Dmitry Alekseevich Golitsyn
Golitsyn Dmitry Alekseevich (1734-1803) - prince, diplomat. From 1754 in the service of the College of Foreign Affairs, from 1760 - in the Russian embassy in Paris, where he established friendly relations with outstanding educators - Voltaire, Diderot, Montesquieu , D "Alember and others. He was a translator of a number of their works into Russian. In his reports to St. Petersburg he proposed to free the peasants from serfdom, sell them part of the state lands, etc. In 1769 - 1782 - envoy to The Hague. One of the authors of the adopted Catherine II Declaration of Armed Neutrality (1780). Advocated for recognition by Russia United States of America, met with the future US President D. Adams. After resigning, he lived abroad and studied science (mineralogy, physics, chemistry, biology, etc.).
Danilov A.A. History of Russia IX - XIX centuries. Reference materials., M, 1997.
Golitsyn Dmitry Alekseevich (1734-1803), Russian philosopher, economist and diplomat, member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1790), a number of foreign academies and scientific societies. In his economic writings he paid considerable attention to the issues of population development in Russia. Being a supporter of the physiocrats, Golitsyn believed that agricultural labor ensures the existence and development of the state. He advocated the easing of serfdom, proposing to release peasants for high redemption payments, without allocating land. Golitsyn condemned the prohibition of the transition of peasants to the urban estate and believed that the reason for the weak development of industry in Russia was the small number of people employed in industry and trade. Golitsyn's economic ideas were actually directed against serfdom and promoted development, albeit limited, by bourgeois relations.
S. D. Valentey.
Demographic encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Editor-in-Chief D.I. Valentey. 1985.
Golitsyn Dmitry Alekseevich (15 (26). 05.1734 - 23.02 (7.03. 1803, Brunswick) - diplomat, scientist, publicist. In 1762-1768 - ambassador to France, in 1768-1798 - in the Netherlands; member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and a number of foreign academies, member of the Free Economic Society. Golitsyn's socio-political views developed within the framework of the noble-aristocratic worldview, influenced by Western European ideology, mainly the ideas of the physiocrats and French enlighteners. While abroad, Golitsyn maintained contacts with such thinkers as O. Mirabeau, Voltaire , D. Diderot; in 1773 he published a posthumous work in The Hague K. A. Helvetia « About a human" Calling for the “planting” of science and art in Russia in order to overcome “ignorance,” Golitsyn considered the most important and useful knowledge in this regard to be philosophy, which teaches how to be highly moral, how to soften passions and control oneself, and instills humanity and kindness in a person. “Jacobins, revolutionaries, propagandists and democrats,” from his point of view, “illegally” “usurped” the honorary title of philosophers. He considered the French “economists” to be real philosophers, in whose defense he wrote a large work in French, “On the Spirit of Economists, or Economists Acquitted of the Accusation that Their Principles Are the Basis of the French Revolution” (1796). According to Golitsyn's natural philosophical ideas, the basic natural laws are a matter of divine wisdom; they form the primary order of nature; but nature does not remain in a state of unchanging peace. Golitsyn shared his thoughts J. Buffon about the emergence of a new order of things in nature through connections, decompositions, new combinations of its elements, thereby paying tribute to deism and mechanism of the 18th century. In his ideas about man, Golitsyn significantly diverged from orthodox Christian views and was guided by the achievements of natural science anthropology of the 18th century. In his opinion, man is a two-legged animal, distinguished from other animals by the ability to speak, to communicate his ideas to his peers using language, the desire to see everything and know everything out of curiosity; The unique quality of a person is to have property. Social order, according to Golitsyn, is a branch of the general physical order; its laws should not be arbitrary; property, security, freedom - principles of social order consistent with the physical order of nature. A state contrary to freedom - slavery - is the last, according to Golitsyn, degree of degradation of the human being, humiliation of the mind, corruption of morals. On this basis, he advocated the liberation of the peasant from serfdom, without land, but with the right to movable and immovable property. Golitsyn makes the state of society as a whole, its morals, the character of the nation, the development of science and the arts dependent on “good” laws (or lawlessness), on “good” (or “bad”) political institutions. He shared the thought D. Yuma about the consequences arising from “good” laws: laws ensure property, property gives rise to confidence and peace of mind, from which curiosity develops, and from curiosity knowledge is born. Sharing the principle “Freedom in a monarchy, slavery in a republic,” he preached the ideal of a monarchy based on “fair” laws.
Based on the principles of the physiocrats, of all classes of society, Golitsyn considered the class of landowners to be the main producing and “constituting everything in the nation,” which should be the most privileged class. He believed that the existence of a third estate, although not productive in nature, was useful for Russia. Free thinking, speeches in defense of philosophy as an independent science, naturalistic ideas with elements of deism and mechanism, anthropology objectively put Golitsyn in opposition to the dominant Orthodox religious worldview, strengthened the Renaissance and Enlightenment tendencies in Russian philosophical thought of the 2nd half of the 18th century.
V. F. Pustarnakov
Russian philosophy. Encyclopedia. Ed. second, modified and expanded. Under the general editorship of M.A. Olive. Comp. P.P. Apryshko, A.P. Polyakov. – M., 2014, p. 137.
Works: Letters // Favorites. prod. Russian thought of the second half of the 18th century. M„ 1952. T. 2. P. 33-45.
Literature: Bak I. S. Dmitry Alekseevich Golitsyn (Philosophical, socio-political and economic views) // Historical notes. 1948. T. 26.
Golitsyn Dmitry Alekseevich (15.V.1734 - 23.II.1803), prince, - Russian scientist and diplomat. Author of books and articles on natural science, philosophy and political economy. Honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and a number of foreign academies and scientific societies; member of the Free Economic Society in St. Petersburg. In 1762-1768 - ambassador to France, in 1768-1798 - in the Netherlands. Friend of Voltaire, Diderot and other French educators. In his philosophical views, he aligned himself with the materialists of the 18th century. In political economy, he declared himself a supporter of the school of physiocrats that emerged in France in the mid-18th century, which had a bourgeois essence in its feudal form. Not understanding this, Golitsyn, after the French bourgeois revolution of the late 18th century, justified physiocratism from the accusation that it formed the basis of the economic policy of the French revolution. Main work: “On the spirit of economists, or Economists acquitted of the accusation that their principles formed the basis of the French Revolution...” (“De l"esprit des économistes ou les économistes justifiés d"avoir posé par leurs principes les bases de la Révolution Française. Par le prince D... de G...", Brunsvick, 1796). Believing that the land should be the inviolable property of the noble landowners, Golitsyn proposed releasing the peasants for high redemption payments, without allocating land. At the same time, the tenants of the landowners' land would be rich peasants exploiting their landless fellow villagers. Such a proposal objectively opened up some scope for the development of bourgeois relations under the conditions of the serf system. Some of Golitsyn's numerous letters ( stored in the Central State Archive of Civil Aviation, Golitsyn Fund, files 1111-1125) published in the book: Selected works of Russian thinkers of the second half of the 18th century (vol. 2, 1952, pp. 33-45).
I. S. Bak. Moscow.
Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 4. THE HAGUE - DVIN. 1963.
Literature: Bak I. S., Dmitry Alekseevich Golitsyn. (Philosophical, socio-political and economic views), in the collection: IZ, vol. 26, (M.), 1948; History of Russian economic thought, vol. 1, part 1, M., 1955; Essays on the history of philosophical and socio-political thought of the peoples of the USSR, vol. 1, M., 1955.
Read further:
Philosophers, lovers of wisdom (biographical index).
Essays:
Letters // Favorites prod. Russian thought of the second half of the 18th century. M„ 1952. T. 2. P. 33-45.
Literature:
Favorite Russian works thinkers of the second half of the 18th century, vol. 2, M. 1952.
Bak I. S., D. A Golitsyn (philosophical, socio-political and economic views), in the collection: Historical. notes, vol. 26, [M.], 1948.
History of Russian economic thought, vol. 1, part 1, M., 1955;
Essays on the history of philosophical and socio-political thought of the peoples of the USSR, vol. 1, M., 1955.
– Russian scientist and diplomat (ambassador to France and the Netherlands), prince; honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and a number of foreign academies and scientific about-v. Friend of Voltaire and Diderot, G. in his philosophies. views were aligned with the materialists of the 18th century. For the first time (in 1773) he published a book. Helvetius "On Man". He wrote a work in defense of Buffon - “Defence of Mr. Buffon from the unfair and obscene attacks of Messrs. Deluc and Sage” (“D?fence de Mr. de Buffon contre les attaques injustes et ind?centes de M. Deluc et Sage”, 1793). Not understanding the bourgeoisie. essence of the teachings of French. economists-physiocrats, G. considered it the best defense of the foundations of feudalism (“On the spirit of economists or economists acquitted of the accusation that their principles formed the basis of the French Revolution” - “De l´?sprit des ?conomistes ou les ?conomistes justifi ?s d´avoir pos? par leurs principles les bases de la R?volution Fran?aise", 1796). To preserve noble rule, G. proposed to release the peasants for high redemption payments, without allotment of land. Some of the many. G.'s letters (stored in the Central State Archive of Antiquities, Golitsyn Fund, files 1111–1125) were published in the book: “Selected works of Russian thinkers of the second half of the 18th century,” vol. 2, 1952 (pp. 33–45). Lit.: Bak I. S., Dmitry Alekseevich Golitsyn (philosophical, socio-political and economic views), "Historical Notes", 1948, vol. 26. I. Buck. Moscow.
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GOLITSYN Dmitry Alekseevich
15(26). 05.1734 - 23.02 (6.03). 1803, Brunswick) - diplomat, scientist, publicist. In 1762-1768 - Ambassador to France, 1768-1798. - in the Netherlands; member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and a number of foreign academies, member of the Free Economic Society. G.'s socio-political views developed within the framework of the noble-aristocratic worldview, experiencing the influence of Western European ideology, ch. arr. ideas of the physiocrats and fr. educators. While abroad, G. maintained contacts with such thinkers as O. Mirabeau, Voltaire, D. Diderot; in 1773 he published a posthumous opus in The Hague. K. A. Helvetia "About Man". Calling for the “planting” of science and art in Russia in order to overcome “ignorance,” G. considered philosophy to be the most important and useful knowledge in this regard, which teaches how to be highly moral, how to soften passions and control oneself, and instills in a person humanity and kindness . “Jacobins, revolutionaries, propagandists and democrats,” in his view, “illegally” “usurped” the honorary title of philosophers. He considered the real philosophers to be the French. "economists", in whose defense he wrote in French. language, a large work "On the Spirit of Economists, or Economists Acquitted of the Charge that Their Principles Are the Basis of the French Revolution" (1796). According to the natural philosophical ideas of G., main. natural laws are the work of divine wisdom; they form the primary order of nature; but nature does not remain in a state of unchanging peace. G. shared the thoughts of J. Buffon about the emergence of a new order of things in nature through connections, decompositions, and new combinations of its elements, thereby paying tribute to deism and mechanism of the 18th century. In his ideas about man, G. significantly diverged from orthodox Christian views and was guided by the achievements of natural science anthropology of the 18th century. In his opinion, man is a two-legged animal, distinguished from other animals by the ability to speak, communicate his ideas to his fellows using language, the desire to see everything and know everything out of curiosity; The unique quality of a person is to have property. Social order, according to G., is a branch of the general physical order; its laws should not be arbitrary; property, security, freedom - principles of social order consistent with the physical order of nature. A state contrary to freedom - slavery - is, according to G., the last degree of degradation of a human being, humiliation of the mind, corruption of morals. On this basis, he advocated the liberation of the peasant from serfdom, without land, but with the right to movable and immovable property. The state of society as a whole, its morals, the character of the nation, and the development of science and the arts of Germany depend on “good” laws (or lawlessness) and on “good” (or “bad”) political institutions. He shared the thought of D. Hume about the consequences arising from “good” laws: laws ensure property, property gives rise to confidence and peace of mind, from which curiosity develops, and from curiosity knowledge is born. Sharing the principle “Freedom in a monarchy, slavery in a republic,” he preached the ideal of a monarchy based on “fair” laws. Based on the principles of the physiocrats, from all classes of society the main. G. considered the class of landowners to be producing and “making up everything in the nation,” which should be the most privileged class. He believed that the existence of a third estate, although unproductive in nature, was useful for Russia. Free-thinking, speeches in defense of philosophy as an independent science, naturalistic ideas with elements of deism and mechanism, and anthropology objectively placed Georgia in opposition to the dominant Orthodox religious worldview and strengthened Renaissance and Enlightenment tendencies in Russia. philosophical thought 2nd half. XVIII century
encyclopedic Dictionary
Golitsyn Dmitry Alekseevich
(1734 - 1803), prince, Russian scientist and diplomat, ambassador to France and the Netherlands, friend of Voltaire and other French educators, honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1778). Author of works on natural science, philosophy, political economy. Supporter of the mitigation of serfdom.
Russian Philosophy. Encyclopedia
GOLITSYN Dmitry Alekseevich
(15(26). 05.1734 -23.02(7.03). 1803, Brunswick)
diplomat, scientist, publicist. In 1762–1768 - Ambassador to France, 1768–1798. - in the Netherlands; member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and a number of foreign academies, member of the Free Economic Society. Georgia's socio-political views developed within the framework of the noble-aristocratic worldview, influenced by Western European ideology, Ch. arr. ideas of the physiocrats and fr. educators. While abroad, G. maintained contacts with such thinkers as O. Mirabeau, Voltaire, D. Diderot; in 1773 he published a posthumous opus in The Hague. K. A. Helvetia "About Man". Calling for the “planting” of science and art in Russia in order to overcome “ignorance,” G. considered philosophy to be the most important and useful knowledge in this regard, which teaches how to be highly moral, how to soften passions and control oneself, and instills in a person humanity and kindness . “Jacobins, revolutionaries, propagandists and democrats,” in his view, “illegally” “usurped” the honorary title of philosophers. He considered real philosophers fr."economists", in whose defense he wrote on fr. language, a large work "On the Spirit of Economists, or Economists Acquitted of the Charge that Their Principles Are the Basis of the French Revolution" (1796). According to the natural philosophical ideas of G., main. natural laws are the work of divine wisdom; they form the primary order of nature; but nature does not remain in a state of unchanging peace. G. shared the thoughts of J. Buffon about the emergence of a new order of things in nature through connections, decompositions, and new combinations of its elements, thereby paying tribute to deism and mechanism of the 18th century. In his ideas about man, G. significantly diverged from orthodox Christian views and was guided by the achievements of natural science anthropology of the 18th century. In his opinion, man is a two-legged animal, different from etc. animals with the ability to speak, to communicate their ideas to their peers using language, the desire to see everything and know everything out of curiosity; The unique quality of a person is to have property. Social order, according to G., is a branch of the general physical order; its laws should not be arbitrary; property, security, freedom - principles of social order consistent with the physical order of nature. A state contrary to freedom - slavery - is, according to G., the last degree of degradation of a human being, humiliation of the mind, corruption of morals. On this basis, he advocated the liberation of the peasant from serfdom, without land, but with the right to movable and immovable property. The state of the society as a whole, its morals, the character of the nation, the development of the science of the arts of Germany makes law (or lawlessness) dependent on “good” (or “bad”) political institutions. He shared the thought of D. Hume about the elements arising from “good” laws: laws protect property, property gives rise to confidence and peace of mind, from which curiosity develops, and from curiosity knowledge is born. Sectioning on the principle “Freedom in a monarchy, slavery in a republic,” he preached the ideal of a monarchy based on “fair” laws. Based on the principles of the physiocrats, from all classes of society the main. G. considered the class of landowners to be producing and “making up everything in the nation,” which should be the most privileged class. He believed that the existence of a third estate, although not productive in nature, was useful for Russia. Free-thinking, speeches in defense of philosophy as an independent science, naturalistic ideas with elements of deism and mechanism, and anthropology objectively placed Georgy in opposition to the dominant Orthodox religious worldview and strengthened Renaissance and Enlightenment tendencies in rus. philosophical thought 2nd half. XVIII century
The pseudonym under which the politician Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov writes. ... In 1907 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the 2nd State Duma in St. Petersburg.
Alyabyev, Alexander Alexandrovich, Russian amateur composer. ... A.'s romances reflected the spirit of the times. As then-Russian literature, they are sentimental, sometimes corny. Most of them are written in a minor key. They are almost no different from Glinka’s first romances, but the latter has stepped far forward, while A. remained in place and is now outdated.
The filthy Idolishche (Odolishche) is an epic hero...
Pedrillo (Pietro-Mira Pedrillo) is a famous jester, a Neapolitan, who at the beginning of the reign of Anna Ioannovna arrived in St. Petersburg to sing the roles of buffa and play the violin in the Italian court opera.
Dahl, Vladimir Ivanovich
His numerous stories suffer from a lack of real artistic creativity, deep feeling and a broad view of the people and life. Dahl did not go further than everyday pictures, anecdotes caught on the fly, told in a unique language, smartly, vividly, with a certain humor, sometimes falling into mannerism and jokeiness.
Varlamov, Alexander Egorovich
Varlamov, apparently, did not work at all on the theory of musical composition and was left with the meager knowledge that he could have learned from the chapel, which in those days did not at all care about the general musical development of its students.
Nekrasov Nikolay Alekseevich
None of our great poets has so many poems that are downright bad from all points of view; He himself bequeathed many poems not to be included in the collected works. Nekrasov is not consistent even in his masterpieces: and suddenly prosaic, listless verse hurts the ear.
Gorky, Maxim
By his origin, Gorky by no means belongs to those dregs of society, of which he appeared as a singer in literature.
Zhikharev Stepan Petrovich
His tragedy “Artaban” did not see either print or stage, since, in the opinion of Prince Shakhovsky and the frank review of the author himself, it was a mixture of nonsense and nonsense.
Sherwood-Verny Ivan Vasilievich
“Sherwood,” writes one contemporary, “in society, even in St. Petersburg, was not called anything other than bad Sherwood... his comrades in military service shunned him and called him by the dog name “fidelka.”
Obolyaninov Petr Khrisanfovich
...Field Marshal Kamensky publicly called him “a state thief, a bribe-taker, a complete fool.”
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Dmitry's early childhood may have been spent in an estate near Moscow or in Moscow, where his father's regiment was stationed. He received his education, like his brothers, in the Cadet Corps. For some time he served as a captain in the army.
Diplomatic Service
In 1767, due to a diplomatic conflict: belittling the title of Catherine II in official correspondence with St. Petersburg by the Versailles court, Golitsyn was ordered to “leave Paris without an audience.” During his stay in Russia, he received the rank of full chamberlain and the rank of privy councilor. In 1769 he was appointed "Minister Plenipotentiary and Extraordinary to the States General of the United Provinces of the Lower Netherlands." His diplomatic activities in The Hague were largely aimed at ensuring the safety of Russian merchant ships during the war for the independence of the British colonies in North America. The extent of Golitsyn’s participation in the creation of the “Declaration of Armed Neutrality” (1780) is not fully understood. However, according to the research of historians and, above all, N.N. Bolkhovitinov, Golitsyn was the initiator of the creation of the “Declaration...” and the compiler of its draft. Golitsyn convinced Stadtholder Wilhelm V, who had previously been a supporter of England, to join the countries that adopted the “Declaration...”.
Probably, the dissatisfaction of the Russian court with Golitsyn's contacts with Adams, the US representative in the Netherlands, explains his recall from The Hague and subsequent appointment as envoy to Turin (November 24, 1782). Having never left for Turin, at the end of 1783 Golitsyn resigned and remained to live in Holland.
Family
Portrait of Princess Amalia Golitsyna
In 1767, forced to leave France, Golitsyn asked permission to stay abroad to continue his education. Neither his direct superiors nor the Empress, to whom Golitsyn addressed through Falcone, gave him this opportunity. Due to health reasons, he delayed his departure to Russia for several months. In the summer of 1768, while undergoing treatment in Aachen, the prince met the daughter of Prussian Field Marshal Samuel von Schmettau Amalia, who accompanied Frederick II's daughter-in-law Ferdinanda on a trip to the resort. The wedding took place in Aachen on August 14, 1768. The young people arrived in St. Petersburg in October of the same year. As soon as Golitsyn received a new appointment, the couple left for Holland. In Berlin, the Golitsyns had a daughter, Marianna (December 7, 1769), and a year later in The Hague, a son, Dmitry (December 22, 1770). From 1774, perhaps seeking a less formal lifestyle, Amalia Golitsyna lived near The Hague and raised her children. At first, she shared her husband’s atheistic way of thinking, but the princess later became very religious. In 1780, there was a break between the spouses, and Amalia Golitsyna moved to Münster with her children. In 1786, the princess converted to Catholicism and opened a religious-mystical salon (Kreise von Münster). Nevertheless, the couple corresponded and Golitsyn sometimes visited his family in Munster. At the age of 50, his daughter will become the wife of Prince Salma.
Golitsyn and the peasant question. Physiocrats
Golitsyn D. A. Bust by M. Collot
During his service in France, Golitsyn was a regular visitor to the salon of Victor Mirabeau, a kind of branch of the circle of the creator of physiocracy, F. Quesnay. He became one of the first Russians to join the ideas of the physiocrats. In his letters to Chancellor A. M. Golitsyn, understanding the need to increase agricultural productivity in Russia, D. Golitsyn spoke out for the liberation of the peasants and granting them ownership of property, the gradual formation of land ownership, through the purchase of land by farmers, the creation of a middle class, and the destruction of subsistence farming. In his correspondence with the Chancellor, Golitsyn referred to the example of Denmark; he closely followed the progress of socio-economic reforms in this country. In 1766, Golitsyn studied more than half of the works on legislation favorable to agriculture submitted to a competition announced by the Economic Society in Bern. In letters to A. M. Golitsyn, the envoy retells and extensively quotes some of the competition works. Believing that changes should be achieved gradually, through the power of persuasion, he believed that the most effective would be the example set by the empress herself. Golitsyn’s letters were read by Catherine II, judging by the notes left on them, who was very skeptical of his proposals, and, unlike the prince, did not idealize the noble landowners. A supporter of social reforms, Golitsyn was nevertheless an opponent of the revolutionary coup. Later, influenced by the events of the French Revolution, he wrote:
In 1796, Golitsyn published the book “On the Spirit of Economists, or Economists Acquitted of the Accusation that Their Principles and Ideas Formed the Basis of the French Revolution” (“De l"esprit des economistes ou les economists justifies d"avoir pose par leurs principes les bases de la revolution francaise"), where he argued that the physiocrats of the older generation did not strive for revolution, but tried to support the collapsing existing system.
Scientific work
Even while working in Paris, Golitsyn was interested in scientific and technical innovations, followed natural science literature and maintained correspondence with scientists. Golitsyn's letters, sent to the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences through diplomatic channels, were valuable because in the last decade of the 18th century and the first years of the 19th century, almost no literature came to Russia from abroad.
Like many naturalists of the 18th century, Golitsyn was interested in various fields of science. Having become the Russian envoy to Holland, he established connections with Dutch scientists from different cities. Around 1776, Golitsyn created his home laboratory in The Hague, but also experimented in other people's laboratories, and also assisted other scientists. Judging by a letter dated February 28, 1778 to Swinden, Golitsyn had the largest electrostatic machine at that time (the diameter of two disks was 800 mm) of his own design. After retiring in 1783, the prince was able to seriously engage in scientific research.
Electricity
Golitsyn summarized the results of his experiments on electricity in the works: “Letter about some objects of electricity...” and “Observations of natural electricity through a kite”. In the first work, the question of the nature of electricity was considered (Golitsyn’s concept is one of the variations of the fluid theory), a guess was made about “rays emanating from a positively charged body”, the topic of lightning protection devices was discussed, as well as the influence of electricity on biological processes (using the example of the electrification of chicken eggs brooded by a hen). In the second work, Golitsyn drew an analogy between a cloud carrying an electric charge and a Leyden jar and described attempts to charge the latter using a kite in different weather conditions, noting the lack of a stable result. Golitsyn also conducted a series of experiments to prove that a pointed spark gap is more effective than rounded or flat spark gaps. In the article “Letter on the Form of Lightning Rods” (July 6, 1778, published in 1780), he covered this issue in detail. Golitsyn developed the design of a single-rod lightning rod to ensure the insulation of its metal parts from the building structures of the protected structure to prevent their damage when the rod is heated from a lightning strike. A similar lightning rod was installed at Rosendal Castle (Geldern). In this installation, Golitsyn anticipated modern lightning protection standards for explosive and fire-hazardous objects. Together with Swinden, Golitsyn carried out experiments to discover the influence of electricity on magnetism. Scientists were one step away from success: placing a magnetic needle in the plane of a spark discharge, they did not detect its movement under the influence of electricity. A positive result could be achieved if the arrow were above or below the discharge. Based on unsuccessful experiments, Swinden denied the connection between electricity and magnetism.
Mineralogy
Having become interested in mineralogy in the 80s, Golitsyn, like many others, began collecting specimens - mostly in the mountains of Germany. His collection of minerals was replenished with receipts from Russia; P. S. Pallas provided great assistance to the prince in this. Forster, who visited Golitsyn in 1790, spoke about it this way: “The prince’s mineralogy cabinet is the collection of an expert who himself collected and preserved it, which happens rarely and is instructive in its own way. We were amazed at the one and a half pound block of flexible Peiresque sandstone brought from Brazil; The prince’s experiments convinced us that the decomposed types of Siebengebirg granites near Bonn are even more strongly attracted by a magnet than basalts.”
Golitsyn’s last and largest work was “A collection of names in alphabetical order adopted in mineralogy for earths and stones, metals and semimetals and rock resins...” (Gallitzin D. Recuel de noms par ordre aiphabetique apropries en Mineralogie aux terres et pierres, aux metaux et demi metaux et au bitume... Brunsvik, 1801, p. 320; Nouvelle edition. Brunsvik, 1801, p. The second, revised, edition of the “Collection...” was published just before the author’s death. The book was not translated into Russian, but domestic mineralogists were familiar with it, in particular, V. M. Severgin, when compiling the “Detailed Mineralogical Dictionary,” used material from Golitsyn’s “Collection...”.
While exploring the Spessart plateau on one of his last trips, the prince discovered an unknown mineral. Golitsyn sent a sample of the mineral to Klaproth in Berlin: chemical research showed that it was titanium oxide with iron. The prince sent a sample of the mineral with the results of the analysis to the Jena Mineralogical Society. Its founder and director, Lenz, named the mineral “gallicinite” (the name lasted until the mid-19th century; the name rutile is currently used).
In the summer of 1799, Golitsyn was elected president of the Jena Mineralogical Society. Despite his serious illness, the prince took an active part in his work.
Before his death, Golitsyn donated his collection to the Mineralogical Museum of Jena (a load weighing 1850 kg arrived in December 1802), asking that the specimens be placed according to the Haüy system.
Volcanology
Golitsyn was one of the first to study the extinct volcanoes of Germany, noting the surprising silence of local naturalists, when “their [volcanoes] number is amazingly large, their products are very diverse and they are constantly in sight; the materials that these volcanoes emitted have been used for centuries...” The prince saw the reason for this in the relative youth of mineralogy and volcanology and in the absence of a unified classification of minerals. “A Memoir on Some Extinct Volcanoes of Germany” was provided by Golitsyn in February 1785 to the Brussels academicians (Gallitzin D. Memoire sur guelgues vilcans etenits de l "Allemaqne. - Mem. Acad. Bruxelles, 1788, 5, p. 95-114). In In his work, the prince summarized the results of research on volcanoes in the Rhine region below Andernach, in Hesse and near Göttingen (in the Fulda River basin) and noted the successes of French scientists in studying the volcanoes of Auvergne, Languedoc and Dauphine. While working on the “Memoir...” Golitsin used the works of Buffon, Dolomier, Hamilton and criticized a number of provisions of Neptunism.
Confession
- Member-Director of the Dutch Society of Sciences (1777)
- Honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1778)
- Foreign member of the Brussels Academy of Sciences (1778)
- Foreign Member of the Swedish Academy of Sciences (1788)
- Foreign member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences (1793)
- Member of the German Academy of Naturalists (Leopoldina, Halle) under the name Maecenas III (1795)
- Foreign Fellow of the Royal Society of London (1798)
- Member of the St. Petersburg Free Economic Society (1798)
- President of the Jena Mineralogical Society (1799-1803)
Last years
In 1795, before the occupation of Holland by French troops, Golitsyn moved to Brunswick. In recent years he was seriously ill and experienced financial difficulties. He died of consumption in Brunswick on March 16, 1803, and was buried in the cemetery of the Church of St. Nicholas (the grave has not survived). The prince's personal archive was kept in Brunswick and was lost during World War II.
Awards
- Order of St. Anne, 1st class.
Translations of Golitsyn and books published by him
In 1771, having learned from Helvetius’s relatives about the unpublished work “On Man, His Mental Abilities and His Education” (De l’homme, de ses facultes intellectuelles et de son education) left by him, Golitsyn, who was personally acquainted with the philosopher and shared his views , decided to publish the book. Through the vice-chancellor, the prince informed the Empress of his intention. Catherine II requested a copy of Helvetius’s work. In December 1772, the first part of the book was rewritten, but without waiting for Catherine’s decision, Golitsyn published the book in The Hague (June 1773). with dedication to the empress. Helvetius's work, with some provisions of which not everyone agreed in France, received approval in Russia.
In 1773, Golitsyn edited the book “History of the War between Russia and Turkey, in particular the campaign of 1769” by a professor at the Paris Military School Keralio. Keralio’s work was published in St. Petersburg in French without indicating the author’s name in the same volume with “Genealogy of the Golitsyn princes” and “Notes on the article by an anonymous person from the Military Encyclopedia on the Russian-Turkish War and the Campaign of 1769.” According to historians, the second and third parts of the publication were written by D. A. Golitsyn. "Remarks" are a critical analysis of an article that appeared in January-April 1770 in the journal "L" Encyclopedie Militaire, where the course of the military campaign was presented in a distorted light, and also contained attacks on the commander of the 1st Russian Army A. M. Golitsyn.
In 1785, Golitsyn translated into French the first description of the physical geography and economy of Crimea by K. I. Gablitz. “A physical description of the Tauride region according to its location and all three kingdoms of nature” was published in 1788 in The Hague with a preface and comments by Golitsyn, who noted that the author continued the work begun by descriptions of travel “through the vast expanses of the empire” of Pallas, Johann and Samuel Gmelin , Lepekhina.
"Defense of M. de Buffon"
In 1790-1793 in the Paris Journal de physique, published by Jean Metairie, several articles by J. A. Deluc were published attacking his scientific opponents, including Buffon. In response to Deluc and the chemist Balthazar de Sage, who also published materials in the journal directed against progressive French naturalists, an anonymous Defense de M. de Buffon(1793, The Hague). In Russia, this work was published in the magazine “New Monthly Works” translated by D. Velichkovsky, N. Fedorov, P. Kedrin and I. Sidorovsky. Based on the surviving copy with Golitsyn’s dedicatory inscription, it was established that he was the author of the pamphlet. This is the only work of the prince that has been translated into Russian. Recognizing some of Buffon’s theories as erroneous, the author of “Defense...” consistently rejected Deluc and Sazh’s accusations against him:
…scientists of all countries, working to improve the sciences, continue to always show respect to them [Buffon’s works], despite the errors that have crept into them. I spent a deliberate part of my life getting to know Camper, Allaman and others; I know quite a few scientists in Germany. They are not exactly the opinions of Messrs. Deluc and Sazh: they think and speak frankly, they even write that the work of M. de Buffon, with all its errors, is and will remain forever the creation of a man with talents, and not a dry, so to speak, journal, like that of ancient Pliny; this is a collection of events that led him to reasoning and conclusions, whether they were fair or false, but always proving that he had to reflect and delve deeply into everything that his florid pen had written for us.
Golitsyn's works
- "Lettre sur quelques objets d"Electricite" (The Hague 1778, in Russian, St. Petersburg, 1778);
- "Defense de Buffon" (The Hague, 1793);
- "De l" esprit des economists ou les economists justifies d "avoir pose par leurs principes les bases de la revolution francaise" (Braunschw., 1796), etc.;
- published Helvetius's posthumous work: "De l"homme, de ses facultes intellectuelles et de son education" (The Hague, 1772), the manuscript of which was purchased by purchase,
- as well as the work of Keralio, "Histore de la guerre entre la Russie et la Turquie, et particulierement de la campaqne de 1769" (Amsterdam, 1773), with its notes.
