Training tasks. COGNITION
Part 1 (A)
[A] 1, Presentation is
1) sensory reflection in the form of an image of objects or phenomena, retained in consciousness (memory) after the end of the direct impact on the senses
2) reflection of individual properties and qualities of objects in the surrounding world that directly affect the senses
3) reflection of objects and their properties, directly
affecting the senses in the form of a holistic image
4) form (type) of thought, which reflects the general and essential features of cognizable objects and phenomena
The statement: “A product has value” is an example
1) presentation
2) concepts
3) judgments
4) inferences
Are the following judgments about the forms of sensory and rational knowledge correct?
A. Sensation, perception, concept are forms of sensory knowledge.
B. Representation, judgment, inference are forms of rational knowledge.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
What does the word “flower” represent in the statement: “Here flowers grow”?
1)perception
2) presentation
3) concept
4) judgment
The subject of cognition is
1) world mind
2) person
3) nature
4) any live quality
Are the following judgments about cognition correct?
A. Cognition is a basic human need.
B. Cognition is always creative.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
The criterion(s) of truth is(are)
1) compliance with the prevailing teaching in society
2) practice
3) management opinion
4) all of the above
8. Definition:“The sensory image of the external characteristics of objects and processes of the material world that directly affect the sense organs” refers to the concept
1) hypothesis
2) presentation
3) perception 4) sensation
Are the following judgments about the stages of knowledge correct?
A. The difference between sensory and rational knowledge is temporary: first, a person perceives external qualities, properties of things, objects, and then tries to penetrate into the essence of the object or phenomenon. B. Sensory and rational knowledge are interconnected and inseparable.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
Cognitive activity, as opposed to labor
1) assumes the correspondence of goals and means
2) process-oriented, not result-oriented
3) carried out individually
Both sensory and rational cognition
1) forms ideas and knowledge about the subject
2) begins with a feeling
3) gives a visual image of the object
4) uses logical reasoning
Are the following judgments about the process of cognition correct?
A. In the process of cognition, a person’s emotions and feelings play an important role.
B. In the process of cognition, human intuition has a certain significance.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
Are the following statements about social cognition correct?
A. In social cognition, its subject and object coincide.
B. Experimentation is actively used in social cognition.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
What judgment is based on the image?
1) scientific
2) practical
3) artistic
4) everyday
Are the following statements about absolute truth true?
A. None of the absolute truths can become relative.
B. Some of the absolute truths may become relative.
1) only A is correct
3) both judgments are correct
2) only B is correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
Are the following judgments about the truth of knowledge true?
A. The truth of any knowledge has its limits, therefore it contains moments of both absolute and relative truth.
B. All our knowledge is only relatively true, there is no absolute truth in it.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
Definition: “The process of obtaining objective, true knowledge” refers to the concept
1) everyday knowledge
2) scientific knowledge
3) artistic knowledge
4) practical knowledge
The statement: "This house is bigger than all the others" is an example
Hypotheses
2) inferences
3) judgments
4) concepts
Are the following truth statements true?
A. Absolute truth is knowledge with which everyone agrees, since it is something that is obvious and cannot be imagined otherwise.
B. Relative truth is knowledge sufficient for a person to successfully conduct his affairs.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
The forms of scientific knowledge include
1) hypothesis
3) problem
4) all of the above
Which of the following examples relates to everyday knowledge?
1) wisdom: “The morning is wiser than the evening”
2) the myth of Prometheus
3) theory of natural selection
4) observation: when moving away, the size of an object decreases
Truth 1. Are the following truth statements true? A. Truth is the correspondence of knowledge to human interests. B. Truth is the correspondence of thought to reality. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 2. Are the following truth statements true? Truth is A. An objective reflection of objects and phenomena in human consciousness. B. The result of knowledge, existing only in the form of concepts, judgments and theories. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both A and B are true; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 3. Are the following truth statements true? A. Truth is relative, because the world is changeable and infinite. B. Truth is relative, because the possibilities of knowledge are determined by the level of development of science. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 4. Are the judgments correct? A. Any truth is objective and relative. B. Absolute truth is practically unattainable. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both A and B are true; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 5. Are the following statements true? Relative truth is knowledge A. With which not everyone agrees. B. Incomplete, true only under certain conditions. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both A and B are true; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 6. Are the following judgments about true and false in knowledge true? A. All phenomena of reality can be assessed from the point of view of truth or falsity. B. False knowledge accepted as true is a delusion. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 7. Are the following judgments about practice as a criterion of truth correct? A. Practice is a criterion for the truth of our knowledge about the world. B. Practice is not the only criterion of truth, because there are phenomena that are inaccessible to practical influence on them. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both A and B are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 8. Are the following judgments about the criteria for the truth of knowledge correct? A. The criterion for the truth of knowledge is simplicity, clarity and consistency of knowledge. B. The criterion for the truth of knowledge is the practical orientation of knowledge. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 9. Are the following judgments about practice as a criterion of truth true? Practice is a relative criterion of truth because A. Not all phenomena can be assessed as true or false. B. There are phenomena that are inaccessible for practical influence on them. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 10. Are the following judgments about cognition true? A. Knowledge of the world can occur in the process of everyday life. B. The object of knowledge can be a person. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 11. Are the following statements true about the diversity of forms of human knowledge? A. The experience of everyday life is one of the ways to understand the world. B. Both scientific knowledge and knowledge obtained in everyday life are characterized by theoretical validity of conclusions. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 12. Are the following statements true about the diversity of forms of human knowledge? A. The functions of an artistic image in art are similar to the functions of a concept in science. B. Artistic images are just the result of fiction; they do not reflect reality. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 13. Are the following statements true? A. Science and religion are forms of knowledge of the world B. Religion and science form two different types of worldviews of humanity. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both A and B are true; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 14. Are the following statements true? A. A feature of social cognition is the influence of the researcher’s position on the assessment of facts. B. The scientific study of society requires an objective approach to facts. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both A and B are true; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 15. Are the following judgments about cognition true? A. The structure of cognition includes goal, means, and result. B. Cognition requires the presence of an object and a subject of cognition. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 16. Are the following statements true? A. Concept, judgment, inference create a sensory image of an object. B. Inference is a logical connection of judgments. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both A and B are true; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
Truth 17. Are the following judgments about the forms of knowledge true? A. The results of sensory knowledge exist in the form of images. B. The results of rational cognition are fixed in sign systems and in language. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
15. Both absolute and relative truths:
1) always find their confirmation in practice; 3) provide complete, comprehensive knowledge about the subject;
2) are objective in nature; 4) can be refuted over time.
16. True knowledge as opposed to false:
1) is obtained in the course of cognitive activity; 3) abstracts from secondary features;
2) corresponds to the very object of knowledge; 4) presented in scientific language.
17. Are the following statements about false knowledge true?
Knowledge is false
A. not relevant to the subject of study.
B. not verified experimentally.
18. Are the following truth statements true?
A. The path to absolute truth goes through relative truths.
B. Relative truth is complete, unchanging knowledge.
1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
19. Are the following judgments about practice as a criterion of truth correct?
Practice is a relative criterion of truth, because
A. not all phenomena can be assessed as true or false.
B. there are phenomena that are not accessible to practical influence on them.
1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are incorrect.
20. Write down the word that is missing in the following phrase:
“Undoubted, unchangeable, once and for all established knowledge, a kind of pattern to which human knowledge strives, is usually called ___________ truth.”
Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.
As is known, objective truth is the content of knowledge that does not depend on either man or humanity; this is an adequate reflection by the subject of the surrounding world. The general characteristic of truth is applicable to any form of knowledge - both natural science and social reflection. However, while noting the commonality, one should also see the specificity of the manifestation of truth in the reflection of social phenomena. It is necessary to take into account the characteristics of both the object and the subject of cognition, and their relationships...
There is only one objective truth in the social sciences, as in natural sciences. It cannot be otherwise if we strictly adhere to the criterion of scientificity in social cognition. But it is also obvious that the process of comprehending objective truth is as difficult as it is endless. The development of social knowledge proceeds through the struggle of opposing views, concepts and theories, through their systematic revision. The only objective criterion of truth is practice...
At the same time, one must always keep in mind that the criterion of truth is not a single experience, not a one-time act of verification, but social practice in its historical dimension.
However, practice is a relative criterion of social truth in the sense that it indicates the truth of knowledge only for certain historical conditions. The criterion of practice is so “definite” as to distinguish objective knowledge from subjective opinions and idealistic delusions in order to stimulate the creative development of social cognition, and at the same time so “indefinite” as to allow human knowledge to turn into an “absolute”.
(A.M. Korshunov, V.V. Mantatov)
21. What two definitions of objective truth are given by the authors?
22. What two features of practice as a criterion of truth in the social sciences are mentioned in the text?
23. Characterize, based on your knowledge of the course, the features of the object, subject and results of social cognition.
24. Give three examples that support any three of the authors' statements (of your choice). In each case, write a statement first and then a corresponding example.
Scientific knowledge
25. Only scientific knowledge includes:
1) established facts; 3) logical conclusions;
2) experimentally based conclusions; 4) observation results.
26. What is an example of scientific knowledge?
1) twice two is four; 3) time for business - an hour for fun;
27. Which of the following statements is scientific?
1) time flows everywhere the same and does not depend on anything;
2) a person’s fate depends on the location of the stars in the sky at the moment of his birth;
3) electric current flows through wires in the same way as water through pipes;
4) there is a hereditary predisposition to certain diseases.
28. What method of acquiring knowledge is used? mainly at the theoretical level of scientific knowledge?
1) measuring objects; 3) putting forward a hypothesis;
2) description of experimental data; 4) conducting observations.
29. The famous navigator Magellan was looking for the shortest route to India. He used a map that showed the strait connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. However, Magellan did not find the strait in the place marked on the map. Then he, having studied the descriptions left by his predecessors, suggested that this strait should be further south. He explored every bay, every bay - and discovered a strait (later named after him) between the mainland and the Tierra del Fuego archipelago.
What methods of scientific knowledge did Magellan use? List three methods.
30. Name any three features of scientific knowledge and illustrate each of them with an example.
31. Use three examples to reveal the methods of obtaining knowledge inherent in science.
Read the text and complete tasks 32-35.
Empirical knowledge.
The complexity of the structure of cognitive activity is also due to the fact that at present the layer of empirical knowledge, where sensory forms of reflection, instrumental-practical means of cognition and abstract-logical means of analysis interact in a single process, is also more complex than it was previously thought.<…>
For a long time, science was dominated by the empirical tradition (developed by both materialists and idealists), which assumed that the source of scientific knowledge is only sensory data<…>Even now we have to prove that empirical knowledge is not purely sensory, but involves the use of various rational methods of research<…>
At the initial stage of empirical knowledge, the researcher, relying on existing knowledge and theoretical ideas, conducts experiments and records the results of individual observations. However, the scattered data obtained at this stage of the study are not in themselves facts of science. They may contain errors associated with deviations in the functioning of human senses, incorrect instrument readings, incorrect experiments, incorrect interpretation, etc. In other words, the initial data (which in the past were perceived as facts) may contain some random, erroneous elements and subjective layers. In order for them to receive the meaning of scientific facts, they must be cleared of this kind of elements, highlighting what characterizes the objective phenomenon itself<…>the results of experiments are checked and rechecked, missing information is collected, and additional experiments are carried out. The initial data obtained as a result of a whole series of experiments and observations are subjected to<…>generalization, classification, typologization, establishment of empirical dependencies and regularities, statistical processing, subject to explanation and interpretation. With the help of these means it is possible to describe the phenomena of reality as objectively as possible and to express them in the form of factual knowledge.
(A.N. Elsukov)
32. What three components are represented, according to the author, in empirical knowledge?
33. What abstract logical means, in the author’s opinion, make it possible to describe the phenomena of reality as objectively as possible and to express them in the form of factual knowledge? Name any five remedies.
35. The author points out that for a long time the empirical tradition dominated in science. Write down what they call philosophers who hold a different position, and indicate any two features of their approach to solving the question of knowing the world.
1) established facts
2) experimentally based conclusions
3) logical conclusions
4) observation results
A9. Are judgments about false knowledge true? Knowledge is false.
A. Not relevant to the subject of study.
B. Not tested experimentally.
A10. Are the following truth statements true? Truth is
A. Objective reflection of objects and phenomena in human consciousness.
B. The result of knowledge, existing only in the form of concepts, judgments and theories.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true
A11. Are the following statements true?
A. A person’s exploration of himself can be carried out in the process of communication, play, and work.
B. Self-knowledge in certain situations requires special efforts and knowledge.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect.
A12. A person can determine what he really is:
1) only by isolating yourself from communication with other people
2) not being interested in others' opinions about themselves
3) comparing yourself with other people, finding out their opinions about yourself
4) solely based on other people’s opinions of themselves
A13. Are the following statements about self-knowledge correct?
A) To know yourself, you need to observe yourself and analyze your actions.
B) To know yourself, you need to monitor the attitude of others towards you, their assessments of their actions.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect
A14. Which of the following refers to pre-scientific knowledge?
1) myths and legends about the creation of the world
2) theory of relativity
3) the law of universal gravitation
4) the law of supply and demand
A15. What do scientists mean by absolute truth?
1) comprehensive, accurate knowledge about the object of study
2) objective knowledge about the object, achieved at a certain stage of cognition
3) knowledge realized only with the help of artistic images
4) knowledge obtained as a result of applying only forms of rational knowledge
A16. Distinctive feature of aesthetic (artistic) knowledge:
1) gaining knowledge through artistic images
2) leads to relative truths
3) uses only forms of sensory knowledge
A17. Are the following judgments about cognitive activity true? Cognitive activity of people:
A) Accompanied by errors, delusions, illusions.
B) Inextricably linked with the work of consciousness, will, memory, beliefs.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect.
A18. Are the following judgments about cognition correct?
A) The structure of rational knowledge includes a concept, judgment, and inference.
B) Rational knowledge precedes sensory knowledge.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect
A19. Are the following judgments about cognition correct?
A) Cognition requires the presence of a cognizing subject and a cognizable object.
B) Both an individual and society as a whole can act as a subject of cognition.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect
A20. Are the following judgments about cognition correct?
A) the main forms of knowledge are sensory and rational knowledge;
B) rational cognition involves understanding the essence of the cognizable object.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect
Part 2
IN 1. Fill in the missing word.
“A special property inherent only to man, which distinguishes him from other living beings, is............., which is defined as the process of reflecting the world in concepts, judgments, theories produced by the human brain.”
Cognition
Knowledge of the world.
1. Rational knowledge, in contrast to sensory,
reflects the shape of an object
creates a visual image of an object
compares essential characteristics of objects
determines the spatial arrangement of objects
2. Which of the following statements is scientific?
Time flows the same everywhere and does not depend on anything
A person's fate depends on the location of the stars in the sky at the time of his birth.
Electrically, current flows through wires the same way water flows through pipes.
There is a hereditary predisposition to certain diseases
Forms of knowledge: sensual and rational, true and false.
1. Rational knowledge, as opposed to sensory,
updates knowledge about the world around us
forms a visual image of an object
carried out in the form of sensation, perception and representation
uses logical reasoning.
2. Write down the word missing in the diagram below.
Answer: ______________________
3. Find the forms of sensory knowledge in the list below and circle the numbers under which they are indicated...
judgment
observation
feeling
perception
4. Are judgments about false knowledge true? Knowledge is false
A. inappropriate to the subject of study
B. not verified experimentally.
only A is correct
only B is correct
both judgments are correct
both judgments are wrong
Truth and its criteria.
1. Are the following statements about truth true?
A. Truth is an objective reflection of objects and phenomena in human consciousness.
B. Truth is the result of knowledge, existing only in the form of concepts, judgments and theories.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
2. Are the following statements about truth true?
A) The path to absolute truth goes through relative truths
B) Relative truth is complete, unchanging knowledge.
Only A is correct
Only B is correct
both judgments are correct
both judgments are incorrect.
3. Both absolute and relative truths
always find their confirmation in practice
are objective in nature
provide complete, comprehensive knowledge about the subject
may be disproven over time
4. Write down the missing word:
“Undoubted, invariably established knowledge once and for all is called…….
the truth."
Answer:____________
The variety of forms of human knowledge.
1. “The plant owes its green color to chlorophyll.” This statement is an example
worldly knowledge
mythological knowledge
scientific knowledge
parascientific knowledge
2. Individuality is the unique identity of a person, a set of his unique properties.” This statement is an example
artistic image
parascientific knowledge
common sense judgment
scientific knowledge
3. Establish a correspondence between the form of cognition and its feature for each position given in the first column, select a position from the second column.
Write down the selected numbers in the table.
Scientific knowledge.
1. Which method of obtaining knowledge is used primarily at the theoretical level of scientific knowledge
measuring objects
description of experimental data
hypothesizing
conducting observations
2. Only scientific knowledge includes
established facts
experimentally based conclusions
logical conclusions
observation results
3. It is characteristic of both religious and scientific knowledge that they
are objective in nature
suggest evidence
can be passed on from generation to generation
necessary for a person to function rationally
4. Write down the word missing in the diagram.
Answer: _______________________________
Sciences about man and society.
1. Which of the listed sciences provides answers to the question of what good and evil are?
psychology
aesthetics
sociology
2. Which of the following sciences studies relationships between people related to the organization of production
philosophy
sociology
political science
economy
3. Among the listed sciences, the study of social statuses and social roles deals with
jurisprudence
sociology
political science
4. Which of the following sciences studies power relations in society?
sociology
jurisprudence
