbols.

Weather vanes. Initially, weather vanes on houses were not just decoration, but also a talisman that protected the house from all sorts of misfortunes. Most often, a weather vane figurine was made of wood in the shape of a horse or rooster.

Shutters and trim. The Slavs believed that the house had “vulnerable spots” - openings into which various dark forces and evil spirits could penetrate. The need to close the gaps that inevitably arise between the log wall of the house and the window frame caused the appearance of platbands, which decorate the house and are a kind of border between it and the outside world. Platbands are both a decoration of the house and its amulet. That is why window frames and shutters were decorated with amulet carvings. Such carvings not only served as decoration, but also served as a talisman due to the symbols placed. The carving ornament usually had the following motifs: zoomorphic, anthropomorphic, geometric and floral. Most often, various solar symbols were used for protection. The symbol of the sun, placed in the openings, should protect the home from the night evil spirits.
You can read about the symbols at the end of my work in the section “Slavic symbols-amulets”.

Solar signs were placed on the roof of the house and platbands not only in the form of a symbolic embodiment - a weather vane in the shape of a horse, but also in the form of a real image of the sun or its symbol. The sky and the course of the sun were often depicted on the facade of the house - in the morning, at noon and in the evening. In this case, a thunder sign (a circle divided into six sectors) is usually placed on the central towel - a symbol of Rod or Perun, who protected the house from lightning striking it. Next to the symbol of the sun, the Slavs almost always depicted the sign of the earth or a sown field, denoting the unity of the heavenly and earthly, obvious. The waking world is also symbolized by images of birds, plants, goddesses, intertwined with fantastic creatures. Mermaids protect the house from Navi and ghouls. Most often, these images are found on window frames, at the entrance to the house. Images of Lada (goddess of fun, prosperity and harmony in the family; goddess of brides) or Mokoshi, who protect the world in the house, are also located on the carved frames (they are depicted with their hands raised up, as if asking for protection from the supreme gods, who give heavenly moisture and light), as well as on outbuildings (they are depicted with their hands down, as if turning to the mother, the raw earth, which gives a harvest).

Body and pendant amulets.

Charms pendants. Knots and sciences.
The knot was one of the most ancient amulets. In addition, it was a fairly simple amulet to make. According to beliefs, different knots have different effects; tying and untying knots by good and evil people brings opposite results. All the legends, beliefs and testimonies agree on one thing - there is considerable power in the knots, and if you use it wisely and knowledgeably, you can protect yourself from evil and do good for yourself and others.
In ancient Rus' there were special nodes - “nauzes”. Nauzs, like amulets, are capable of transmitting magical power, protecting from misfortunes and even healing. To strengthen the amulet, you can read a hex or spell over it. It is believed that it was from the ancient Slavic sciences that Christian incense came.
Nauz is not only a knot tied on a cord or thread, but also pendants with which the nauz is complemented. Pendants most often included medicinal herbs and roots, metal figurines, and stones. The components of the pendants could be combined to achieve maximum effect.
One of the simplest sciences was solarium- a circle representing the Sun. Solar knots simultaneously protected both from evil spirits and from the enemy. They look like a wreath (crown) with rays-loops. The amulet knot was usually knitted in 3 - 4 threads; looking at it, it is almost impossible to guess how it was made.

Charms-pendants. Women's.
Men did not wear as many amulets as women, who, as continuers of the family, required the greatest protection. Therefore, I’ll tell you about women’s amulets in more detail.
Many “decorations” were protected by ringing or noise, knocking against each other: ringing as they walked, they drove away all evil forces. One of the attributes of women's protective magic is the so-called amulets pendants, which were attached on chains to a plaque, often made in the form of one or two sun skates or a duck horse. The Duck is a symbol of Rod, the creator of the Earth, and the Horse is one of the strongest Slavic amulets, a symbol of goodness and happiness. Such pendants were worn on a belt, on the neck as a necklace, at the shoulder, or connected to a headdress. The girls did not wear headdresses; they were replaced by a headband made of thin metal, to which pendants could also be attached. The pendants that were attached to the headdress were called ryasny - these are vertical stripes running from the kokoshnik down (to the chest or even to the waist). Often metal ryasny they depicted birds, and “cannons” made from real swan or goose down were woven into beaded cassocks. The cassocks were assembled from 10-12 plaques, onto which the pattern was applied so that it could only be read in a vertical position, that is, it was impossible to wear the cassocks as a necklace: the symbols lost their support. Some cassock ribbons depicted tiny sprouts, while others depicted pollination of plants or a cross. Some ryasnas have a bulge on each plaque, which gives the impression that streams of rain are flowing from the head.
Another protective item was women's crest. Combs were also used for home magical rituals: for example, they combed the hair of a sick person for healing and then threw them on a sacred tree (usually a pear) for a week. These magical combs were mostly seven-rayed, because seven is a sacred magical number (by the way, in all magical traditions, not just among the Slavs), giving protection from disease, old age and the evil eye. Tiny spoons were often woven into pendants - a symbol of wealth and prosperity in the house.
Altai girls were not allowed to walk without earrings; it was believed that their ringing would scare away all evil spirits; they also wove “shaltyrak, shymyrak, shakhky” jewelry into their braids not only for beauty, to attract attention, but also in order to scare away the dark forces that blocked way for the girl.

Some pendant sets include various small copies of various objects: keys, knives, spoons, hatchets, etc.
Women's jewelry and amulets were most often made from soft yellow (that is, solar) metals: if funds allowed, from gold, and in poorer families, from copper. And silver was often used to protect against evil spirits. Silver was considered a metal that destroys ghouls.
The headdresses were also accompanied by kolta - temple rings, which had either a round or spiral shape. Depending on their wealth and position, women in the family wore one or more temple rings decorated with protective signs.
Quite often, a silver or gold mesh was hung from the back of the headdress, protecting the shoulders and back - a talisman against the evil eye and damage.
In addition to kolta, they also wore necklaces- neck and chest hryvnias, decorated with a number of rustling pendants, and lunars. Lunnitsa (from the word “Moon”) were supposed to protect women from evil night spirits and navya at night; they were dedicated to the night luminary - the Moon. This amulet was worn only by women, since the Moon has always been a female planet, and women are much more sensitive to various manifestations of otherworldly forces than men, and especially to the influence of the Moon.
Lunars were made of silver (since this is the metal of the Moon) either round or horned (like a month) and included in a protective necklace. Necklace pendants are usually round, ornate, gold-tone metal, with rows of glass beads or beautiful natural stones running between the metal parts of the necklace. At a later time, they began to make pendants from coins (monista). Wealthy women wore necklaces made using the cloisonné technique. Often, amulets were placed on the chest, right next to the heart, or near the belt (protecting the solar plexus).

Men's amulets.
Men also wore amulets, but men's jewelry was simpler. Usually these are all kinds of brooches - clasps of cloaks, richly equipped with symbols of protection. Basically, solar signs were placed on brooches. Some body amulets were made in the form of plaques, which depicted an eight-pointed cross (a symbol of fertility), an ordinary cross (a symbol of the sun), diamonds (a sign of the earth), swastikas (the oldest solar sign), animals, birds and fish. Men also wore pendants with the symbol of a duck or one or two skates, which protected them away from home (the horse is a symbol of the god Perun, and was also a talisman for travelers), swords, knives, daggers - symbols of victory in battle. The claws and fangs of wild animals were considered an excellent amulet against all dangers.

Charm bracelets.
Both men and women wore amulets-bracelets. In Rus', they were made of glass, bone, various metals, twisted wire and decorated with solar signs or rhombuses - symbols of the Earth. The richer Slavs wore folded bracelets with complex ornamental rows depicting entire scenes.
Women fastened wide, long (to the ground) sleeves with such bracelets. They wore bracelets not only for convenience, but also because it was believed that the force of the sea penetrated through the wide flaps of the sleeves and caused illness. The bracelets “sealed” access to these evil dark forces.
They wore rings on their fingers. This was usually associated with a wedding ceremony. The sign of the cross (which has nothing to do with Christianity) or solar symbols were depicted on the rings.

According to the worldview of the Altaians, there are various kinds of dark forces: kara nemeler - evil spirits, kӧrmӧs, evil spirits, ӱzut, aldaachi, јetker, tarmachilar, etc. they can have a negative impact on humans, children, causing illness, death, damage, death livestock, negatively affect human activities.

To protect themselves, their loved ones, and their children from evil spirits, people endow objects with supernatural powers that can protect and resist everything dark. These are all kinds of amulets, talismans, amulets, as well as household items. – knives, axes, hunting equipment – ​​guns for example. Among the flora, these are mainly plants with thorns, thorns, and needles.

Plants - amulets are carried with them, applied or attached to protected objects and people - this can be a child’s cradle, a cattle pen, a person’s clothing, they fumigate homes, livestock, people with plants. Even today, in the most vulnerable places - near window and door openings - you can see hanging branches of thorny plants.

One such plant is juniper. Its branches with white ribbons are placed in the house. On the new moon, people make sure to cleanse their home. It is believed that the smoke of burning juniper has the ability to remove negative energy.

There are known cases when men went to war, or to serve the Motherland, they had juniper branches sewn into their breast pockets.

The thorny branches of the bush - Siberian barberry - kӧrmӧs kursak, sary tegenek, are used as a talisman, especially by the Seok tӧӧlӧs people. This is a shrub up to 1 meter tall with yellow flowers and red berries; it grows on rocks, rocky slopes, and placers. Tӧӧlӧsy use thorny barberry branches to drive out evil spirits.

The Altai people say that the Tabylgy plant - Alpine meadowsweet - has a special protective property. Currently, in some yurts of the Telekhits of the Kosh-Agach and Ulagan districts, on the men's side at the door, above the bed, there is a whip with a handle made of tabylga. People believe that evil spirits - kӧrmӧstӧr - will not approach when riding a horse at night.

Chalkandular - Chelkanians take with them a whip with a bird cherry handle - Yumurut, it is believed to prevent evil spirits from approaching a person.

Tozhyla - gooseberry - is also a needle-shaped plant, it is believed that this plant was created by Erlik - the king of the dead. This is a low plant, with 3-5 strong thorns. The berries are sweet, green-yellow, seedless. It grows on rocks, placers, and is considered food for snakes - Erlik’s assistants. The branches are hung at the openings of windows and doors.

Rosehip is also considered an obergem; garden varieties of these shrubs have now been bred, but people plant these plants at the gate so that the person entering this house will leave everything evil and enter the house with good intentions. (Play clip from film)

The Altai people have an ancient legend about the rose hips.

Once upon a time, an old man lived in Altai, he had a beautiful daughter. Grooms came to get married, but the old man was waiting for the richest, who could give a huge bride price for the bride. But his daughter fell in love with the shepherd; he was so poor that he could not even feed himself. The guy asked the old man for his hand in marriage, but he laughed in his face and drove the poor groom out of the house. Suddenly a rich groom arrived and the old man agreed to marry his daughter to him. He really wanted to get rid of the poor groom and get a rich bride price for his daughter. The girl decided to run away from the house at night, but her father caught up with her, hit her with a whip and took her home, but suddenly the girl turned into a beautiful pink flower, but even then the father wanted to pick it. He stretched out his hand to destroy the flower, but needles appeared and the father scratched his hand, but could not pick the flower. This is how the rose hip flower grows - pink, delicate and beautiful, but it is impossible to pick it. Amulets were also made from St. John's wort.

A sprig of St. John's wort is a wonderful amulet. Place it under the doormat. And leave it for a year. And after a year, put in a new one, thanking the old one for its service.

A branch of wormwood, like a branch of St. John's wort, can also be placed under the threshold as a talisman. Wormwood is also a wonderful body amulet. There is no need to sew it into clothes. Just put it in your pocket or in your shoes (under the insole).

From coltsfoot. A very strong plant, but only lasts until midnight, starting from the second it is picked. This is both a talisman for the home and a personal talisman. All these herbs can be picked at any time, but they acquire special power on the night of Kupala.

These are the amulets the Russian people have.

Now let's look at the amulets of the Altai people. Since ancient times, people have been dependent on nature. The life of an Altai person is inseparable from nature, animals and plants.

So the first Altai playwright, poet, writer wore an amulet made of rolled up dog hair on his ear, his name was Iit-Kulak. The children born before him were dying, so they decided to put such an earring on his ear and call him a bad name so that the “kӧrmӧs” would not steal the child’s soul. And indeed, maybe that’s why Iit-Kulak survived and brought great benefits to his people.

To prevent dark forces from approaching the child in the cradle, they hung a bear claw or a bear tooth (see slide).

The Altai people also attached great importance to such products - “kinsalgysh, bayry, kindӱush”. These amulets made by women's hands for their children can still be seen in every second home. The mother did not throw away the dried umbilical cord of her child; for each child in the house they prepared their own “kinsalgysh”. If it is a boy, then the figurine is made with the ends up, if it is a girl, the ends of the figurine are made down. The child’s navel was placed inside such a small bag, with the following good wishes being uttered:

Jolyҥ achyk bolzyn, balam

Ashtaba - suuzaba,

Jӱrumiҥ uzun bolzyn,

I'm sick, I'm sick,

Talay bolzo, kechul bolzyn.

In the same way, when pronouncing sentences, they placed several grains, symbolic kopecks, small branches of juniper - “archyn”. Then all this was sewn up, before the mother carried them with her, under her right hand on a chegedek, but now the Altai people hang them on the wall. Some families tie white ribbons - kyira - to these amulets so that the family bond between children is stronger. If a child died for some reason, they simply cut off the kinsalgysh, an empty rope dangled, no one from Altai Kizhi asks: “How many children do you have?” Children are not counted out loud, fearing that their souls will be stolen by the punishment of the nemeler - dark forces.

Also, the Altai people of each seok have a sacred animal that protects them from harm. Their claws, paws, teeth, tails, and scraps of fur can also be amulets.

From time immemorial, Altaians have been engaged in cattle breeding. Therefore, the death of livestock was and is one of the most terrible blows to the well-being of Altai Kizhi. They were afraid of everything, so when they stabbed an animal for the winter, the tail was left in the pen. He, too, was like a kind of amulet.

Altai writers write about this in their works, calling them differently - “bayry, kin, kinsalgysh, jaiyk, koruchyl.” We believe that these are amulets of the Altai people. Oddly enough, people still believe in the magical power of amulets to this day. Today you can find such amulets at home, in the car, people try to plant plants with thorns, thorns at the gate, dry herbs, hang them on door and window openings.

The conclusion from everything written is this:

The object of our research is that Altai and Russian amulets take place in the modern world; the historical meaning and etymology of the words have been revealed, research work has been carried out, and the results of the survey of people have been summed up. What do Altai and Russian amulets have in common?

1. Amulets are made independently and can be specific manufactured objects, but also amulets of animal and plant origin.

2. according to the ideas of the Altaians and Russians, door, window openings, and entrance gates must be carefully protected.

3. The original purpose of the amulets has been preserved to this day - the age of computer technology and digital technology.

Introduction

Rituals in Rus' have many covenants
And one of them is sewing amulets dolls.
According to legend, the talisman will protect the owners,

Taking on the burden of trials.

Elsa Popova

On August 7-10, 2015, an international meeting of Old Believers “The Path of Avvakum” was held in Buryatia, dedicated to the 250th anniversary of the arrival of the first Old Believers settlers in Buryatia.
The main goal of the festival is to fully facilitate the process of preserving and developing the unique culture of the Old Believers.

During the festival, the life of the Old Believers from the moment of their resettlement was presented, and there I saw dolls that my grandmothers, whose ancestry comes from the Old Believers, told me in detail.

My parents come from the Semey village of Sharaldai, Mukhorshibirsky district.

My great-grandmothers: Krasinskaya Afimya Markovna, Ovchinnikova Valentina Mofiyanovna, Noskova Ekaterina Ivanovna, Zakharova Nina Andriyanovna.

This is what we managed to learn from great-grandmother Nina, who now lives with us in Ulan-Ude, and from special literature. “Our grandmothers or mothers sewed dolls for us, and when we grew up, we sewed them ourselves. We made dolls from different fabrics that we could get. Of course, we sewed from scraps. The doll was made like this: they took a piece of fabric and rolled it into a tube so that it was of medium thickness, and two similar rolls for the handles. The fabric was white or light so that a face could be drawn on it. Then the head was separated from the body with a thread, that is, the third or fourth part of the body was bandaged, and the arms were sewn on at the supposed level of the shoulders. Then they sewed a shirt - “cut-out”, that is, they cut out a shirt from the fabric and sewed it along the sleeves and sides on the right (front) side. Then they sewed a sundress - “cut-out”, and sewed it on the sides. The most important thing was the scarf because it was fashionable. It was cut out into a triangle. Then they sewed a cufflink, that is, an apron. He was also very fashionable. The finished items were put on the doll. After the doll was sewn, its face was painted or embroidered (eyes, mouth, nose, eyebrows). When she was ready, they gave her a name and started playing.”

In our age, dolls are most often children's toys. But it was not always so. In ancient times, Old Believers took them quite seriously.
The dolls were the main amulets, each of them fulfilling its “responsibilities.”
I decided to investigate this issue.

Target:
explore the dolls of the Old Believers, their significance for ritual and play culture.

Tasks:
- study the features of Old Believers dolls.
- study the types of amulets dolls, techniques for making them
- explore the meaning and significance of the amulet doll in the modern life of Old Believers.

Object of study: traditions of the Old Believers.

Subject of research: amulet doll

Relevance:
- In the age of modern technology, many folk traditions have been lost. The true purpose of the dolls has also been lost. Recently, people have become puzzled by the question of reviving the traditions of making folk dolls.
- Like other peoples, Old Believers attach a certain meaning to a rag doll - it is a talisman, a ritual attribute.
Hypothesis: A rag doll was a traditional toy in the life of the Old Believers and carried a certain symbolic meaning.
Duration of the study: June - October 2015

Section No. 1 “Varieties of dolls in the everyday life of Old Believers”

The word "doll" is borrowed from the Greek: koukla - "doll".
Dictionary S.I. Ozhegova
A doll is an object in the shape of a person or animal made from porcelain, plastic, paper, wood and other materials.

Purpose: gaming, ritual, dolls - amulets.

Play dolls were made for children to play with. The first play dolls were made from logs wrapped in a piece of fabric.

Ritual dolls - ritual meaning. Ritual dolls were made for a special occasion (birth of a child, wedding, etc.). They didn't play with dolls like that.

The doll - a talisman - has carried its protective meaning through the centuries to the present day. Our ancestors also considered them a necessary thing in every home and created special dolls for each situation. Their protective properties have survived to this day.

Section No. 2 “Doll - amulet. Peculiarities of the design in the costume of the amulet doll among the Old Believers.”

Slavic dolls-amulets were not only used to decorate the interior or to play with in childhood, they have always been very powerful helpers in everyday life, in the social and personal life of our ancestors. Dolls were made on the occasion of folk holidays, for example, for Maslenitsa or Midsummer Day, as gifts or ritual symbols for celebrating family events, such as a wedding or the birth of a child, and were also simply made as companions and guardians of peace, health, prosperity, love.

In ancient times, dolls had a different purpose: they were protection for people from diseases, misfortunes, and evil spirits.
The doll took care of a person, and that’s what they called it: amulet or bereginya.
As a rule, the most protective were dolls made without needles and scissors.
When making dolls, they tried not to cut the fabric, but to tear it (sometimes the dolls were called “torn”).

Features of the design in the costume of the amulet doll among the Old Believers.

Embroidery was a mandatory element of the doll's clothing: various ornaments were used. The purpose of all ornaments is to decorate the costume and protect against evil forces, since embroidery was placed along the edges of the sleeves and collar (it was from here that the spirits of evil could penetrate the body).

In order to protect a person, the embroidery contained all kinds of sacred images and magical symbols.

Fire is purifying Water is life-giving force Sun is the source of life

fire power

Section #3: Testing in the Classroom

After collecting information, I became interested in knowing what my classmates knew about the amulet doll that the Old Believers had. A questionnaire was proposed.

Survey results:
took part - 32 students

What names of rag dolls do you know?

If you have ritual dolls and amulets dolls at home?

Do you know how to make a doll-amulet with your own hands?

Do you want to learn how to make dolls yourself?

Do you know the peculiarities in the costume of Semeyskie dolls?

1.My peers do not know any information about antique rag dolls.

2. At home, 9 people have a doll - a talisman - a brownie (purchased or gifted from

store)

3. We didn’t make rag dolls with our own hands.

4. All the students in the class agreed to try to make a rag doll with their own hands -

5. Two students named the features in the family doll costume.

From the summed up results, it was prompted to action to find a technology for making a talisman doll.

At a labor lesson with classmates, we became acquainted with amulet dolls, found out their name and purpose, and decided to make such dolls with our own hands.
The folk Slavic rag doll - kuvadka - is the first doll to greet a newly born baby. When the child grew up, the sledgehammer turned from a talisman into a toy.
Section No. 4: “Technology for making a talisman doll”

TEN HANDLE Conclusion:

It is typical that family children never had many toys. The toys were extremely simple, and sometimes even inexpressive. Most of them were homemade. The child himself filled the toy with one or another spiritual content with the power of his imagination and fantasy. The toys were always appropriate for the child's age. They educated, trained and developed. Children, through playing with dolls, copied and reproduced in their play the basic customs, rites and rituals that they observed in life.
- The amulet doll was made not for games, but to protect people. She was a guardian and protector of people from various dangers. The peculiarity of the amulet doll is that it had no face.
- A rag doll was indeed a fairly common toy among the Semey family. Villages and hamlets had their own family traditions of making dolls.
The doll differed in costume, method of making the body, and could reflect the social and age-gender status of the toy. If a triangular scarf was put on a doll, then it was called a “girl.” If a kichka was put on the doll’s head, it was called “young woman.”
- The hypothesis of the work was confirmed: a rag doll was a traditional toy in the life of the Old Believers and carried a certain symbolic meaning. Conclusion:

Literature:

1. 1. Archive of the Laboratory of Ethnography and Folklore of the VSGAKI. Folders EK 1994, G 010; EK 1994, L 012; EF 1995, 005 M; EK 1995, P 009.

2. Efimova A.V. Working with soft toys in primary school: From work experience. - M.: Education, 1978.

3. Internet resources:

Folk doll: [Electronic resource] //vedjena.gallery.ru.

Russian ritual dolls: [Electronic resource] //club.osinka.ru.

Manual Work: Electronic resource]: ///handmade.idvz.ru.

Research work of 4th grade students “Dolls from grandma’s

chest."

"Dolls from Grandma's Chest"

Content:

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………3

CHAPTER 1.

1.1 What does the word “doll” mean?.................................................. ................................4

1.2 History of the origin of the folk doll……………………………..4

CHAPTER 2.

2.1 Types of dolls…………………………………………………………………………………6

CHAPTER 3.

3.1 Rag dolls in our time………………………………………….9

CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………….11

REFERENCES….……………………………………………...12

APPENDIX No. 1………………………………………………………..13

APPENDIX No. 2………………………………………………………..15

APPENDIX No. 3…………………………………………………………

INTRODUCTION:

Interest in folk crafts in the modern world is growing. And this happens because once upon a time a gap, an emptiness, formed in people’s souls. And now there is a great need to fill it. Our today's desire to know what a folk toy was, how it was played and what it meant, lies not only educational interest, but also a natural desire to know and remember the past of our people.

The Russian doll is considered one of the most mysterious symbols of Russia. This is not just a children's toy, it is an integral attribute of ancient rituals. Since time immemorial, craftsmen have mastered the art of making such dolls, which have absorbed all the cultural traditions and customs of Rus'.

It was believed that dolls made by hand from scrap materials had magical properties. Our ancestors believed that dolls were able to ward off evil spirits and bring happiness to the house. This is probably why these dolls were often worn as talismans.

My main goal is trace the history of the origin and purpose of rag dolls, awaken children's interest in Russian culture and traditional folk dolls.

Tasks of this work are:

studying the history of the emergence of folk dolls;

study of types of dolls;

How often can you find such a doll in the homes of modern people;

Relevance my job is that:

firstly, the doll is a reflection of the life of the Russian people.

Secondly, the rag doll appeared a very long time ago. She accompanied a person throughout his life, performing various functions: ritual, cult, educational, entertaining. And today, interest in the doll has not faded away, but whether the doll’s original purpose has been preserved or not, we will have to find out in the course of our research.

TO methods, which I used in my research include the following:

analysis of publications and Internet materials on this topic; analysis of collected doll illustrations;

analysis of ideas about the folk doll among students at my school based on a questionnaire, and among older people using questions.

Conducting my research, I would like to find out whether my peers know about such dolls, and to establish what benefits a doll can bring to children and adults.

CHAPTER 1.

1.1WHAT DOES THE WORD "DOLL" MEAN?

When starting my work, I first asked myself the question: what is a doll? I started looking up the definition of the word “doll” in the dictionary.

In Ozhegov's dictionary several meanings of this word:

Doll-1. children's toy in the form of a human figurine. 2. in a theatrical performance: a human or animal figure made from different materials and controlled by an actor (puppeteer). 3. a figure that reproduces a person in full growth.

In Dahl's dictionary:

Doll- a toy made from rags, leather, broken paper, wood, etc. in the likeness of a person, and sometimes an animal.

1.2HISTORY OF THE FOLK DOLL

To begin with, I decided to look deep into history and find out where the doll came from in Rus'?

Since ancient times, a rag doll has been a traditional toy of the Russian people. Playing with dolls was encouraged by adults because... By playing in them, the child learned how to run a household and acquired the image of a family.

The doll accompanied a person from birth to death and was an indispensable attribute of any holidays. The folk rag doll was not just a toy, it carried certain functions.

Most dolls in Rus' were amulets. They are made from natural materials that are brought from the forest: wood, vine, grass, straw. And this is no coincidence, because the forest is the habitat of the Russian people. Dolls made from birch wood are a talisman of family happiness. Aspen has always been considered dangerous for evil spirits, so dolls made on the basis of aspen wood are amulets for the home, driving away evil spirits from the home.

A very significant part of the dolls were ritual dolls. Of course, ritual dolls cannot be considered children's toys. After all, a traditional rag doll is faceless. The face, as a rule, was not marked and remained white. In the villages they explained this simply by the inability to paint a face beautifully, and there were no such paints. But the meaning is much deeper. A doll without a face was considered an inanimate object, inaccessible to the instillation of evil, unkind forces into it, and therefore harmless to the child. She was supposed to bring him prosperity, health, joy. This is a miracle: from several rags, without arms, without legs, without a designated face, the character of the doll was conveyed. The doll had many faces, she could laugh and cry.

Our ancestors lived quite cheerfully, their life was accompanied by rituals and holidays, and in them one of the leading roles was always assigned play doll.

In puppet games, children involuntarily learned to sew, embroider, spin, and learned the traditional art of dressing.

The need for communication was clearly expressed in the toy. It was one of those centuries-tested means with the help of which the older generation could convey, and the younger generation could accept, preserve and pass on an important part of their accumulated life experience.

Dolls were not just girls' fun. All the children played until they were 7-8 years old, while they wore shirts. But only boys began to wear pants, and girls began to wear skirts; their playing roles and the games themselves were strictly separated.

While the children were small, their mothers, grandmothers, and older sisters sewed dolls for them. From the age of five, any girl could do such a nursery rhyme.

A cloth doll is the simplest image of a female figure. A piece of cloth rolled into a “rolling pin”, a face carefully covered with a white linen rag, breasts made of smooth, tightly stuffed balls, a hair braid with a ribbon woven into it, and an outfit of colorful rags. As they got older, the girls sewed more intricate dolls, and sometimes they turned to a craftswoman, a woman, who made these dolls extremely well, and she made them to order.

The face was embroidered or drawn in with a pencil, and in earlier dolls, with charcoal. They had to attach a braid and weave a ribbon into it if they were sewing a girl, and if they were sewing a woman, then they really took apart the hairstyle. They dressed up beautifully, tying an apron and a belt over the shirt.

The child's skills were assessed by adults. The doll was considered as a standard of handicraft; teenage girls often took a cart with dolls to get-togethers along with a spinning wheel. They were used to judge the skill and taste of their owner. In puppet games, children involuntarily learned to sew, embroider, spin, and learned the traditional art of dressing.

Toys were never left on the street or scattered around the hut, but were kept in baskets, boxes, and locked in chests. They took them to the harvest and to gatherings. Dolls were allowed to be taken as guests; they were included in the dowry. They allowed the “young woman” who came to the groom’s house after the wedding to play, because people were married at the age of 14. She hid them in the attic and secretly played with them. The eldest in the house was the father-in-law, and he strictly ordered the women not to laugh at the young woman. Then these dolls were passed on to the children.

Almost all village holiday rituals were played out in puppet games. Most often, weddings are a particularly impressive, solemn and beautiful Russian folk ceremony. In many Russian fairy tales, magical assistant dolls are found and help the heroes.

There were different dolls in Rus', but each had its own purpose.

CHAPTER 2

2.1 TYPES OF DOLLS

According to their purpose, dolls are divided into three large groups: amulets, play and ritual dolls.

Dolls - amulets

A talisman is an amulet or a magic spell that saves a person from various dangers, as well as an object on which the spell is cast and which is worn on the body as a talisman.

One of the most ancient protective dolls of our ancestors is the Eye of God, or God's Eye.

The cruciform composition expresses the idea of ​​spreading the forces of good or protective forces to all four cardinal directions.

It used to be believed that if there is a Kuvatka, then she drives away the evil force.

They made a doll as a birthday gift Angel.

Bereginya- This is a symbol of the feminine principle.

There were also amulets for every time of day. Day and night- two little angels: one is made of dark fabric, the other is made of light.

Another "shifter" was called Girl-woman.

Exactly a year was given to the amulet, which was called " 12 fevers".

The bell is a doll of good news.

The birthplace of this doll is Valdai. The ringing of the bell protected people from the plague and other terrible diseases.

Girlfriend - doll Desire - Every girl in the village had one.

On the feast of St. Paraskeva, women worked together to make a large doll. Paraskeva Fridays.

Fatty-Kostromushka(amulet against loneliness)

Play dolls

Play dolls were intended for children's amusement. They were divided into stitched and rolled. Rolled up dolls were made without needles and threads. A thick layer of cloth was wrapped around a wooden stick and then tied with a rope. Then they tied a head with handles to this stick and dressed it in elegant clothes.

Researchers believe that the earliest among the traditional folded play dolls of Russia was the doll "log''

Bunny on your finger They did it to children from the age of three so that they would have a friend, an interlocutor. The bunny fits on your finger and is always next to you.

Rolled up play dolls include dolls - spins, which were made very simply.

The simplest rolled up doll is considered to be a doll Lady, which existed in the Efremov district of the Tula province.

Doll for grabs"was a sewn play doll. It was sewn by girls under 12 years old and was an exam in sewing and needlework.

Ritual dolls

The Russian land is rich in rituals. Ritual dolls were revered and placed in the hut, in the red corner. They had a ritual purpose.

1. Vepskaya doll (cabbage, jerky) is a ritual doll symbolizing fertility and prosperity.

2 . Ritual multi-armed doll Ten-handle.

3 . And in order for the house to be nourishing and rich, the mistress of the house made a doll grain, or krupenichka.

4 . Ritual doll Pokosnitsa depicted a woman during haymaking.

5. Doll Kupavka- This is a ritual doll of one day. "Kupavka" symbolized the beginning of bathing.

6. Kolyada- Slavic holiday of the winter solstice and, apparently, the deity of the same name.

7. Ritual doll Maslenitsa They were made from straw or bast, but they always used wood - a thin birch trunk.

8. Vesnyanka (Avdotya-vesnovka)

Stonefly dolls, in the form of two anthropomorphic figures tied with a ribbon, complement the symbolism of this holiday.

Previously, these dolls were an invariable attribute of the ritual of “invoking” spring, in which young people and children mainly participated.

10. Doll Moskovka.

11. In some provinces there was a doll Goat.

It is based on a wooden cross, and the muzzle, horns, and beard are made of bast and straw. 12. Ash doll given to newlyweds at a wedding.

13. Lovebirds. Husband and wife are two halves of one whole, they should be inseparable. This is exactly why this doll was given as a gift.

14. Doll "World Tree" It is made without stitching with a needle, “so that happiness is not sewn up.”

15. Some ritual dolls were medicinal.

This Kozma and Demyan. They were made from medicinal herbs: yarrow, chamomile and other herbs.

Herbal egg capsule

This doll is filled with fragrant medicinal herbs. You need to crush the doll in your hands, move it, and the herbal spirit will spread throughout the room, which will drive away the spirits of illness. After 2 years, the grass in the pupa must be changed. This is exactly what our ancestors did.

Since ancient times, a traditional toy in the life of the Russian village, even in the poorest peasant families, has been a rag doll. In other houses, up to a hundred of them accumulated. Also, each family had amulets and ritual dolls.

CHAPTER 3

3.1 RAGG DOLL IN OUR TIMES

1. Results of a survey conducted among my peers.

One of the methods of collecting information during the study was a survey of my peers. Processing and analysis of the data obtained allowed me to draw some conclusions about the place of a rag doll in the life of a modern person.

For the survey we took 7 questions. A total of 25 people took part in the survey.

(See Appendix No. 1)

The following conclusions can be drawn from the survey:

Most children know about folk rag dolls, but not everyone has such a doll at home.

If children have such a doll at home, then in most cases it is just a toy.

Not all children like a rag doll; some of them think that there is nothing special about such a doll.

I like a rag doll because it is soft, homemade, beautiful, funny, interesting and you can play with it.

To the question “What benefits does a doll bring?”, the children answered that the doll protects the child, guards and protects from evil spirits, develops young children: teaches them to decorate, sew, and take care of toys. Grain dolls develop a child's fine motor skills.

Survey of older people.

During my research, I asked myself the question: “What kind of dolls did our grandmothers have?”

I interviewed 15 people aged 65-80 years. (See Appendix No. 2)

In most cases, I interviewed old grandmothers and they answered me that their older sisters and mothers made toys for them. When they grew up, they started making dolls themselves. Grandmothers of 70-80 years old told me that they had dolls made from straw and using a log. Grandmothers of 65 years old answered that their mothers made toys for them. They told us what craftswomen they were and what beautiful dolls they made. Only 15% of grandmothers had doll amulets at home.

I would like to note that even our grandmothers and great-grandmothers already had more gaming dolls than amulet dolls.

Now, in our time, people are returning to amulets again, buying modern amulets. They believe that these amulets will protect and protect the family and home. Some mothers whose little children sleep poorly, cry a lot, make dolls for their children - insomniacs. For weddings, the newlyweds are given homemade lovebirds.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, I asked myself the questions: “How was this work useful for me?”, “What did it teach me?”

Firstly, since I am a creative person, I learned a lot of new, interesting and useful things. After all, this topic interested me for a long time; I often asked myself questions to which I received answers as a result of working on this topic. It was difficult for me, but I tried to find and highlight the main thing in the vast world of information. I think if I didn’t succeed, it’s not a big deal, because I’m just learning.

What did this job give me? I learned to compare and analyze. I would like to note that I have gained extensive experience in research activities.

I learned that a doll is a sign of a person, his play image-symbol. Dolls are not only toys, but also close friends. In games with dolls, children learn to communicate, fantasize, create, show mercy, and train their memory. But the main thing in these games is emotional contact with the doll. Children don't just get used to dolls - they become attached to them as if they were living beings and are painfully separated from them.

As a result, in the course of my work the following was achieved:

has been studied history of traditional Russian folk doll and its types

implementation technology has been mastered;

samples were made;

a master class was held;

Practical application of my work can be found in labor lessons in elementary grades, in extracurricular activities at school; talk about rag dolls in preschool institutions. I could also introduce adults who are interested in rag dolls.

I want to continue making dolls and learn more about them. I want to conduct a creative lesson in elementary school dedicated to rag dolls and teach the children how to make some of them.

I believe that there are different types of dolls in the world: made of wood and cloth, made of clay and straw, made of rubber and plastic. They have different names. And dolls from our past will always be relevant.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Dine, G.L. Russian rag doll. Culture, traditions, technology [Text] / G.L. Dine, M.N. Dain.- M.: Culture and Traditions, 2007.

E.V. Bersteneva, N.V. Dogaeva, “Doll Chest”, White City, 2010

N.V.Shaidurova, “Traditional rag doll”, Detstvo-press, 2011

Zimina, Z.I. Textile ritual dolls [Text] / Z.I. Zimina.

Encyclopedia of children's folklore “Ladushki”, White City, 2008.

Kotova, I.N. Russian rituals and traditions. Folk doll [Text] / I.N. Kotova, A.S. Kotova. - St. Petersburg, Paritet, 2003.

Folk doll: [Electronic resource] //vedjena.gallery.ru.

Russian ritual dolls : [Electronic resource] //club.osinka.ru.

Handmade: Electronic resource]:///handmade.idvz.ru.

APPENDIX No. 1

Results of a survey conducted among my peers

Table No. 1

Table No. 2

Table No. 3

If so, what is it?

Table No. 4

Do you like this doll?

Table No. 5

Why do you like her?

Table No. 6

What benefits do you think the doll brings?

Table No. 7

What dolls do you like and what do you have at home?

Questionnaire

Do you know folk rag dolls?

Answers of the respondents: a) Yes – 76% of children b) No – 24%

Do you have such a doll at home?

Answers: a) Yes – 15 out of 25 children answered this way (60%)

b) No – 10 people (40%)

If so, what is it?

Answers: a) Amulet – 5 people (20%)

b) Just a toy – 15 people (60%)

c) other – 5 people (20%)

Do you like this doll?

Answers: a) Yes – 20 people (80%) b) No – 0%

c) Nothing special – 5 people (20%)

Why do you like her?

Answers: a) Soft homemade – 5 people (20%)

b) Beautiful – 9 people (36%)

C) You can play with it – 5 people (20%)

D) Funny and interesting – 3 people (12%)

D) No answer – 3 people (12%)

What benefits do you think the doll brings?

Answers: a) Protects the child – 4 people (16%)

b) Guards and protects the house – 6 people (24%)

c) protects people from evil spirits – 6 people (24%)

d) She develops small children – 3 people (12%)

e) Don’t know – 6 people (24%)

What dolls do you like and what do you have at home?

Answers: a) Charms: brownie, willow – 5 people (20%)

b) Baby Bon, Brats dolls, Winx dolls – 13 people (52%)

c) No dolls – 7 people (28%)

So, we see that the rag doll has not lost its significance in the modern world.

APPENDIX No. 2

Survey of people aged 65-80 years

Table No. 1

Do you know rag dolls?

Table No. 2

Did you have such a doll at home?

Table No. 3

It was a doll -

Table No. 4

What was it made of?

Who made this toy for you?

Table No. 5

APPENDIX No. 3.

1. Amulet dolls

God's eye

The “Eye of God” is placed above the entrance door to the house, room, above the child’s bed, in a place that is clearly visible to the person entering. The bright and unexpected image of the amulet attracts the attention of the person entering, who forgets about the bad intentions towards the owners of the house.

Kuvatka

Z and two weeks before the birth of the child, the expectant mother placed such a doll - a talisman - in the cradle. When the parents went to the field to work and the child was left alone in the house, he looked at these little dolls and played calmly.

Angel

E
This is a simple, but very cute doll - a talisman that was used in many provinces of Russia. It was made using ancient traditional technology, with only scraps of light fabric, scissors and thread on hand. This doll is made from four squares of fabric. The largest square is used to make the head and body, two identical smaller ones are used for the wings and a very small one is used for the halo.

Day and night

They are connected by a two-color thread and are inseparable; During the day, one was placed in front, and at night, the other.

D Evka-baba

It was used for a game during which a peasant girl learned how the traditional clothing of a girl and a married woman differed.

TO
fever spikes

It was made in the form of 12 figurines suspended on a red thread above the stove to scare away the disease-bringing demons-shakers, whose names were Decrepit, Stupid, Glyadeya, Lenea, Nemea, Ledeya, Shaking, Dreaming, Ogney, Veterya, Zhelteya and Aveya. On January 15 of each year, the amulet was replaced with a new one.

TO
ukla Bell

This doll is cheerful, playful, and brings joy and fun to the house. This is a talisman of good mood. By giving a Bell, a person wishes his friend to receive only good news and maintains a joyful and cheerful mood in him.

Doll Insomnia

TO When, for no apparent reason, the baby began to cry, the mother, in order to calm him down and protect him from evil spirits, quickly rolled up a talisman doll from 2 pieces of fabric and put it in the cradle, saying:

Sleepiness-insomnia,

Don't play with my baby

Play with this doll.

Such a doll remained in the house forever

AND elannitsa

Every girl in the village had one. It shouldn't have been shown to anyone. You used to make a wish, sew a bead on a doll’s dress as a gift, for example, and hold a mirror to her face: “Look how beautiful you are. And for the gift, make my wish come true.” And then you hide your girlfriend in a secluded place for the time being... You may not believe it, but everything you asked was fulfilled.

TO Paraskeva ukla

Became the patroness of weaving,

spinning and other housework.

Fatty-Kostromushka

This doll is a talisman against loneliness. In a house where they really expect and desire a child, there was this doll. They placed it in a prominent place in the bedroom. As soon as the child appeared, the doll was told: “The children have appeared, go play.”

2. Play dolls

TO ukla - “log”

It was the simplest image of a female figure. The body is a piece of cloth rolled into a “rolling pin”, the face is carefully covered with a linen rag. Coil or hair braid. Breast made of cotton balls. As a rule, the costume was not removed from the doll.

Bunny on your finger

Z The aychik fits on your finger and is always next to you. Parents used to give this toy to their children when they left home, and if you get bored or scared, you can turn to him as a friend, talk to him, complain, or just play. This is both a friend and a talisman. Children are very responsive and see a kindred spirit in their favorite toy, open up and talk as if they were with a living person.

TO
twist angles

AND
were prepared very simply. The body is a piece of fabric twisted around its axis and fastened with thread.

Lady doll

It was made for young children. First, they made the body, covered it with white cloth and bandaged it in three places, then they took a long flap, covered part of the body with it, bandaged it, separating the head. The remaining fabric on the sides was cut into three parts and braids were made - these were the hands. They put a skirt and apron on the doll, and tied a scarf on her head.

Doll for grabs"

ABOUT was sewn by girls up to 12 years old and was tested in sewing and needlework. Then the girls helped prepare the dowry for their older sisters, getting acquainted with traditional types of clothing, and simultaneously choosing something for their dowry. Each girl wanted to quickly make a doll on which she could show her knowledge of the costume.

3. Ritual dolls

IN Epsk doll (cabbage, jerky)

They carried out ritual checks on the guys with this doll: they watched how the guy takes this doll, what he pays attention to, how he examines it. By the guy's handling of this doll, the older women looked at his readiness for marriage. The doll is made from linen and cotton fabrics. They spin the doll without letting go of their hands until the last knot. When making this doll in the old days, they did not use a needle or scissors, but manually tore the fabric into shreds of the required size.

Multi-armed doll Ten-handed.

E They were made from bast or straw on October 14, on Intercession, when they sat down to do needlework. In production, red threads are used, which is a protective color. 9 red strings-bows are necessarily tied in a circle to the bottom of the sundress. The doll was intended to help girls preparing their dowries and women in various activities, such as weaving, sewing, embroidery, knitting, etc. Traditionally, after production, it was burned almost immediately. The “Ten-Handed” doll is given as a wedding gift so that the woman can manage everything, so that everything goes well for her.

grain, or krupenichka.

It was done after the harvest. The doll is based on a bag of grains collected from the field. They stuffed it with different grains. The woman also made this doll so that she could have children.

Pokosnitsa

Depicted a woman during haymaking.

TO packing

She was floated on the water, and the ribbons tied to her hands took with them human illnesses and hardships - such importance was attached to the cleansing power of water. This doll celebrates the holidays of Agrafena the Bathing Lady and Ivan Kupala.

TO oljada

The celebration of Kolyada, with its joy and optimism, expressed the faith of ancient Russian pagans in the inevitability of the victory of good principles over the forces of evil. To help Kolyada defeat and drive away evil spirits, those celebrating his day burned bonfires, sang and danced around them.

Home Maslenitsa

TO The ukla was decorated with ribbons and artificial flowers. Utensils used in making pancakes were placed on her hands, and ribbons were hung, by tying which people made wishes. For these wishes to come true, these ribbons had to burn along with the doll.

IN esnyanka (Avdotya-vesnovka)

On the day of the vernal equinox we celebrated spring. This is another turning point in the folk calendar. The bird is a symbol of this holiday. Singing birds - whistles, which children whistle, call out to Spring - Krasna. Stonefly dolls, in the form of two anthropomorphic figures tied with a ribbon, complement the symbolism of this holiday.

M artinichki

These dolls were an invariable attribute of the ritual of “invoking” spring, in which young people and children mainly participated. The dolls were knitted in pairs: from white threads - a symbol of the passing winter, from red threads - a symbol of spring and the hot sun.

Doll Rowan

ABOUT connected to the rowan tree. The name day of the rowan tree was celebrated four times a year. In the fall, on the fourth name day, when the fruits ripened, they made this doll. As a sign of veneration, they made a large festive doll, Rowan, as a talisman.

TO Moskovka street.

Another name for the doll is “Seventh Me” (family). The doll has six children tied to a belt or fastened with a belt. This doll is a symbol of maternal care and love. Just as a mother loves and cares for her children, so a mother loves her children, no matter how many there are.

TO ukla Goat.

The “Goat” doll was a symbol of vitality and it was supposed to bring this strength to the owner of the hut and his land, his field, so that bread would be born better.

Ash doll

This is an ancient symbol of procreation, a mediator between those living on earth and the kingdom of the dead.

N
homewreckers.

Husband and wife are two halves of one whole, they should be inseparable. In the Russian wedding tradition, at the head of the wedding train, carrying the young couple to the groom's house after the wedding in the church, a pair of dolls was suspended under the arc of the harness: a Daughter-in-law doll and a Groom doll.

World tree life,

TO The “World Tree” pattern is made without stitching with a needle, “so that happiness is not sewn up.” The friends kept a vigilant eye on each other so that the ritual figures did not turn away from each other. After the wedding, the World Tree took pride of place in the hut next to other dolls kept in the family.

TO Ozma and Demyan.

They were made from medicinal herbs: yarrow, chamomile and other herbs. They brought goodness and health to the house.

TO Ubyshka-herbalist

The Pot-Herbalist makes sure that the disease does not enter the house. Warmth emanates from her, like from a caring housewife. She is both a protector from the evil spirits of illness and a kind comforter. It was hung in the house above the baby's cradle. The doll was given to children to play with. It was also placed near the patient’s bed.

In her work, Yana explores the history of the emergence of amulets dolls and describes the technology for their manufacture.

Municipal autonomous educational institution.

Research work on the topic:

Rag dolls are amulets.

Completed by a student of class 2B

primary school teacher

I really love dolls, I love playing with them. And I think that not only children, but also adults have their favorite toy, which they keep all their lives.

And I started thinking - why does a doll play such an important role in the life of a child and then an adult, what is good about a doll, what is its significance?

During the lesson on the world around me, I met one of their ritual dolls – Zernushka. My mother and I made it with our own hands. And I wanted to know if there were other types of ritual dolls and dolls - amulets made from fabric and other improvised materials.

To do this, I decided to conduct research. And this is what I got.

1. Find out what types of rag dolls exist.
2. Find out why rag dolls are still interesting to both children and adults.
3. Learn how to make rag dolls yourself.

1. Learn about the history of the toy.
2. Identify the types of rag dolls.
3. Learn how to make rag dolls.
4. Find common and distinctive features of manufacturing.
5. Make your own rag dolls of several types.

1.Acquaintance with rag dolls will allow me to get acquainted with some aspects of the culture of the Russian people.

2. Making rag dolls will help me learn some crafting and crafting techniques.

1. Find your own information about the types of rag dolls (from the Internet, literature)

2. Compare methods for making different types of rag dolls.

3. Ask my mother and grandmother for the information I need.

4. Ask your mother to teach you ways and techniques for making rag dolls.

From the history of toys.

The doll is the first among toys. Its history has been known since ancient times. Initially, the doll served as a totem, a ritual symbol, and later turned into a children's toy. Nowadays there are a huge variety of dolls. But handmade dolls are especially popular. Very often, your favorite toy is the one you made with your own hands, because your imagination and soul are invested in it.

Since ancient times, dolls have been attributed magical properties. People believed that they could protect against evil forces, take on a person’s illnesses and misfortunes, bring him happiness, and help him have a good harvest. But for a toy to play a protective role, it had to be made “correctly.” The craftswomen never used anything piercing or cutting when working. Both the scraps of fabric and the threads were not cut, but torn by hand and then tied together. The knots served as another amulet that stood in the way of evil forces. In addition, dolls were never painted with a face, since our ancestors believed that along with the face, the toy also received a soul, which means it became vulnerable to the evil eye.

Rag amulets accompanied a person at all stages of his life. And at the time of birth, and at the wedding celebration, and at the funeral, they were indispensable companions of people. Blessing her daughter for marriage, the mother gave her a doll made with her own hands. And in the center of the wedding cake they always placed a birch spear, decorated with figures of the bride and groom. The birch symbolized the tree of life, the branches of which are the basis for a young family. And the husband and wife seem to become the center of a small world where love and understanding reign.

Even before the child was born, the mother prepared a toy for him, which was placed in the cradle so that it would protect it from evil forces. The child grew up with her, learned to walk, and spoke his first words. When he couldn’t sleep for a long time, his mother put a folded-up Insomnia doll in his crib—a bereginya, a talisman for the baby. If a woman lost a child, she also made a doll and looked after it like a son or daughter. It was believed that this would help the soul of the deceased settle down in the afterlife, and the mother to come to terms with grief.

Dolls were passed down in families from generation to generation. Each girl received her first one from her mother or grandmother, kept it, took care of it, and sewed outfits for her. At all times, a child comprehended the world through play, trying on different roles, learning the model of behavior adopted by adults.

The toy has always been an element of folk life. A house without toys was considered unspiritual. There is such a sign: when children play a lot and diligently, there will be profit in the family, if they handle toys carelessly, there will be trouble in the house.

They believed that toys protected children's sleep (according to ancient custom, children are still put to bed with their favorite toy).

Girls were especially encouraged to play with dolls, since the doll was also considered a symbol of procreation.

They believed that toys brought a good harvest, especially if adult girls played with them. Toys create an atmosphere in the house with the surrounding world. A child without a toy grows up empty and cruel, unable to. kindness and love, give skills for life and form the ability to communicate with people, and it is very important to make toys with your own hands, putting diligence and soul into them.

Types of rag dolls.

After analyzing the information, I came to the conclusion that there are 3 main types of rag dolls (amulet dolls made of fabric):

1. “Grain” doll, “Rich Man” doll, “Plantain” doll, “Vesnyanka” doll - inside these amulets dolls there is grain or ash;
2. Doll “Stolbushka”, doll “Comforter” - inside these amulets dolls there is birch bark;
3. “Northern Coast” doll, “Day-Night” doll - inside these amulets dolls there is a rag.

Most amulets dolls are made of fabric, without the use of piercing or cutting objects (needles and scissors). Both scraps of fabric and threads are not cut, but torn by hand and then tied. In addition, dolls are never given a face, since our ancestors believed that along with the face, the toy also receives a soul, which means it becomes vulnerable to the evil eye.

Various materials can serve as filler for amulets dolls:

1. ash is a symbol of the hearth;
2. grain is a symbol of future harvest and wealth;
3. birch bark - birch bark - a symbol of life;
4. rags - remnants of old fabrics - a symbol of continuity of generations.

Amulet dolls are always decorated with embroidery, woven belts, and braid, which symbolize the connection with nature and ancestors.

Together with my mother, I made several dolls-amulets of different types:

1. Doll “Zernushka”
2. Doll "Plantain"
3. Doll "Vesnyanka"
4. Doll “Northern Bereginya”
5. Doll "Day-Night"

Doll “Zernushka” (“Krupenichka”)

The doll was made from burlap. A small bag was filled with grain, while the women always sang a song or read a prayer. A head without a face was attached to the body-bag, tied with a scarf and a braid-belt (with a magical ornament: water, earth, grain, sun).

The “Zernushka” doll helps a person to believe in a successful year, and faith helps a person to create everything necessary for a miracle life.

Initially, “Krupenichka” stored highly valuable and rare seeds of the future harvest - buckwheat seeds. Buckwheat is a rather capricious crop, but very valuable, so there was a special attitude towards it. By the end of the 19th century, millet, peas, and wheat began to be used for filling. “Zernovushki” and “Goroshinki” appeared.

The basis for making a rag doll could be ordinary rags, or it could be grain (then it was called “Zernushka”), or ash taken from the so-called ancestral ash pit. This doll is an antique mound toy.

Doll “Podorozhnitsa” (Doll “On the Road”)

The doll is very small, 3-5 cm, and should easily fit in the palm of your hand or pocket. It is done using a sewless method. This doll is a talisman for a traveler on the road; the doll’s bundle contains cereals.

Another version of the doll is the Doll “For a Man on the Road”:

This doll was played by the housewife to her husband on the road when he went hunting or fishing. She is very small, palm-sized. He held her in his fist. The wife put ash in the bundle - a symbol of the hearth, so that he would return safely to the house, or a pea - so that he would be well-fed on the road! The “On the Road” doll is an ordinary twisted fabric, only the hands are tied in the neck area and they must be very long and made of red material, in the hands there is a bundle with “good”.

“Vesnyanka” is a small play doll the size of a palm. They made it in the spring and gave it to children for Easter.

"Vesnyanka" - a doll on a string. There was still mud and slush on the street, but the child put the doll on his finger with a loop and moved it like a mar doll and onetka. When he had enough of playing, he could hang the doll on his button. A doll soiled during the day was burned. And they made a new one.

Doll “Northern Bereginya”

The “Northern Bereginya” doll is a talisman for the home.

It was placed in the northern corner of the hut. She protected and brought prosperity to the house.

Doll "Day - Night"

“Day and Night” - dolls that serve as home amulets. They lived in the Penza and Tambov provinces, as well as in the Volga region.

These are two completely identical dolls, but one is made of white fabric (Day), and the other is made of blue (Night).

During the day they put the light one forward, and at night - the dark one. The dolls are connected with one thread and form a single integral composition.

Firstly, the favorite toy is the one that is made with your own hands and with soul;

Secondly, the amulet doll was always kept in every home in a place of honor or inconspicuously, protecting the home, family, children, bringing wealth, health and happiness to the house;

Thirdly, by making amulets dolls with my own hands (and a little help from my mother), I learned how to weave a braid-belt for dolls, understood the principle of making amulets dolls, and now I can make myself a truly favorite doll.

I advise all kids to try making a toy with their own hands!