Rubai. Poetry. Quotes. Aphorisms.
Collection of the best rubies and poems of the great Persian sage Omar Khayyam. Quotations, aphorisms, statements. Video "Wisdom of Life" 1 - 9, the text is read by E. Mataev and S. Chonishvili.
Dirt is dust with water. And this is my flesh!
I wallow, I drown in the temptations of the flesh.
If he himself would have fashioned himself more skillfully,
But he came out like this on an ingot of Genesis.
Omar Khayyam- Iranian scientist, poet and sage was born in the city of Nishapur around 1048. The absolute name is Giyasaddin Abu-l-Fath Omar ibn Ibrahim.
He received the nickname Khayyam “Tent Man” in connection with the specialty of his father. In his time and until relatively recent times, Khayyam was famous mainly as a legendary mathematician, physicist and astronomer. Algebra, which Khayyam wrote, was translated into French by F. Wepke in 1851. Rubaiyats and quatrains translated by E. Fitzgerald in 1859 were first published as rubaiyat, and later translated into French by Nicol Duman in 1867. brought Omar Khayyam fame as a great poet, philosopher and singer. In the works of many scientists, on the basis of the richest original material, the historical discoveries of Omar Khayyam as a luminary, who did a lot for such sciences as astronomy, mathematics and physics, are confirmed. For example, Khayyam's mathematical research is of inestimable importance even today and has been translated into many languages.
After some time, the works of Omar Khayyam were studied by the world mathematician Nasreddin Tusi, and in his works they reached the scientists of Europe.
Khayyam's poetry is an extraordinary phenomenon in the annals of the culture of the whole world.
If his creations have given tremendous benefits in the evolution of science, then the magnificent ruby still wins the hearts of readers with its maximum capacity, conciseness and simplicity of expressive means.
On the work of Omar Khayyam, scientists judge differently. Some believe that the lyrical creation was for him only entertainment, into which he immersed himself at his leisure. And despite this, the songs and poems of Khayyam, not knowing time limits, have survived centuries, and have reached the present day.
Khayyam wanted to transform the world with all his being and did everything he could for this: he studied the laws of the universe, fixed his gaze on starry skies, delved into the secrets of human nature and helped people get rid of internal slavery. This sage knew that the greatest evil for people is the religious illusion that religions fetter the spirit of man and the power of their mind. Khayyam understood and was aware that when people are freed from these shackles, they will be able to live independently and happily.
There are many difficult and incompatible tasks in the works of Omar Khayyam.
The scientist, who in science was able to run far ahead of his time, could not possibly know the laws of mankind. As a result, this noble old man, who saw many hardships in his life, which over and over again destroyed his lofty dreams, endured a huge number of tragic circumstances, in a number of his poems gives place to fatalism, warns of the inevitability of fate and even plunges into doom.
Despite this, in the songs of Khayyam, in which a pessimistic motive can be seen, the subtext shows an ardent love for real life and a protest against her injustice.
Khayyam's poetry is another confirmation that the spiritual development of a person will never stop.
The literary heritage of Omar Khayyam was intended and will serve people, being a colorful milestone in the history and culture of all peoples of the world.
Wisdom of life - 1
Video
Tell the singer to whistle instead of sing.
What's strange? Look at this sober rabble.
Take the same brainless beast:
You whistle to her, then the cattle drinks.
Lyrics of the song: Wisdom of life 1
Rivers have their origins
And life teaches us priceless lessons,
To live beautifully wisely and richly
Lock your vices deep in the basement.
No need to teach, since you are weak in discipline,
After all, the discipline of life is difficult, even now
Other values are in fashion today, but
Keep the traditions that the ancestors gave.
When there are roots and the foundation is strong
We are not afraid of tsunamis, wars, gossip,
How a line of soldiers will close us with a wall
From thunderstorms and arrows released by fate.
Live to live, not to exist!
Learn what is important to know at any time:
To love parents with an unearthly love,
So that in old age from a sinner without honor does not fall.
I praise those who believe in the creator.
Not for show, but sincerely from the face
We are told not to drink water and yet,
I wish you all a happy ending.
Life is fleeting, alas, the script is written for everyone,
We only pray to God for a happy ending.
On the scales there will put a mark,
What did he do well, and what did he steal where.
I am not a teacher, I am a student
And he has not yet penetrated the secrets of the universe.
I would like to know what is the meaning of life,
In wine, in high, wisdom and am I a sinner.
I wish you happiness, my brothers,
So that rainy days do not enter your house,
Let children be born to everyone in the house,
May God give you a happy share.
Create, dare and win
And don't forget to thank the creator every day.
When you live the way you want
When you drink how you want
When you eat wherever you want
When you want to love the whole world
When you only ask the creator to live to old age,
Only at that moment the whole meaning of life is clear,
You can't take it all to the other world.
Where you want to be well received
One philosopher aptly said,
Letting everyone miss their appearance
You must appear very rarely.
When you want, at that moment
I am happy with the surge of passion.
Do not spill the cup of happiness from delight -
Bliss of love cocktail ingredient.
I hate the table when I eat alone
I hate a holiday where I am not the master.
My mom cooked food for me
And then I caught myself thinking,
The struggle gives a taste of life in a dream and in reality,
Like pepper, salt gives flavor to food.
I will give advice to those who themselves decided to marry:
You're right, it's mother nature
There is nothing to be ashamed of here.
Not to live with
I give you advice - marry the one
What to live without,
Trust me my friend, you can't.
Once, as a child, my grandmother once said to me:
Marry son successfully, I repeated twice,
When I was in girls, my mother told me
The gray-haired wisdom of the ancestors of the Jews bestowed.
When the bride comes to the house, look at the son's feet,
After all, the legs are brought into the house happy days thresholds.
With a foot, the bride can bring to her husband's house
Unhappiness or happiness, that is my wisdom in what.
I have seen many smart, rich people,
Become the master of your position.
Who eats from the tree of knowledge of ideas,
Forever lose the paradise of pleasure.
I asked the priest: Father, tell me
Where is heaven on earth, show the way there,
How to go there landmarks give me?
The priest answered the path son himself choose -
Heaven is at your mother's feet.
Oh, be afraid to give the body
For food I burn and suffer,
Languishing in blind covetousness
Before the white silver radiance,
Tremble before yellow gold!
Until the hour of fun blowjob
And your warm breath will not cool down -
Your enemies to the feast then
They will come like a predatory horde!
Whenever the secrets of life are clear
A man's heart has fallen
It would know the secrets of death,
We are inaccessible from the century!
And if you are a blind ignoramus,
Now that you're on your own
And with the visible world, and with life
Not yet separated by fate,
So what if you leave yourself
And the miserable dust in the earth will decay, -
Oh, well then your spirit is incorporeal,
Will the impersonal spirit understand?
My beloved again
Gives me my old love!
God grant that her days shine
As long as my sorrows!..
Burned with a single gentle
Instant glance - and left,
Leaving the charm of happiness ...
Oh right, she thought.
Having done good, the soul is strong,
When not looking for reward!
Like a falcon, my spirit, spreading its wings,
From the world of wonderful secrets flew like an arrow -
I wanted to rush into the higher world -
So what? Fell here, into the world of dust and impotence!
Not meeting anyone whose souls are a hiding place
To the deepest recesses
I could open it, love. Sad and powerless
I'll go out the same door that I entered.
Pattern changeable mysterious nature
You asked for clarification. And the secrets of life.
But it takes years to tell the whole truth -
And I will be brief.
Our world is a haze. wonderful picture
Raises the bosom of waters. And, shaking like mist,
In a moment she will again fall into her abyss,
Into the bottomless ocean.
Whose heart of goodness is illuminated by a ray,
By the invisible ray of the invisible god,
Wherever there is a temple of the heart - a mosque or a synagogue,
Wherever he prays, whose name is entered
In the tablet of truth, in love the holy book, -
He is a stranger to excitement, he is inaccessible to the yoke,
And he is not afraid of pitch, burning hell,
And paradise full of delights does not captivate!
The image of the great poet of the East Omar Khayyam is covered with legends, and the biography is full of secrets and mysteries. The ancient East knew Omar Khayyam primarily as an outstanding scientist: mathematician, physicist, astronomer, philosopher. IN modern world Omar Khayyam is better known as a poet, the creator of original philosophical and lyrical quatrains - wise, full of humor, cunning and audacity rubai.
Rubai is one of the most complex genre forms of Tajik-Persian poetry. The volume of the rubaiyat is four lines, three of which (rarely four) rhyme with each other. Khayyam is an unsurpassed master of this genre. His rubies amaze with the accuracy of observations and the depth of comprehension of the world and the human soul, the brightness of images and the elegance of rhythm.
Living in the religious east, Omar Khayyam reflects on God, but resolutely rejects all church dogmas. His irony and free-thinking are reflected in the rubaiyat. He was supported by many poets of his time, but because of the fear of persecution for freethinking and blasphemy, they also attributed their works to Khayyam.
Omar Khayyam is a humanist, for him a person and his peace of mind are above all. He appreciates the pleasure and joy of life, the enjoyment of every minute. And his style of presentation made it possible to express what could not be said out loud in plain text.
Omar Khayyam, short biography which is presented in this article, was born in Nishapur on May 18, 1048. Nishapur is located in the east of Iran, in the cultural province of Khorasan. This city was a place where many people from various regions of Iran and even from neighboring countries came to the fair. In addition, Nishapur is considered one of the main cultural centers that time in Iran. Since the 11th century, madrasahs have been operating in the city - schools of the higher and middle type. Omar Khayyam also studied in one of them.
Biography in Russian involves the translation of proper names. However, sometimes readers need the English version as well, for example, when they need to find materials in English. How to translate: "Omar Khayyam: biography"? "Omar Khayyam: biography" is correct.
Khayyam's childhood and youth
Unfortunately, information about them is not enough, as well as information about the life of many famous people of ancient times. The biography of Omar Khayyam in his childhood and youth is marked by the fact that he lived in Nishapur. There is no information about his family. The nickname Khayyam, as you know, means "tent master", "tent-man". This allows researchers to make an assumption that his father was a representative of craft circles. The family, in any case, had sufficient means to provide their son with a decent education.
Education marked his further biography. Omar Khayyam first comprehended science in the Nishapur Madrasah, which at that time was known as an aristocratic educational institution, which prepared major officials for the civil service. After that, Omar continued his education in Samarkand and Balkh.
Knowledge received by Khayyam
He mastered many natural and exact sciences: geometry, mathematics, astronomy, physics. Omar also specifically studied history, Quran studies, theosophy, philosophy and a complex of philological disciplines, which was part of the concept of education at that time. He knew Arabic literature, was fluent in Arabic, and also knew the basics of versification. Omar was skilled in medicine and astrology, and also studied music theory.
Khayyam perfectly knew the Koran by heart, he could interpret any verse. Therefore, even the most prominent theologians of the East turned to Omar for advice. His ideas, however, did not fit into Islam in the orthodox sense.
First discoveries in mathematics
The first discoveries in the field of mathematics marked his further biography. Omar Khayyam made this science the main focus of his studies. At the age of 25, he makes his first discoveries in mathematics. In the 60s of the 11th century, he published a work on this science, which brought him the fame of an outstanding scientist. Patronizing rulers begin to patronize him.
Life at the court of Khakan Shams al-Mulk
The rulers of the 11th century competed with each other in the splendor of their retinue. They poached educated courtiers. The most influential simply demanded famous poets and scientists to the court. This fate did not spare Omar either. Service at the court was also marked by his biography.
Omar Khayyam first conducted his scientific activities at the court of Prince Khakan Shams al-Mulk, in Bukhor. According to the chroniclers of the 11th century, the ruler of Bukhara surrounded Omar with honor and even put him on the throne next to him.
Isfahan invitation
By this time, the empire of the Great Seljuks had grown and established itself. Tugulbek, a Seljuk ruler, conquered Baghdad in 1055. He declared himself the lord of the new empire, the sultan. The caliph lost power, and this marked an era of cultural flourishing, called the Eastern Renaissance.
These events were reflected in the fate of Omar Khayyam. His biography continues with a new period. Omar Khayyam in 1074 was invited to the royal court to serve in the city of Isfahan. Sultan Malik Shah ruled at this time. This year marked the beginning of the 20-year period of its fruitful scientific activity, according to the results achieved, turned out to be brilliant. At that time, the city of Isfahan was the capital of the Seljuk state, which stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to the borders of China.
Life at the court of Malik Shah
Omar became an honorary close associate of the great Sultan. According to legend, Nizam al-Mulk even offered him to govern Nishapur and the surrounding region. Omar said that he did not know how to forbid and order, which is necessary to control people. Then the Sultan appointed him a salary of 10 thousand a year (a huge amount) so that Khayyam could freely engage in science.
Observatory Management
Khayyam was invited to manage the palace observatory. The Sultan gathered the best astronomers at his court and allocated large sums for the purchase of expensive equipment. Omar was tasked with creating a new calendar. In the 11th century in Central Asia and Iran, 2 systems simultaneously existed: solar and lunar calendars. Both were imperfect. By March 1079, the problem was solved. The calendar proposed by Khayyam was 7 seconds more accurate than the current Gregorian calendar (developed in the 16th century)!
Omar Khayyam conducted astronomical observations at the observatory. In his era, astronomy was closely connected with astrology, which in the Middle Ages was a science of practical necessity. And Omar was part of the retinue of Malik Shah as his adviser and astrologer. His fame as a soothsayer was very great.
New advances in mathematics
At the court in Isfahan, Omar Khayyam also studied mathematics. In 1077, he created a geometric work dedicated to the interpretation of the difficult provisions of Euclid. For the first time, he gave an exhaustive classification of the main types of equations - cubic, square, linear (25 types in total), and also created a theory for solving cubic equations. It was he who first raised the question of the connection between the science of geometry and algebra.
For a long time, Khayyam's books were unknown to European scientists who created non-Euclidean geometry and a new higher algebra. And they had to re-travel the difficult and long path, which had already been paved by Khayyam 5-6 centuries before them.
Philosophy
Khayyam also dealt with the problems of philosophy, studying the scientific heritage of Avicenna. He translated into Farsi from Arabic some of his writings, showing innovation, since at that time the role of the language of science was played by the Arabic language.
His first philosophical treatise was created in 1080 ("Treatise on being and duty"). Khayyam stated that he was a follower of Avicenna, and also expressed his opinions about Islam from the standpoint of Eastern Aristotelianism. Omar, recognizing the existence of God as the root cause of existence, argued that the specific order of things is determined by the laws of nature, this is not at all the result of divine wisdom. These views were at odds with Muslim dogmatics. In the treatise, they were outlined concisely and restrainedly, in the Aesopian language of allegories and omissions. Much more boldly, sometimes defiantly boldly, anti-Islamic sentiments were expressed in poetry by Omar Khayyam.
Biography: Khayyam's poems
He wrote poetry only in rubaiyat, i.e. quatrains in which the 1st, 2nd, 4th or all four stanzas rhymed. He created them throughout his life. Khayyam never wrote laudatory odes to rulers. Rubai were not a serious form of poetry, and as a poet Omar Khayyam was not recognized by his contemporaries. And he himself did not attach much importance to his poems. They arose, most likely, impromptu, in passing.
The shaken position of Omar at court
At the end of 1092, a 20-year quiet period of his life at the court of Malik Shah ended. At this time, the Sultan died under unclear circumstances. And Nizam al-Mulk was killed a month before. The death of two patrons of Khayyam is attributed to the Ismailis, representatives of the religious and political movement directed against the Turkic nobility. After the death of Malik Shah, they terrorized the Isfahan nobility. The reprisals and denunciations were born out of fear of the secret murders that flooded the city. The struggle for power began, the great empire began to fall apart.
The position of Omar at the court of the widow of Malik Shah Turkan Khatun was also shaken. The woman did not trust those close to Nizam al-Mulk. Omar Khayyam worked for some time at the observatory, but did not receive any of the previous maintenance or support. At the same time, he performed the duties of a doctor and astrologer at Turkan Khatun.
How Khayyam's court career ended
The story of how his court career collapsed has become a textbook today. It is attributed to 1097. Sanjar, the youngest son of Malik Shah, once fell ill with chicken pox, and Khayyam, who treated him, inadvertently expressed doubt that the 11-year-old boy would recover. The words spoken to the vizier were overheard by the servant and passed on to the sick heir. Later becoming a sultan, who ruled the Seljuk state from 1118 to 1157, Sanjar harbored hostility towards Khayyam for the rest of his life.
After the death of Malik Shah, Isfahan lost its position as the main scientific center and royal residence. It fell into disrepair and, in the end, the observatory was closed, and the capital was transferred to the city of Merv (Khorosan). Omar left the court forever, returned to Nishapur.
Life in Nishapur
Here he lived until his death, only occasionally leaving the city to visit Balkh or Bukhora. In addition, he made a long pilgrimage to Muslim shrines in Mecca. Khayyam taught at the Nishapur Madrasah. He had a small circle of students. Sometimes he received scientists who were looking for a meeting with him, took part in scientific disputes.
The last period of his life was extremely difficult, associated with hardships, as well as with longing, which was generated by spiritual loneliness. In the Nishapur years, the glory of Omar as an astronomer and mathematician was added to the glory of an apostate and a freethinker. The anger of the zealots of Islam was caused by his philosophical views.
The scientific and philosophical heritage of Khayyam
The biography of Omar Khayyam (short) does not allow us to talk in detail about his works. We only note that his scientific and philosophical heritage is small. Unlike Avicenna, his predecessor, Khayyam did not create a complete philosophical system. His treatises concern only certain questions of philosophy, although the most important ones. Some of them were written in response to the request of secular or clergy people. Only 5 philosophical writings of Omar have survived to this day. All of them are concise, brief, sometimes occupying only a few pages.
Pilgrimage to Mecca and life in the village
After some time, clashes with the clergy became so dangerous that Khayyam was forced to make a difficult and long pilgrimage to Mecca (in his middle years). In this era, the journey to the holy places sometimes lasted for years. Omar settled for some time in Baghdad. Teaching in Nizamiye marked his biography.
Omar Khayyam, whose life is known, unfortunately, not much, having returned home, began to live in a village near Nishapur in a secluded house. According to medieval biographers, he was not married and had no children. He lived in isolation, in constant danger due to suspicion and persecution.
How Omar Khayyam spent the last hours of his life
A short biography in Russian of this scientist, philosopher and poet was written by many authors. All sources agree that the exact year of his death is unknown. Its most probable date is 1123. From a source of the 12th century, a story has come down to us about how Khayyam spent the last hours of his life. I heard this story from his relative Abu-l-Hasan Beyhaki. On this day, Omar carefully studied the "Book of Healing" written by Avicenna. Having reached the section "The One and the Many", Khayyam put a toothpick between the sheets and asked to call the right people in order to make a will. Omar didn't eat or drink all that day. After graduating last prayer, in the evening he bowed to the ground. Then Khayyam said, turning to God, that he knew him as much as possible, and that his knowledge is the way to him. And died. The photo below shows his grave in Nishapur.
From what other sources can you learn about the life of a person like Omar Khayyam? Biography of TSB (Big Soviet encyclopedia) will suit you if only basic information about it is enough. You can also refer to editions of Khayyam's books, which often contain descriptions of his life in the preface. We have presented only basic information about such a person as Omar Khayyam. Biography, his nationality, stories from his life, poems and treatises - all this is still of interest to many people to this day. This speaks of the great significance of the legacy that he left, of the great role in the history of the personality of Omar Khayyam.
Omar Khayyam devoted himself to the study of life itself. He did a lot of scientific work in such areas as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, philosophy, but the world is best remembered as a poet, author of rubaiyat quatrains. Unfortunately, during the life of Khayyam, his extraordinary mind was not appreciated. He was remembered only in the 19th century, when world fame came to him.
In his rubai, Khayyam raises questions about the meaning of life, chastity, happiness, love, friendship and, of course, about his favorite drink -.
About life
- 1 -
Do not envy the one who is strong and rich. Dawn is always followed by sunset. With this life, short, equal to a sigh, treat it like it was given to you for rent.
- 2 -
Who is beaten by life, he will achieve more. A pood of salt who has eaten appreciates honey more. Who shed tears, he sincerely laughs. Who died, he knows that he lives!
- 3 -
"Hell and heaven are in heaven," say the bigots. Looking into myself, I was convinced of the lie: hell and paradise are not circles in the palace of the universe, hell and paradise are two halves of the soul.
- 4 -
Everything is bought and sold, and life frankly laughs at us. We are indignant, we are indignant, but we are sold and bought.
- 5 -
Do not mourn, mortal, yesterday's losses, do not measure today's deeds by tomorrow's measure. Do not believe in the past or the future. Believe the current minute - be happy now!
About love
- 6 -
Yes, in a woman, as in a book, there is wisdom. Only the literate can understand its great meaning. And do not be angry with the book, if, ignorant, did not manage to read it.
- 7 -
In one hand are flowers, in the other - a permanent glass, feast with your beloved, forgetting about the whole Universe, until a tornado of death suddenly plucks from you, like rose petals, the shirt of mortal life.
- 8 -
Who is ugly, who is handsome - does not know passion. A madman in love agrees to go to hell. It makes no difference to those in love what to wear, what to lay on the ground, what to put under your head.
- 9 -
Whose heart does not burn with passionate love for the dear, without consolation, drags out his sad age. Days spent without the joys of love, I consider an unnecessary and hateful burden.
- 10 -
To love and be loved is happiness. You protect from simple bad weather. And taking the reins of love together eagerly in your hands, never let go, even living apart ...
About wine
- 11 -
They say that drunkards will go to hell. All nonsense! If the drinkers were sent to hell, and all the woman lovers there after them, empty as a palm, your Garden of Eden would become.
- 12 -
Heart! Let the cunning, conspiring at the same time, condemn the wine, they say, it is harmful. If you want to wash your soul and body, listen to poetry more often while drinking wine.
- 13 -
A blooming garden, a girlfriend and a bowl of wine - this is my paradise. I don't want to end up in something else. Yes, no one has seen heavenly paradise! So let's take comfort in earthly things for the time being.
- 14 -
But wine teaches the same wisdom, on each cup there is a life prescription: “Close your lips - and you will see the bottom!”
- 15 -
Wine is forbidden, but there are four buts: depending on who, with whom, when and in moderation, drinks wine. Subject to these four conditions, wine is permitted to all sane people.
Omar Khayyam is a legendary scientist and philosopher, famous for his incredibly productive work in such areas as history, mathematics, astronomy, literature and even cooking. He became an iconic figure in the history of Iran and the entire East. Among the general persecution (analogous to the Inquisition), harassment for the slightest free-thinking, such a great person, whose free spirit inspires posterity hundreds of years later. Enlighten people, motivate them, help them find meaning in life - all this Omar Khayyam did for his people for many years, becoming one of the creators of cultural, social and scientific life in Samarkand.
Oriental philosopher Omar Khayyam
His life was so multifaceted, and his outstanding achievements were in completely opposite areas of activity, that there is a version that Omar Khayyam never existed. There is a second thought - that under this name there are several people, mathematicians, scientists, philosophers and poets. Of course, historically accurately tracking the activities of a person who lived a thousand years ago is not easy. However, there is evidence that Omar Khayyam is not a myth, but a real person with outstanding abilities who lived hundreds of years ago.
His biography is also known - although, of course, its accuracy cannot be confirmed.
Portrait of Omar Khayyam A man was born in 1048 in Iran. Omar's family was complete and strong, the boy's father and grandfather came from an ancient family of artisans, so the family had money and even prosperity. From early childhood, the boy demonstrated unique analytical abilities and specific talents, as well as such character traits as perseverance, curiosity, intelligence and prudence.
He learned to read very early, by the age of eight he had completely read and studied holy book Muslims - Koran. Omar received a good education for that time, became a master of words and successfully developed his oratory skills. Khayyam was well versed in Muslim law, knew philosophy. From a young age, he became a famous expert in the Koran in Iran, so they turned to him for help in interpreting some especially difficult provisions and lines.
In his youth, Khayyam loses his father and mother, goes on his own to further study mathematics and philosophy, having sold his parents' house and workshop. He is called to the court of the ruler, gets a job in the palace and spends many years researching and developing creatively under the supervision of the chief man in Isfahan.
Scientific activity
Omar Khayyam is not in vain called a unique scientist. He has a number of scientific works on absolutely different topics. He conducted astronomical research, as a result of which he compiled the most accurate calendar in the world. He developed a system of astrology linked to the data obtained from astronomy, which he used to create nutritional recommendations for representatives of different signs of the zodiac and even wrote a book of amazingly tasty and healthy recipes.
Geometric theory of cubic equations by Omar Khayyam Khayyam was very interested in mathematics, his interest resulted in the analysis of Euclid's theory, as well as the creation of the author's system of calculations for quadratic and cubic equations. He successfully proved theorems, conducted calculations, created a classification of equations. His scientific works on algebra and geometry are still highly valued in the scientific professional society. And the developed calendar is valid on the territory of Iran.
Books
The descendants found several books and literary collections written by Khayyam. It is still not known for certain how many poems from the collections compiled by Omar actually belong to him. The fact is that for many centuries after the death of Omar Khayyam, many quatrains with "seditious" thoughts were attributed to this particular poet in order to avoid punishment for the real authors. So folk art became the work of a great poet. That is why the authorship of Khayyam is often questioned, but it is proved that he wrote more than 300 works on his own. poetic form.
Currently, the name Khayyam is associated primarily with quatrains filled with deep meaning, which are called "rubai". These poetic works stand out noticeably against the background of the rest of the work of the period when Omar lived and composed.
The main difference between their writing is the presence of the author's "I" - a lyrical hero who is a mere mortal who does not do anything heroic, but reflects on life and fate. Prior to Khayyam, literary works were written exclusively about kings and heroes, and not about ordinary people.
The writer also uses unusual literature - there are no pretentious expressions, traditional multi-layered images of the East and allegory in the poems. On the contrary, the author writes in a simple and accessible language, constructs thoughts in meaningful sentences that are not overloaded with syntax or additional constructions. Brevity and clarity are the main stylistic features of Khayyam, which distinguish his poems.
Being a mathematician, Omar thinks logically and consistently in his works. He composed on completely different topics - in his collections there are poems about love, about God, about fate, about society and the place of an ordinary person in it.
Views of Omar Khayyam
Khayyam's position in relation to the fundamental concepts of medieval Eastern society differed sharply from the generally accepted at that time. Being a famous pundit, he was not very versed in social trends and did not pay attention to the changes and trends taking place around him, which greatly crippled him in last years life.
Theology greatly occupied Khayyam - he boldly expressed his non-standard thoughts, glorified the value of an ordinary person and the importance of his desires and needs. However, the author did a fine job of separating God and faith from religious institutions. He believed that every person has God in his soul, he will not leave him, and often wrote on this topic.
Khayyam's position in relation to religion was contrary to the generally accepted one, which caused a lot of controversy around his personalities. Omar really scrupulously studied the holy book, and therefore could interpret its postulates and disagree with some of them. This caused anger on the part of the clergy, who considered the poet a "harmful" element.
Love was the second important concept in the work of the great writer. His statements about this strong feeling were sometimes polar, he rushed about from admiration for this feeling and its object - a woman - to regret that love breaks lives so often. The author always spoke about women in an exclusively positive way, according to him, a woman should be loved and appreciated, made happy, because for a man, a beloved woman is the highest value.
Love for the author was a multifaceted feeling - he often wrote about it as part of discussions about friendship. Friendly relations for Omar were also very important, he considered them a gift. The author often urged not to betray friends, to appreciate them, not to exchange them for an illusory recognition from the outside and not to betray their trust. After all, true friends are few. The writer himself admitted that he would prefer to be alone, "than with just anyone."
Khayyam thinks logically and therefore sees the injustice of the world, notices the blindness of people to the main values in life, and also comes to the conclusion that many things explained theologically have in fact a completely natural essence. The lyrical hero of Omar Khayyam is a person who questions faith, loves to indulge himself, is simple in needs and unlimited in the possibilities of his mind and reasoning. He is simple and close, loves wine and other understandable joys of life.
Arguing about the meaning of life, Omar Khayyam came to the conclusion that every person is only a temporary guest of this beautiful world, and therefore it is important to enjoy every moment lived, appreciate small joys and treat life as a great gift. The wisdom of life, according to Khayyam, lies in the acceptance of all events and the ability to find positive moments in them.
Omar Khayyam is a famous hedonist. Contrary to the religious concept of renunciation of earthly goods for the sake of heavenly grace, the philosopher was sure that the meaning of life is in consumption and enjoyment. By this he angered the public, but delighted the rulers and representatives of the upper strata of society. By the way, the Russian intelligentsia also loved Khayyam for this idea.
Personal life
Although the man devoted an enviable part of his work to love for a woman, he himself did not tie the knot or have offspring. The wife and children did not fit into the lifestyle of Khayyam, because he often lived and worked under the threat of persecution. A free-thinking scientist in the Middle Ages in Iran was a dangerous combination.
old age and death
All the treatises and books of Omar Khayyam, which have come down to posterity, are just a grain of all his full-fledged research, in fact, he could pass on his research to his contemporaries and descendants only orally. Indeed, in those harsh years, science was a danger to religious institutions, and therefore was subjected to disapproval and even persecution.
Before the eyes of Khayyam, who had been under the protection of the ruling padishah for a long time, other scientists and thinkers were subjected to mockery and execution. The Middle Ages is not in vain considered the most cruel age, anti-clerical thoughts were dangerous both for the listeners and for the one who utters them. And in those days, any free understanding of religious postulates and their analysis could easily be equated with dissent.
The philosopher Omar Khayyam lived a long productive life, but the last years of his life were not the most rosy. The fact is that for many decades Omar Khayyam worked and created, being under the patronage of the king of the country. However, with his death, Omar was persecuted for his willful thoughts, which many equated with blasphemy. He lived last days in need, without the support of loved ones and a decent livelihood, he became practically a hermit.
Nevertheless, until his last breath, the philosopher promoted his ideas and did science, wrote rubaiyat and simply enjoyed life. According to legend, Khayyam passed away in a peculiar way - calmly, judiciously, as if on schedule, absolutely accepting what was happening. At the age of 83, he once spent the whole day in prayer, then performed ablution, after which he read the sacred words and died.
Omar Khayyam was not the most famous person during his lifetime, and for many hundreds of years after his death, his figure did not arouse interest among descendants. However, in the 19th century, the English explorer Edward Fitzgerald discovered the notes of the Persian poet, translated them into English language. The uniqueness of the poems impressed the British so much that first all the work of Omar Khayyam, and then all his scientific treatises, were found, researched and highly appreciated. The find amazed translators and the entire educated community of Europe - no one could believe that in ancient times such an intelligent scientist lived and worked in the East.
Omar's works are dismantled into aphorisms these days. Khayyam's quotes are often found in Russian and foreign classical and modern literary works. Surprisingly, the rubaiyat has not lost its relevance hundreds of years after its creation. Accurate and easy language, the topicality of topics and the general message that you need to appreciate life, love every moment of it, live by your own rules and not exchange days for illusory delusions - all this is to the liking of the inhabitants of the 21st century.
The fate of the legacy of Omar Khayyam is also interesting - the image of the poet and philosopher himself has become a household name, and collections of his poems are still being reprinted. Khayyam's quatrains continue to live, many residents have books with his work different countries Worldwide. It's funny, but in Russia, the famous pop singer Hanna, a representative of the young advanced generation of modern pop music, recorded a lyrical music track for the song "Omar Khayyam", in the chorus of which she quoted the aphorism of the legendary Persian philosopher.
The poet's thoughts were transformed into the so-called rules of life, which are followed by many people. Moreover, they are actively used in social networks by the younger generation. For example, the following well-known poems belong to the genius of Omar Khayyam:
“In order to live life wisely, you need to know a lot,
Two important rules remember to start:
You'd rather starve than eat anything
And it’s better to be alone than to be with just anyone.”
"Cold think with your head
After all, everything in life is natural
The evil you radiate
It will surely come back to you."
"Do not mourn, mortal, yesterday's losses,
Do not measure today's affairs by tomorrow's measure,
Do not believe in the past or the future,
Believe the current minute - be happy now!
"Hell and heaven are in heaven," say the bigots.
I, looking into myself, was convinced of a lie:
Hell and heaven are not circles in the courtyard of the universe,
Hell and heaven are two halves of the soul"
"Get up from sleep! The night was created for the mysteries of love,
For throwing at the house of your beloved is given!
Where there are doors - they are locked at night,
Only the door of lovers - it is open!
"Heart! Let the cunning, conspiring at the same time,
Wine is condemned, they say, it is harmful.
If you want to wash your soul and body -
Listen to poetry more often while drinking wine.
Aphorisms of Omar Khayyam:
“If a vile medicine pours you - pour it out!
If a wise man pours you poison, take it!”
"He who is discouraged dies prematurely"
"Nobility and meanness, courage and fear -
Everything is built into our bodies from birth.
“In a loved one, even flaws are liked, and in an unloved person, even virtues annoy”
“Don't say that the man is a womanizer. If he were monogamous, then your turn would not have come. ”
