As a result of the spread of the Reformation (the movement for church renewal, more details:) in Europe, in addition to Lutheranism, new religious movements and churches arose. In particular, Calvinism (Calvinist church). The response to the Reformation was the Counter-Reformation - a church-political movement whose goal was to prevent the spread of Protestant ideas and restore the dominant position of Catholicism in European countries.
Background
Reasons for the emergence of new trends in Protestantism
Protestants lack a single control center like the papacy.
Prerequisites for the emergence of the Counter-Reformation
- Catholics' reluctance to accept the Reformation.
- Rome's loss of sources of income - church tithes, etc. in the territories covered by the Reformation.
Events
John Calvin was born and spent his youth in France, received an excellent education, then became interested in the teachings of the reformers. Persecution of Protestants in France forced Calvin to move to Geneva. His famous work appears here "Instruction in the Christian Faith". Calvin's teachings were based on the theory of divine predestination. Calvin believed that only a few were worthy of achieving eternal salvation. A person can only hope that he is faithfully fulfilling his calling and is predestined for salvation. God gives a person a sign - success in business. Calvin emphasized the high dignity of work, justified hoarding, considered laziness the greatest vice, and condemned church holidays that ordered believers not to work on these days. Under the influence of Calvin's teachings, a new type of business man arose - hardworking, thrifty.
At the direction of Calvin, a draft of a new church structure was drawn up in Geneva. Now the community of believers itself chose elder elders And preachers-pastors. They led the community and monitored the morality of its members. The reforms turned Geneva into a dull and boring city. The last decorations, symbols, and ceremonies were removed from church life. Bright clothes, theater, dancing, and music were prohibited as ungodly. Bible meditation, psalm singing, and hard work were encouraged. The secular government in Geneva became a simple executor of the instructions of the church.
In relation to his opponents, be they Catholics or Protestants, Calvin was irreconcilable. Fanaticism and intolerance, previously uncharacteristic of Protestants, earned him the nickname "Geneva Pope". By order of Calvin, the Spanish physician and theologian Miguel Servet was captured and sentenced to death. IN 1553 g. Servet died at the stake and went down in history as the first victim of Protestant fanaticism.
Calvin's political ideas played an important role in history. Noting the divine origin of authority, Calvin emphasized that rulers have responsibilities to society. If a ruler does not allow believers to fulfill their Christian duty, then he becomes a tyrant, and the community has the right to resist him. Calvin's followers developed this idea, thereby justifying even the murder of a tyrant.
Calvin's teachings spread to England and Scotland, the Netherlands and France, and North America. Calvin developed the ideas of Luther and united supporters of the Reformation for further struggle. Meanwhile, Catholicism was preparing for a decisive battle.
The Reformation took the Catholic Church by surprise. At first, the popes imposed curses on Protestants and tried to begin reforms. However, then in Rome, supporters of a decisive struggle against the Reformation—the Counter-Reformation—prevailed. The new order of the Jesuits played a major role. It was organized by an ambitious and energetic Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556). IN 1540 pope Paul III approved the order's charter. IN "Society of Jesus" there was a strict hierarchy of its members and iron discipline. The general of the order was elected for life and had enormous power. In addition to the monastic vows of poverty, celibacy and obedience, members of the order took a special oath of allegiance to the pope. The Jesuits had to carry out any orders from their superiors, without thinking about the moral side of their actions. In their appearance, they were more reminiscent of secular scientists. Their job was to be in the thick of things. They amazed with their erudition and splendor of divine services, and were often confessors to sovereigns. Lies, intrigues, murders - they used all means to "to the greater glory of God". The Jesuits organized conspiracies against Protestant leaders and prepared a number of assassination attempts. Members of the order paid a lot of attention to young people; they created the best schools, from whose walls staunch Catholics emerged.
Rice. 2. Ignatius of Loyola ()
The Jesuit Order was the most important, but far from the only weapon in the fight against the Reformation. IN 1542 An inquisitorial tribunal was created in Rome. The Spanish Inquisition became famous for its particularly cruel persecutions. King Philip II , a religious fanatic, once stated: “I would rather have no subjects at all than to have heretics as such.”. Philip II extended the fight against Protestantism to the Netherlands. The strictest book censorship was introduced. IN 1559 An index of banned books was published in Rome. From the very beginning of the Reformation, it was said that differences between Catholics and Protestants should be discussed at a church council. IN 1545 Pope Paul III in the Italian city of Trento (Trident) convened a council, ensuring the predominance of his supporters at it. The Council met with long interruptions for 18 years. IN 1563 Council of Trent confirmed the main provisions of the doctrine of the Catholic Church, aimed at strengthening the church and the Inquisition. All supporters of the Reformation were declared heretics and outlawed. Thus, the Catholic Church gave Catholics the right to persecute and kill Lutherans, Calvinists and supporters of other reformation teachings.
Rice. 3. Pope Paul III at the Council of Trent ()
The Catholic Church managed to suppress the Reformation in Poland, Italy, and Southern Germany. In countries where the Catholic Church won, as a rule, feudal orders persisted longer, which hampered economic development.
The Reformation in Europe was prepared by the rapid rise of culture in the era Renaissance, the individual’s desire for greater freedom and independence. The Reformation is a time of crisis for the Catholic Church. Despite the church's attempts to strangle the Reformation and individual successes, England and Scotland, the Scandinavian countries, Holland, Northern Germany, and part of France escaped from its power.
The Reformation left a deep mark on history; it changed the spiritual, political and economic character of European society. The result of the Reformation was the emergence of national churches, the strengthening of secular power, and the creation of conditions for the development of national states.
Bibliography
1. Bulychev K. Secrets of the New Time. - M., 2005
2. Vedyushkin V. A., Burin S. N. General history. History of modern times. 7th grade. - M., 2010
3. Koenigsberger G. Early Modern Europe. 1500-1789 - M., 2006
4. Soloviev S. Course of New History. - M., 2003
Homework
1. How did Calvin justify business activity?
2. What ideas of Calvin formed the basis for the structure of the Calvinist church?
3. How did the structure of the Calvinist church differ from the Catholic one?
4. In what ways did the Catholic Church fight the Reformation?
Lesson plan on the topic:
"The Spread of the Reformation in Europe. Counter-Reformation"
Lesson objectives:
Educational goals:
1) Conduct a comparative analysis of the methods of the Catholic Counter-Reformation, identify its causes, goals, influence on the future fate of European countries.
2) In the course of work, continue the formation of a scientific worldview with the help of the scientific concepts of “counter-reformation”, Ignatius of Loyola, the Jesuit order.
Educational goals:
1) Provide students with the opportunity to evaluate the goals and means of the leaders of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation.
Developmental goals:
1) Continue to develop in students the ability to highlight the main thing in the textbook text and historical sources (highlight the methods of the Catholic Counter-Reformation).
2) Continue to develop students’ historical thinking (identify the causes and consequences of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation).
Lesson type: combined.
Equipment: map "Europe inXVI-first halfXVIIin.", textbook "General History. History of modern times. 1500-1800", 7th grade, A. Ya. Yudovskaya, L. M. Vanyushkina, P. A. Baranov, diagram on the board, tests.
During the classes:
Organizing time.
Communicate the topic and goals.
Updating students' basic knowledge on this topic.
The teacher addresses the students:
Today we will continue our conversation about the Reformation in Europe.
Guys, what is the Reformation?
What were the causes of the Reformation in Germany?
What goals did princes, feudal lords, townspeople and peasants achieve in the movement for church reform?
What were the main ideas of Martin Luther's teachings?
Explain the statement: “Erasmus laid the egg, but Luther hatched it.”
What did different segments of the population gain from the Reformation?
Studying a new topic.
Plan for studying a new topic:
John Calvin - theologian, church founder .
Calvinist Church.
Counter-Reformation.
Jesuit Order.
John Calvin - theologian, church founder .
Teacher's story:
Having originated in Germany, the Reformation began to spread throughout Europe, and first of all it penetrated into the states of France, England and Switzerland that were close to Germany. The Protestant movement is most widespread in Switzerland and this is associated with the name of John Calvin.
John Calvin (1509-1564) was born in France, received an excellent education, mastered Latin, Hebrew and Greek, which gave him the opportunity to read the Bible in the original. Having become acquainted with the teachings of Luther, in 1533 he declared himself a Protestant. For his participation in the dissemination of Protestant appeals, Calvin was persecuted and fled to Switzerland, where he wrote a book in which he set out the main provisions of his teaching. This is how another Protestant doctrine is formalized -Calvinism .
Following Martin Luther, John Calvin tried to answer the question that has worried believers for more than 1000 years: “Is a person free to choose his life path or is his fate predetermined?”
Calvin argued that...
The destinies of people are predetermined by God.
None of the believers knows their own predestination.
But a person should not blindly expect the fulfillment of his destiny, he must move towards his destiny through work.
It was labor that was a sign of the salvation of the soul.
Thus, Calvinism proclaimed new moral values: frugality, stinginess, calculation, tireless work.
Calvinist Church.
Spread of Calvinism throughout Europe.
Counter-Reformation.
Independent work of students with educational materials:
The teacher invites students to study the 3 main questions of the new topic in groups. Then, in a colorful, interesting way, each group reports what they have learned to the class. Groups should be formed in advance to save time during the lesson.
Group assignment :
Group 1: Tell us about the structure of the Calvinist church. Information on page 103 of the textbook.
Group 2: Prove that Calvinism contributed to the development of entrepreneurial activity in European countries. Information on page 104 of the textbook.
Group 3: Tell us about the struggle of the Catholic clergy with Protestantism. Information on page 104 of the textbook.
Group presentation with a report on the material studied.
The teacher introduces the speech:
In the 40s of the 16th century, Switzerland became one of the centers of the Reformation. In Geneva, John Calvin created the doctrine of human predestination, which changed the religious life of people and their behavior.
After the presentation, ask questions to the whole class:
Which segments of the population warmly supported Calvinism, and why?
Was Voltaire right when he said that “Calvin opened the doors of the monasteries not in order to expel the monks from there, but in order to drive the whole world in”?
Physical education minute
Jesuit Order.
Teacher's story:
The ideas of John Calvin subsequently spread not only in Switzerland, but also in Holland, France, Scotland, and England. Therefore, in order to stop the victorious march of the Reformation, the Catholic Church took emergency measures by creating the monastic order of the Jesuits, the purpose of which was to protect the church from heresy.
1540 - Formation of the Jesuit Order.
Counter-Reformation - the struggle of the Catholic Church with the reform movement.
The founder of the Jesuit order was Ignatius of Loyola.
Now let's try to find outWhat measures did the Jesuits use to protect the Catholic Church?
missionary work, charity work, developed education, preached sermons in national languages, and raised children from different families.
they killed their rivals, poison and a dagger were always ready, the Jesuits were an obedient instrument of terror in the hands of the Pope
In order to answer this question, we will fill out the table “Methods of struggle between the Jesuits and Protestants” by reading the paragraph “Jesuit Order” on page 104.
Attempts at reform and the Council of Trent.
Teacher's story:
The loss of power over a number of European countries led Rome into confusion, but not for long. Already in the 40s.XVIV. The popes are trying to regain lost positions, and most importantly, the source of their wealth - tithes. The first attempts to reform the church are carried out - in the second halfXVIV. Catholic theologians created translations of the Bible into national languages.
But attempts at reform met resistance from most of the Catholic clergy. Controversial issues were supposed to be resolved by the Council of Trent, which opened in 1545 and sat for almost 18 years.
Council of Trent:
Strict observance by the clergy of all prescriptions and instructions of the pope.
The exclusive right of the church to interpret Holy Scripture.
Strengthening the Inquisition.
Prohibition on the sale of indulgences.
Opening of seminaries for Catholic priests.
Nothing has changed in the structure of the Catholic Church and in relation to Protestantism.
Thus, the reactionary part of the clergy won the victory in resolving the main issues.
Lesson summary:
Fastening:
Questions – page 107 of the textbook.
Homework:
Paragraph 12, questions for the paragraph, notes in the notebook.
Lesson grades.
Lesson Plan: John Calvin and his Doctrine of Predestination, John Calvin and his Doctrine of Predestination, The Calvinist Church, The Calvinist Church, The Jesuit Order, The Jesuit Order, The Struggle of the Popes and Catholic Kings against the Reformation, The Struggle of the Popes and Catholic Kings against the Reformation, Consolidation. Consolidation.
John Calvin and his doctrine of predestination Born in 1509. Received a good education, mastered Latin perfectly. In 1533 he declared himself a Protestant. Fled to Switzerland. Born in 1509. Received a good education and mastered Latin perfectly. In 1533 he declared himself a Protestant. Fled to Switzerland.
The Teachings of John Calvin 1. Man's destiny is predetermined by God 2. Success in business is a sign of being chosen by God 3. A person must work hard and achieve success in order to receive confirmation that he is chosen by God 4. Getting rich, hoarding, entrepreneurship - God-pleasing work
Calvinist Church The Church recognized two rites - baptism and communion; The Church recognized two rites - baptism and communion; The church community was not subordinate to the city authorities and enjoyed the right of self-government; The church community was not subordinate to the city authorities and enjoyed the right of self-government; Believers were severely punished for deviating from Calvin's teachings. Believers were severely punished for deviating from Calvin's teachings.
Slide 1
THE SPREAD OF THE REFORMATION IN EUROPE
MBOU "Lyceum No. 12", Novosibirsk teacher of the VKK Stadnichuk T.M.
Slide 2
TEACHINGS OF JEAN CALVIN
In the middle of the 16th century. The Reformation spread throughout Europe, covering England, France, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. One of the largest centers of the Reformation was Switzerland, where John Calvin became the creator of a new Christian doctrine.
Calvin was educated at the University of Paris, where he became interested in theology. Having become acquainted with the teachings of Luther, in 1533 he declared himself a Protestant. For his participation in the dissemination of Protestant appeals, Calvin was persecuted and fled to Switzerland, where he wrote a book in which he set out the main provisions of his teaching.
Slide 3
TEACHINGS OF JEAN CALVIN
All people are sinners. Souls are destined either for salvation or destruction. A person must completely submit to fate. The divine sign of salvation is success in business. Thrift and unpretentiousness in everyday life. A person must work constantly. Only chosen souls will be saved.
"Instruction in the Christian Faith", 1536
Slide 4
TEACHINGS OF JEAN CALVIN
This is how another Protestant doctrine is formed - Calvinism. Residents of Geneva, one of the centers of the Reformation, invited Calvin to settle in their city. For his enormous influence on the minds of people, contemporaries called Calvin the “Pope of Geneva.”
Slide 5
CALVINIST CHURCH
Calvinism proclaimed new moral values - frugality, calculation and accumulation, combined with tireless work. Church officials were elected to govern, whose responsibilities included preaching, charity, teaching at school, and moral supervision. A consistory is a court that combined the functions of a church and civil court.
Slide 6
CALVINIST CHURCH
There was a system of fines and punishments. Calvin opposed all excesses. Luxury items, jewelry, and beautiful clothes were prohibited. The night watchmen made sure that after 9 o'clock in the evening no one left the house in order to get to work in the morning.
Slide 7
CALVINIST CHURCH
Gradually, dissatisfied people began to appear in the city. In 1553, the main work of M. Servetus, “The Restoration of Christianity,” was published, where he denies the dogma of the Trinity. Servet tried to give an idea of blood as the abode of the soul. Servetus's book was declared heretical, and its entire circulation was destroyed. In 1546, Calvin executed Miguel Servetus after prolonged torture.
Slide 8
CALVINIST CHURCH
The Calvinist Church recognized only two rites - baptism and communion. The church community was not subordinate to the city secular authorities and enjoyed the right of self-government. She elected and controlled her leaders - preachers and elders, presbyters (from the Greek - elder). Instead of priests, there were preachers - pastors, who were elected from among the most literate parishioners who knew the Holy Scriptures. To discuss common affairs, community representatives gathered together and made the necessary decisions.
Slide 9
CALVINIST CHURCH
All church holidays were cancelled, except Easter. There are no icons or sculptures of saints in the church; nothing should distract from prayer.
Slide 10
CALVINIST CHURCH
Calvinism enjoyed the support of the nobility and the emerging layer of entrepreneurs in Switzerland, England, France and Holland, because entrepreneurial activity and profit turned into a godly matter. In France they were called Huguenots, in England - Puritans.
Huguenots
Puritans
Slide 11
COUNTER-REFORMATION
In Europe, the number of Protestants increased every year. This could not but cause unrest in the Catholic Church.
Slide 12
COUNTER-REFORMATION
The Counter-Reformation is the struggle of the Catholic Church against Protestantism.
The Catholic Church encouraged denunciations of Protestants - the informer received part of the property of the convicted person. In order to combat harmful ideas, the “Index of Prohibited Books” was published in Rome. The Inquisition, which was especially rampant in Spain and Italy, also fought for the purity of faith.
Slide 13
COUNTER-REFORMATION
Auto-da-fe (literally, an act of faith) was a solemn religious ceremony that included the performance of preachers, public repentance of convicted heretics and the reading of their sentences. After which the convicts were handed over to secular authorities to be burned at the stake.
In Spain, about 35,000 people were burned in 1481-1808
Slide 14
COUNTER-REFORMATION
The main weapon of the Catholic Church in the fight against the Reformation was the Jesuit Order, founded in 1540. The head of the order was Ignatius of Loyola, a nobleman from Spain.
Activities of the order: propagation and defense of the faith, education of “good Catholics”; teaching and helping the disadvantaged; if necessary, life in the world; education also included humanities.
Slide 15
COUNTER-REFORMATION
The basic principles of building the order: strict discipline, strict centralization, unquestioning obedience of juniors to elders, the absolute authority of the head - an elected general for life (the “black pope”), subordinate directly to the Pope, “adaptive” morality.
The motto is “All for the glory of God.”
Slide 16
Cathedral of Triden
All this time, disputes between supporters and opponents of the reforms of the Catholic Church did not subside. These differences were supposed to be resolved by the Council of Trent, which took place in the Italian city of Trento and lasted intermittently for 18 years, from 1545 to 1563.
Slide 17
Cathedral of Triden
As a result, the following decisions were made at the council: the supremacy of popes over councils was recognized; the church retained the right to interpret Holy Scripture; all the instructions of the pope were mandatory; Catholic dogmas remained inviolable and were not subject to discussion; the power of bishops was increased; the Inquisition was strengthened. ban on the sale of indulgences; opening of seminaries for the training of Catholic priests.
Slide 18
RESULTS OF REFORMATION IN EUROPE
Changing people's attitudes towards work = capitalism developed faster in Protestant countries. In European countries there was a strengthening of national churches = strengthening of secular power. More schools = education became more accessible. The religious split of Europe = religious wars soon began to break out, the largest of which was the Thirty Years' War.
