Voluntary full - Talasio
The Sabines, a large and warlike people, sent ambassadors with admonitions to the founder of the eternal city. They say that they become friends and relatives without violent acts. And Romulus repeats his words: “Thalasio!” The other side also softened to this argument. The peace treaty states that women must do nothing for their husbands except talasia. In Latin it means "to spin wool."
After this, let them assure us that the world is ruled by love, not calculation. In the time of Romulus, as before and long after them, the ability to spin was equivalent to the ability to live. Where they spin, that family has the wind at its back, life is well established there. The man, according to custom, gets food and takes on heavy housework. Woman, be so kind as to dress the household. And both, as the greatest acquisition in life, try to pass on economic skills to their heirs: the father to his sons, the mother to her daughters - what she can do herself, first of all - in spinning.
This is how the rulers of the world and the plebs behave. Spinning is an essential virtue of a woman. The daughter and granddaughters of Augustus Octavian grew up in exquisite luxury, but Caesar insisted that they learn to spin wool no worse than the slaves of the spinning workshops. In simpler families, from an early age the girl sits down to spin the yarn, in a hurry to make her into a replacement.
Spinning remained primarily a woman's domain. And how could it be otherwise, if the Virgin Mary herself, according to legend, was a spinner and with this labor she fed the whole family. Women's hands created the thread, never tired. If Tsar Saltan had been brought up worse and had looked into other windows late in the evening, he would have seen that the girls were spinning there too. Traces of this ancient women's craft through the Norman fog, the vague shadows of the Goths and Varangians appear in documents and all kinds of evidence of material culture.
Nestor in the chronicle indicates that even before St. Vladimir, homemade woolen fabrics were made in Ancient Rus'. They were so good that they were subject to barter with foreigners. And another source reports that Rus' had its own trading quarters in Constantinople - this huge luxury workshop, where, among other goods, tubes of cloth and other woolen fabrics of Russian manufacture were delivered on one-tree boats.
In large boyar estates, judging by the poll lists, among the household people there was usually a spinner, or a fine weaver, in the Pskov region, on Yaroslavl land, on estates near Moscow, and later in the Volga region. Spinning was included in the category of feudal duties. The monasteries took rent from the peasants for household products. For example, the Solotchinsky monastery demanded in the ward villages “yarn and thread, 80 g per vyti” (allotment). In the Svetozersky Iversky Monastery, quitrents were accepted in the form of woven or knitted items.
Names of professions of people involved in wool processing - spinner, dyer, needle-cutter, berdiik, comber, striper, epanechnik, felt-maker, stocking-maker and others became nicknames. It is known, let’s say, that the defense of Moscow from Tokhtamash in 1382 was led by Muscovite Adam, a horse-rider. Nicknames later turned into surnames.
Researchers of Russian crafts are increasingly inclined to find a connection between spinning and knitting and the virtuoso technique of wax casting of jewelry models, for which pre-Mongol Rus' was famous. Scientists believe that the model was made from cords, thick threads wired and woven into a complex pattern like lace. Wax knitting was most likely carried out by women mainly in the territories adjacent to the Urals. There, in women's burials, casting tools were discovered next to spindles and spindles, needles and sharpeners.
The family perceived it as the greatest luck if the girl was eager to spin. Whatever was done for this purpose. A tuft of wool and a spindle were tied to the newborn's cradle. They offered prayers to the Almighty. They memorized conspiracies and tales. There were fasts and prohibitions. And the parents allowed the very little ones to play with the spindle and imitate the adults in spinning. The girl still doesn’t really babble, but she is trying to collect and make a thread from the waste wool. By the age of five or seven, she confidently repeats her mother’s movements at work. And after another year he actually pulls out the thread, spins it like a real thing. Here comes another spinner. Meanwhile, her mother will burn the first-learner thread to ashes in a clean frying pan and let her daughter lick it off. Little by little, the newly converted spinner will be forced to believe two truths. Whoever winds the cob tightly will have an enviably smooth family life. And the second commandment is to finish what you start. Threads on a spindle left on Sunday or a holiday will inevitably break.
Behind the beliefs and rituals stood the rough prose of life. Extra hands with a spindle are a sensitive help for the women's regiment. Working for the family, the girl seemed to pay her relatives for bread and salt. And with the same fingers she twisted and twisted her destiny. Having completed her mother’s lesson, she spun and wove for herself: what she strained and wove, she got as a dowry. When the matchmakers arrive, she will dress in homespun and show herself in all her glory. And if it happens in the Novgorod region, then the second time she will have to surprise her with her skill. According to the wedding ceremony, guests here are invited to the barn, where ceremonies are hung - everything that the bride has made during her girlhood years.
In large families, on the women's side of the house there are chambers with spinning wheels and a weaving mill. Often spinners do not work in a residential building, but in an old bathhouse, a warm storage shed, or in another outbuilding. Whether the girl whiles away her days at home or goes to get-togethers, there is no time for idleness: if today there are walks and tomorrow there are walks, you are without a shirt. And the mother does not sleep, she lets her go for conversations under the supervision of an adult relative and gives orders to spin so much wool in the evening. Young life revolves around the spindle and spinning wheel. At dinner parties there are dates - it’s a shame to spin if there’s no sweetheart. A married man who wanders into the maiden's daylight will be noisily driven out by a spindle. Working alongside peers is a test of strength, a challenge. Special demand from brides. In Karelia, for example, a betrothed girl must spin more, better, and more quickly than others.
Envy, suffering, jealousy - there are countless stories. Each country has its own. Jacob van Loo, one of the small Dutchmen, depicted in miniature “The Indulgent Old Lady” an episode that was obviously not uncommon in the late Middle Ages. The old lady is at the spinning wheel, and the caballero is holding the girl by the chin. Given the Russian strictness of morals, other scenes are more typical. Participants in the evenings take it as an honor to be invited to the evenings and to help. Some families cannot manage the wool themselves; the raw materials are distributed among the households. And on the appointed day, the spinners take the finished skeins to the owners, where they are treated to nuts and gingerbread. It would be better if a neighbor did not respect his neighbor than to invite his daughter to his village for a visit to a meat-eater. These two weeks she is happy to spin for herself. With full spindles, the legs will carry you home on their own.
For women, time was kept by yarn. The thread in each area is measured individually. But the original length is recognized as a number (chismenka, chismenitsa) - most often three turns of yarn on a reel, approximately four arshins (arshin = 0.71 m). Among the Kostroma residents, 30 numbers make up a skein, and 40 skeins make up talc. Vologda and Perm residents, Tambov and Yaroslavl residents, Muscovites and Nizhny Novgorod residents - everyone takes into account what is hidden in their accounting. The result, however, is similar: an experienced woman spins 2-3 Kostroma talcs, almost a kilometer-long thread, in a week.
Towards the end of winter, fatigue appears in the form of a kikimora or domukha, the brownie's wife. The skeins become frightened, as if the thread breaks for no reason; it seems that the ends of the fibers are coming out very annoyingly. Everyone, of course, does the above-mentioned little dirty tricks. Women scold them as much as possible, Like an extreme case, they hide a tuft of camel hair under a pole. It is irresistible, especially since March 13 is just around the corner, when everyone unanimously stops spinning. And the remaining days are spent stubbornly at work, sometimes until dawn. “...Bo (the wife) does good for her husband all his life. Having found the wave and created flax with your own hands... - the chronicler philosophizes in The Tale of Bygone Years. “He stretches out his hands for useful purposes, but he puts his elbows in harm’s way... Her husband does not care about his house, and whenever he is there, he will wear all his clothes.”...
Putting your elbows on the spindles is a worthy pastime for any woman. Spanish artists see a woman with a spinning wheel as a Madonna. Such a spiritual image was captured by the 16th century painter Luis de Morales in his painting “Madonna with a Spinning Wheel.” The same sentiments reign in Russian society. Spinning is carried out, regardless of ranks and titles, by princesses, boyars, armless nobility, and wives of artisans. And in times closer to us, in all classes, the ability to spin and knit is recognized as necessary as owning a spoon. In high society, it is considered good practice to train your hands and fingers when spinning, working with knitting needles, crochet, and bobbins. They find that this gives special grace to manners, makes joints more mobile and is useful for playing the piano, for example.
The twisted spun thread gave rise to the word “twist” in the Russian language. Since the 16th century, it has been used to denote eloquence, the gift of weaving words. The image lives on later:
I weave ditty upon ditty, like a thread!
L. Tolstoy compares the evenings in the salon of A.P. Sherer with a stable concept - a spinning workshop. Her talking machine worked with the regularity of spindles, and the hostess invisibly informed the conversation about the proper course.
As it turned out over centuries and millennia, there is no point in stealing or taking in full if the very art of working with wool captivates. While she is spinning, the woman will think about in detail what and how she will knit, waiting for the blissful moment to pick up the loops and weave the pattern. But effort is not spared even on the most ordinary objects, such as, say, antiquity, like stockings and socks. It turns out that archaeologists found a children's sock in Egypt in a layer that dates back to the year three thousand BC.
The ancient Greeks knew stockings, borrowing them as a fashion from the Germans. The ancestors of the Germans protected their legs from poisonous snakes with strips of leather and fur. Dinner ended, Pliny the Elder recorded, "the men demanded their legwear, which they left in the wardrobe."
Europeans made stockings from woolen fabric until knitting needles appeared. Some historians claim that knitting needles were invented in Venice, others attribute the invention to the Englishman William Riedel. One way or another, unlike the previous ones, thin, elastic stockings and socks made of wool yarn conquered the courts, nobles, and celebrities. Voltaire knitted himself more than one pair. A romantic story has been passed down through many generations about how a young man from Cambridge, William Lee, invented a knitting machine for his beloved, who made a living by knitting stockings.
Knitted stockings and socks became an integral part of the toilet quickly and for a long time. Eyewitnesses say that at the end of the last century they were in great demand at the main marketplace near the Kremlin, tents stretched down from the Spassky Gate to the Moscow River. Home craftswomen imposed countless products. The mother rocks the cradle and knits. Two gossips are gossiping at the gate, and the knitting needles are just flashing in their hands. Sitting on a cart and shouting at the phlegmatic oxen, Cossack women from farm to farm sometimes managed to knit a pair of socks. Almost every knitter has her own favorite methods, secrets, ideas, bequeathed or acquired by her mother. In the same novel “War and Peace,” L. Tolstoy writes that the Rostovs’ nanny knitted two stockings at once and, having finished, took one out of the other to the delight of the children. How she did this, no one has been able to explain to me today. The description of the technique was not found either in old or modern books on
In a well-known novel Alexandra Dumas
"Viscount de Bragelonne" the English king Charles II, just restored to the throne, bestows the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece to Athos - Count de La Fère - in gratitude for the help the former musketeer provided him.
For Athos, a representative of the old French aristocracy, this is the highest honor. After all, as the Count de La Fère himself rightly notes, in Europe not every king has such an award. But Charles II did not have the right to award anyone with the Order of the Golden Fleece, because he was not and could not be its head and he himself was not a member of it.
However, Dumas never stood on ceremony with history.
Prince Alexander Gorchakov with the Order of the Golden Fleece:
What is the actual history of this order?
In 2014, a very unpleasant scandal broke out in Spain. The local press reported that the famous singer Enrique Iglesias will be awarded the Order of the Golden Fleece. The news outraged many conservative politicians, as well as aristocrats related to the royal family. How is it possible that some singer (even a very popular one) is awarded the oldest and most important order of Spain?!
The court had to explain itself, and then it turned out that the journalists were mistaken. The Order of the Golden Fleece was awarded to another Enrique Iglesias, not Anna Kournikova’s friend, but a prominent Uruguayan politician, economist and writer. The public calmed down. The order was not broken, because the Order of the Golden Fleece is not at all an award that can be awarded to a famous singer. It would seem that!
WHERE IT ALL BEGAN
Initially, the order had nothing to do with Spain. In general, over the almost 700 years of its existence, it has survived several states and political regimes. The founder and first head of the order was Philip III the Good, Duke of Burgundy.
This man had every right to consider himself the ruler of an independent state. As the Hundred Years' War progressed, Burgundy became a staunch ally of England, turning its weapons against France. It was the Burgundian knights who captured and handed over Joan of Arc to the English; it was Burgundy that continued to fight after England emerged from the conflict. The heyday of the duchy came precisely in the 15th century, when it took control of Flanders, Europe's largest center for the production of wool and cloth In 1430, Philip the Good took her as his wife. Portuguese Princess Isabella
. In honor of his wedding, the Duke established the Order of the Golden Fleece.
Infanta Isabella, wife of Philip the Good
(if my bride were such a “beauty”,
I would also establish an order, the symbol of which is the ram):
The wedding of Philip and Isabella took place on January 10 - the day of St. Andrew the First-Called. This apostle was considered the patron saint of Burgundy. The Order of the Golden Fleece was dedicated to him.
There are many versions explaining the choice of name. Some historians, for example, believe that Philip in this way noted his wealth, which the same Flemish wool brought him. There is also a beautiful symbolic interpretation: the sheep personifies purity, gold - the highest spirituality.
And yet this name is clearly connected with the golden fleece, for which the ancient Greek hero Jason went to cherished Colchis. This can be judged by the signs of the order: among them there is the legendary ship of the Argonauts, and the flame of the dragon that guarded the fleece. The insignia of the order generally had a very unique appearance. No star was set for him. Philip introduced ceremonial robes as well as the chain. On this chain a sign was worn in the form of a golden fleece - a ram's skin.
This was the case initially, but over time there were more signs. Fashion changed, and a gold chain became uncomfortable to wear. It was replaced by a more practical red neckband.
FROM BURGUNDY TO AUSTRIA AND SPAIN
Philip would never have dreamed in his nightmare that just half a century after the establishment of the order, Burgundy would lose its power and independence. Alas, his son, Karl the Bold, did not protect his father’s inheritance. In 1477, the Duke died in the Battle of Nancy, his possessions were divided between France and the Habsburgs.
The new flowering of the order will be associated with the name of his great-grandson. We are talking about one of the greatest monarchs in European history - Charles V . Holy Roman Emperor, who under the name of Charles I was also the King of Spain. It was in his domain that the sun never set.
Karl attached great importance to various kinds of ceremonies, especially those that were rooted in the distant past. It is no coincidence that, having become emperor, he, following the example of the ancient Roman generals, arranged a triumph for himself, solemnly marching with his army through the streets of Rome.
Charles began to hold awards again and increased the maximum number of members of the order to 50, granting them a number of exceptional privileges. For example, it was possible to judge a person who was a member of an order only with the consent of its members. The arrest order had to be signed by at least six gentlemen, and the arrested person could not even be sent to prison. During the trial, he became the guest of one of his brothers.
The Spanish period lasted until 1700, when the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs died out. The last king of Spain from this dynasty was Charles II - the poor victim of a series of incestuous marriages.
With his death, the throne became empty, sparking a terrible war known as the War of the Spanish Succession. France and the Austrian Habsburgs fought in the Battle of Spain. As a result, the Bourbons reigned in Madrid, but their rivals still claimed their rights to dominance in the Order of the Golden Fleece.
His fate was ultimately spelled out separately in the peace treaty. It became the highest award in both Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. Now they could be awarded to both Spanish kings and the heads of the House of Habsburg. And since it was thanks to this dynasty that the Austrian Empire was formed in 1804, the order became the highest award of two countries at once.
It must be said that Spain and Austria approached the issue of awarding differently. In Vienna they decided to respect the traditions laid down by Philip the Good. That is, only Catholics and only men were accepted into the order. During the Congress of Vienna, the Austrians offended quite a lot Alexandra I , who never received this order from them. The formal reason was that the Russian emperor did not belong to the Catholic faith. It was only in the same 1814 that Austria made the only exception in history for the Prince of Wales, the future George IV . He was accepted into the Order of the Golden Fleece as the de facto leader of Britain during the Napoleonic Wars.
The Spaniards smoothed over the resentment of Alexander I. They showed greater flexibility in matters of awarding and awarded the Order of the Golden Fleece more willingly. The highest award of the Spanish kingdom was awarded not only to the emperor, but also to all three of his brothers (Konstantin, Nikolai and Mikhail), as well as to the Russian envoy in Madrid Dmitry Tatishchev.
Order of the Golden Fleece of Alexander I:
After this, awarding members of the Romanov family with the highest Spanish order became a good tradition. However, it should be noted that none of them wore this foreign order. At least, in the official portraits of Russian emperors there is no Order of the Golden Fleece.
ORDER IN OUR DAYS
Austria-Hungary ceased to exist in 1918. Along with the country, the Habsburg monarchy also died. However, the last emperor Charles I retained the leadership of the order.
The last Emperor of Austria-Hungary, Charles I
(what a touching photo, but where is the Order of the Golden Fleece?):
Now the grandmaster of the Austrian branch is his grandson. The Habsburgs continued to hold awards even after they lost the throne.
The same applies to the Spanish Bourbons, who were expelled from the country in 1931.
After the restoration of the monarchy in Spain, the order retained its high status, and now its head is the king Philip VI (as we see, the order is in place!):
Madrid continues to welcome new members to the order, including the Emperor of Japan, the King of Thailand and former NATO Secretary General Javier Solana.
Gender restrictions have also been lifted. The Order of the Golden Fleece has long been taught to women and even girls. Thus, in 2015 this award was awarded to Princess Leonor
- daughter of King Philip.
Leonor de Todes los Santos de Borbon y Ortiz,
Princess of Asturias, Infanta of Spain:
Eh, it’s a shame they didn’t give the Order of the Golden Fleece to Enrique Iglesias! After all, why is he worse than the Spanish Infanta? And he’s definitely much more famous in the world than she is.
In addition, he is of the Catholic faith, in contrast, for example, to the Buddhists - the Japanese Mikado and the Thai king, who are members of the order.
Maybe Iglesias was not given the order because of his bisexual tendencies? No! It can not be! After all, Spain is a member of the European Union, which means it must adhere to complete tolerance in this matter. And the Spaniards gave the order to Alexander I, despite the same inclinations, and long before the advent of the era of tolerance, at a time when the Inquisition and the Jesuits still had a great influence in Spain.
Ah, I got it! Enrique's girlfriend, a Russian tennis player, is to blame for everything Anna Kournikova !
There was no point in getting involved with a Russian, because they are all secret or overt KGB agents!!!
So poor, all-tolerant Enrique was left without a Russian girl, and without a higher Spanish order!
Thank you for attention.
Sergey Vorobiev.
What is the Golden Fleece? The Golden Fleece in ancient Greek mythology is the golden skin of a ram sent by the goddess of the clouds Nephele, or Hermes on the orders of Hera, or by Zeus himself, on whose back the children of the Orkhomenian king Athamas Frixus and Gella went to the shores of Asia, fleeing the persecution of their stepmother Ino (or, according to another version myth, Aunt Biadika). On the way, Helle fell into the sea, which was then called the Hellespont “Sea of Helle” (the modern Dardanelles Strait).
· art is eternal, because it is based on the imperishable, on what cannot be rejected; · art is one, because its only initiative is the soul; · art is symbolic, because it contains a symbol - a reflection of the Eternal in time; · art is free, because it is created by a free creative impulse
The gaming competition "Golden Fleece" is dedicated to questions from the history of world artistic culture. The initiative to hold the competition belongs to the Institute of Productive Learning of the Russian Academy of Education, one of the main tasks of which is the introduction of new educational technologies into our school system.
To the organizers of the Golden Fleece competition
International gaming competition on the history of world culture "The Golden Fleece" will take place February 14-17, 2020.
Competition theme this year - "Hermitage Museum". By completing competitive tasks, participants will be able to get acquainted with the museum as a social and cultural phenomenon - a multifunctional art, museum, architectural, scientific and educational center.
Prepared five task options for participants from 1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8 and 9-11 grades. Task option for participants from grades 1-2 will consist of 30 questions, for participants of other age groups - 45.
The most important feature of the Golden Fleece competition is family format, which involves participants resolving issues at home on weekends. While completing assignments, you can use various sources of information, including dictionaries, encyclopedias, scientific and fiction literature, and also seek help from relatives and friends. This format allows you to find new opportunities for communication and interaction with relatives, friends and teachers.
Knowledge of the topic- this is peculiar resource for planning extracurricular activities, determining the directions of extracurricular activities, choosing an excursion program, reading literature and familiarization with the topic for both teachers, class teachers, and for participants and their parents.
When developing the content of the competition, the main emphasis is placed not so much on memory and knowledge acquired as part of studying the school curriculum, but on the ability of participants to work with new information, determine the range of possible sources, search for data, compare, and analyze. This extracurricular form of educational testing allows participants to take a creative approach to finding answers to interesting questions, make decisions, and justify their point of view.
The content of the questions goes beyond the scope of the school curriculum, but at the same time is in the zone of proximal development, both in terms of finding information and in terms of understanding the issue. Competition tasks can seem very difficult, especially to those who are participating for the first time, and to avoid this, it is necessary to prepare for the competition. Before making a decision to participate, we invite teachers, schoolchildren and their parents to get acquainted with the format, sample questions and level of complexity of the content using the example of tasks from previous years’ competitions, which are posted on our website in the “Golden Fleece” section.
Participation in the competition is voluntary. The competition is open to everyone without pre-selection. You can take part in the competition on the basis of an educational organization. A student in grades 1-11 who has paid the registration fee can become a participant. The right to free participation can be granted to orphans, students of orphanages, schools at hospitals and sanatoriums.
The participation of educational organizations in the competition is carried out through regional and national organizing committees. If there are students at the school who wish to take part in the competition, a representative from the school needs to contact the regional organizing committee, where he can clarify information about the conditions of participation, the form and timing of registration of the application, methods of payment and receipt of materials. Contact information for the regional organizing committee can be found by writing a letter to the central organizing committee at the email address [email protected] .
This section contains the Regulations on the competition, its schedule for the regional organizer and general instructions. Please note that Deadlines for accepting applications for participation in the competition from schools in individual regions may vary, so detailed information follows contact the regional organizing committee.
