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For students and graduate students - books - philosophy. Philosophical Dictionaries Student's Guide to Philosophy

in pedDDdrily then

Guest 04.12.2018 18:21

I studied from the works of these people and took them for a revelation until I came across a textbook on philosophy from the 1930s. I was amazed that everything is approved there too. And also. No arguments to prove their views. A continuous enumeration of statements by various authors and declarative statements on the most important theoretical issues. It is a pity, but the authors of the textbook still do not understand that all their so-called scientific works are nothing more than ideologemes only flavored with post-Marxist phraseology.
Separately, it is worth noting the absolute pedagogical illiteracy in the presentation educational material.
And yet, announcing that the "textbook" is intended for students, graduate students and teachers, let the authors, at least for themselves. answer the question, what new did they give to the teacher who teaches all this himself? With all due respect to the personalities of the authors, I cannot but note that the main provisions of the educational material have become outdated along with the authors. Unfortunately, even long before their birth. Alas.
(In order not to be absolutely unfounded, think for yourself, do the authors consider movement as a sphere of metaphysics or physics? After all, these are completely different spheres. Or correlate the statements that “movement is absolute, and rest is relative, but rest is the opposite of movement.” So where is rest. movement or inside? If outside, then rest is also an attribute of matter (although the question is, what gives rise to it?) if it is inside, then as a subordinate, it cannot be the opposite of movement. But having removed peace, the movement loses its driving force. opposite. But what's the point of talking, this sphere of knowledge will remain dogmatic, devoid of any meaning for a long time to come. Therefore, we can give a subtitle to this textbook "Requiem for Philosophy". Amen..

Grade 1 out of 5 stars by Guest 20.12.2017 15:27

I have not seen such a primitive and pedagogically illiterate textbook for a long time. The impression is that the authors live, at best, in the 30s of the last century. And the point is not that Marxism must be discarded, no, that is not the point, but that it is high time to move forward long ago. At least justify the basics. For example, what proves that motion is an attribute of matter. Read the section "Thing, properties, relation", where the main idea is not derived from speculation, i.e. science, but from everyday perception. In order not to disperse into demonstrating the flaws and absurdities of this "labor", it is enough to ask the authors: 1. What initial level of education should the reader of this, so to speak, textbook have? (For reference, this is yesterday's schoolboy). 2. How long does it take for a yesterday's schoolboy to master it? These are fundamental questions, without answers to which no textbook, by definition, can be such. Here, apparently, the authors decided to demonstrate the depth of their philosophical knowledge. And for this purpose they even brought in the history of philosophy. And let's ask ourselves a simple question, why are we not given the whole history of mathematics when studying mathematics? The same goes for other sciences. But philosophers consider themselves the navel of science. And what is new in it today, except for the very words about its importance.

The handbook contains 88 of the most important questions throughout the course of philosophy with brief answers on them.

EXAMPLE QUESTIONS FOR SYSTEMIC REVIEW ON THE COURSE OF PHILOSOPHY

Philosophy, range of its problems and role in society.
The concept of worldview and its structure. historical forms worldview.
Cosmocentrism and natural philosophy of the ancient Greeks.
The problem of man ancient philosophy. Moral philosophy Socrates.
Plato's doctrine of ideas.
Aristotle's doctrine of matter and form.
Medieval western philosophy. Patristics and scholasticism.
Characteristic features of the philosophy of the Renaissance.
Naturphilosophy of N. Kuzansky.
The teachings of D. Bruno. Heliocentrism.
Socio-political ideas of the Renaissance.
Socio-historical prerequisites for the emergence of the philosophy of the New Time. The relationship of natural science, technical progress and philosophy.
F. Bacon and the theory of experimental knowledge.
Rationalism of R. Descartes.
Philosophy of B. Spinoza. Pantheism.
Sensationalism of D. Locke's doctrine of cognition.
Subjective idealism D. Berkeley. D. Hume's agnosticism.
Philosophy of the French Enlightenment.
Critical philosophy of I. Kant.
Absolute idealism of G. Hegel.
Anthropological materialism L. Feuerbach.
Criticism of idealism and development materialistic understanding history of K. Marx.
Lenin's stage in the development of Marxist philosophy.
Materialistic views of A.I. Herzen and N.G. Chernyshevsky.
The philosophy of "all-unity" V. Solovyov.
Russian religious philosophy in the twentieth century.
Modern Western Philosophy. Features and main directions.
Being as a fundamental category of philosophy.
Being and substance. Basic forms of being.
Philosophical and natural science understanding of matter.
Movement as a way of existence of matter. Forms and types of movement.
Philosophical and natural science understanding of space and time.
Consciousness, its origin and essence.
Consciousness and the brain. Thinking and language.
Dialectics and metaphysics as methods of cognition.
Dialectics and its historical forms.
Principles and laws of dialectics.
The main categories of dialectics.
Concepts of knowledge in philosophy.
Sensory experience and rational thinking: their main forms and ways of interaction.
The problem of truth. True. Delusion. Lie.
Practice as a criterion of truth.
Features of scientific knowledge.
Structure scientific knowledge: forms and methods.
The concept of society. Basic Concepts community development.
Society as a system.
The specifics of the laws of social development.
The meaning of history.
Man as a prerequisite and result of history.
Philosophical anthropology about the nature and essence of man.
Biological and social in man, their correlation and interrelation.
The problem of anthroposociogenesis. Alternative concepts of the origin of man.
The problem of the meaning of life.
The concepts of "person", "personality", "individuality". Conditions and mechanisms of personality formation.
Freedom and creativity as the highest values of the individual.
Collectivity as the main form of human existence.
Human and nature. Historical forms of man's relationship to nature.
Economic life of society: concept and structure.
The law of the correspondence of production relations to the nature and level of development of the productive forces.
Man in a computerized world: sociocultural and psychological aspects Problems.
The concept of the social structure of society. Historical types and forms of social community: family, clan, tribe, nationality, nation.
The problem of ethnogenesis. Basic concepts.
Classes and their role in the system of social ties.
The concept of social stratification. social mobility.
State and civil society: signs and functions.
Public consciousness and its structure.
The concept of politics. Politics and law.
Moral consciousness and moral values.
Aesthetic values and their role in human life.
Religious values and freedom of conscience.
Science as a form of spiritual activity: specificity and functions.
Technique. Origin and essence. Technique and ethics.
Formational and civilizational concepts of social development.
The concept of civilization and its historical types.
The content and main features of modern information civilization.
The place of Russia in the world civilizational process.
Dynamics of social development. Evolution and revolution.
The concept of culture and its historical types.
Culture as a system. The symbolic nature of culture.
Culture and civilization. Human problems in modern culture.
Dialogue of cultures: West - East - Russia.
Humanism as the goal and measure of social progress.
The crisis of humanism in an industrial society.
Humanism and totalitarianism, humanism and democracy: problems and contradictions.
Global problems of mankind, their typology. Ecological problems of the present. Ways out of the crisis.
Humanity as a planetary phenomenon. The concept of the noosphere.
Interaction of civilizations and the strategy of the future.
Social cognition and its features. Levels of social cognition.

An example of an answer (from it) to a question from the training manual (No. 1):

1. Philosophy, the range of its problems and role in society.
The term "philosophy" was introduced into use by the ancient Greek thinker Pythagoras and is translated into Russian as love of wisdom. In ancient times, philosophy was understood as any knowledge. In the modern view, philosophy is the area of theoretical knowledge about the world as a whole, about the place of a person in this world and about the principles of the relationship of a person with this world. The most important features of philosophy are scientific, critical and fundamental. The fundamental question of philosophy is the question of the relation of consciousness to matter. The structure of philosophy includes the doctrine of being (ontology), the doctrine of cognition (epistemology) and the doctrine of development (dialectics). Philosophy is an essential part of spiritual culture. Its role in society is determined by its main functions: ideological, methodological, humanistic and moral.

In this document, you can find answers to the following questions:
Philosophy, range of its problems and role in society.
The concept of worldview and its structure. Historical forms of worldview.
Cosmocentrism and natural philosophy of the ancient Greeks.
The problem of man in ancient philosophy. The moral philosophy of Socrates.
Plato's doctrine of ideas.
Aristotle's doctrine of matter and form.
Medieval Western Philosophy. Patristics and scholasticism.
Characteristic features of the philosophy of the Renaissance.
Naturphilosophy of N. Kuzansky.
The teachings of D. Bruno. Heliocentrism.
Socio-political ideas of the Renaissance.
Socio-historical prerequisites for the emergence of the philosophy of the New Time. The relationship of natural science, technical progress and philosophy.
F. Bacon and the theory of experimental knowledge.
Rationalism of R. Descartes.
Philosophy of B. Spinoza. Pantheism.
Sensationalism of D. Locke's doctrine of cognition.
Subjective idealism D. Berkeley. D. Hume's agnosticism.
Philosophy of the French Enlightenment.
Critical philosophy of I. Kant.
Absolute idealism of G. Hegel.
Anthropological materialism L. Feuerbach.
Criticism of idealism and the development of a materialistic understanding of the history of K. Marx.
Lenin's stage in the development of Marxist philosophy.
Materialistic views of A. I. Herzen and N. G. Chernyshevsky.
The philosophy of "all-unity" V. Solovyov.
Russian religious philosophy in the XX century.
Modern Western Philosophy. Features and main directions.
Being as a fundamental category of philosophy.
Being and substance. Basic forms of being.
Philosophical and natural science understanding of matter.
Movement as a way of existence of matter. Forms and types of movement.
Philosophical and natural science understanding of space and time.
Consciousness, its origin and essence.
Consciousness and the brain. Thinking and language.
Dialectics and metaphysics as methods of cognition.
Dialectics and its historical forms.
Principles and laws of dialectics.
The main categories of dialectics.
Concepts of knowledge in philosophy.
Sensory experience and rational thinking: their main forms and ways of interaction.
The problem of truth. True. Delusion. Lie.
Practice as a criterion of truth.
Features of scientific knowledge.
Structure of scientific knowledge: forms and methods.
The concept of society. Basic concepts of social development.
Society as a system.
The specifics of the laws of social development.
The meaning of history.
Man as a prerequisite and result of history.
Philosophical anthropology about the nature and essence of man.
Biological and social in man, their correlation and interrelation.
The problem of anthroposociogenesis. Alternative concepts of the origin of man.
The problem of the meaning of life.
The concepts of "person", "personality", "individuality". Conditions and mechanisms of personality formation.
Freedom and creativity as the highest values of the individual.
Collectivity as the main form of human existence.
Human and nature. Historical forms of man's relationship to nature.
Economic life of society: concept and structure.
The law of the correspondence of production relations to the nature and level of development of the productive forces.
Man in a computerized world: socio-cultural and psychological aspects of the problem.
The concept of the social structure of society. Historical types and forms of social community: family, clan, tribe, nationality, nation.
The problem of ethnogenesis. Basic concepts.
Classes and their role in the system of social ties.
The concept of social stratification. social mobility.
State and civil society: signs and functions.
Public consciousness and its structure.
The concept of politics. Politics and law.
Moral consciousness and moral values.
Aesthetic values and their role in human life.
Religious values and freedom of conscience.
Science as a form of spiritual activity: specificity and functions.
Technique. Origin and essence. Technique and ethics.
Formational and civilizational concepts of social development.
The concept of civilization and its historical types.
The content and main features of modern information civilization.
The place of Russia in the world civilizational process.
Dynamics of social development. Evolution and revolution.
The concept of culture and its historical types.
Culture as a system. The symbolic nature of culture.
Culture and civilization. Human problems in modern culture.
Dialogue of cultures: West - East - Russia.
Humanism as the goal and measure of social progress.
The crisis of humanism in an industrial society.
Humanism and totalitarianism, humanism and democracy: problems and contradictions.
ball problems of mankind, their typology. Ecological problems of the present. Ways out of the crisis.
Humanity as a planetary phenomenon. The concept of the noosphere.
Interaction of civilizations and the strategy of the future.
Social cognition and its features. Levels of social cognition.

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation Pskov State Pedagogical Institute. CM. Kirov

A BRIEF GUIDE TO PHILOSOPHY

Published by decision of the Department of Philosophical Sciences and the Editorial and Publishing Council of the PSPI. CM. Kirov

Quick Reference in Philosophy / Compiled by Petrov G.V.

Pskov: PSPI, 2004. - 52 p.

The educational and methodical manual "A Brief Guide to Philosophy" is designed for students preparing for tests and exams in the course of philosophy. It is designed for systematic repetition of previously learned material. The reference book cannot replace textbooks and manuals on philosophy, the study of which is provided for in the curriculum.

Reviewers:

candidate of philosophical sciences N.N. Gabdulova Candidate of Philosophical Sciences L.S. Shchennikova

ISBN 5-87854-290-0		Petrov G.V., 2004
		Pskov State
		pedagogical institute
		them. CM. Kirova, 2004
		(PSPI named after S.M. Kirov), 2004

EXAMPLE QUESTIONS FOR SYSTEM REVIEW

ON THE COURSE OF PHILOSOPHY

1. Philosophy, range of its problems and role in society.

2. The concept of worldview and its structure. Historical forms of worldview.

3. Cosmocentrism and natural philosophy of the ancient Greeks.

5. Plato's doctrine of ideas.

6. Aristotle's doctrine of matter and form.

7. Medieval Western Philosophy. Patristics and schola

9. Naturphilosophy of N. Kuzansky.

10. The teachings of D. Bruno. Heliocentrism.

11. Socio-political Renaissance ideas.

12. Socio-historical prerequisites for the emergence of the philosophy of the New Time. The relationship of natural science, technical progress and philosophy.

13. F. Bacon and the theory of experimental knowledge.

14. Rationalism of R. Descartes.

15. Philosophy of B. Spinoza. Pantheism.

16. Sensationalism of D. Locke's doctrine of cognition.

17. Subjective idealism D. Berkeley. D. Hume's agnosticism.

18. Philosophy of the French Enlightenment.

19. Critical philosophy of I. Kant.

20. Absolute idealism of G. Hegel.

21. Anthropological materialism L. Feuerbach.

22. Criticism of idealism and the development of a materialistic understanding of the history of K. Marx.

23. Lenin's stage in the development of Marxist philosophy.

24. Materialistic views of A.I. Herzen and N.G. Chernyshevsky.

25. The philosophy of "all-unity" V. Solovyov.

26. Russian religious philosophy in the twentieth century.

27. Modern Western Philosophy. Features and main directions.

28. Being as a fundamental category of philosophy.

29. Being and substance. Basic forms of being.

30. Philosophical and natural science understanding of matter.

31. Movement as a way of existence of matter. Forms and types of movement.

32. Philosophical and natural science understanding of space and time.

33. Consciousness, its origin and essence.

34. Consciousness and the brain. Thinking and language.

35. Dialectics and metaphysics as methods of cognition.

36. Dialectics and its historical forms.

37. Principles and laws of dialectics.

38. The main categories of dialectics.

39. Concepts of knowledge in philosophy.

40. Sensory experience and rational thinking: their main forms and ways of interaction.

41. The problem of truth. True. Delusion. Lie.

42. Practice as a criterion of truth.

43. Features of scientific knowledge.

44. Structure of scientific knowledge: forms and methods.

45. The concept of society. Basic concepts of social development.

46. Society as a system.

47. The specifics of the laws of social development.

48. The meaning of history.

49. Man as a prerequisite and result of history.

50. Philosophical anthropology about the nature and essence of man

51. Biological and social in man, their relationship

and relationship.

52. The problem of anthroposociogenesis. Alternative concepts of the origin of man.

53. The problem of the meaning of life.

54. The concepts of "person", "personality", "individuality". Conditions and mechanisms of personality formation.

55. Freedom and creativity as the highest values of the individual.

56. Collectivity as the main form of human existence.

57. Human and nature. Historical forms of man's relationship to nature.

58. Economic life of society: concept and structure.

59. The law of the correspondence of production relations to the nature and level of development of the productive forces.

60. Man in a computerized world: sociocultural

And psychological aspects of the problem.

61. The concept of the social structure of society. Historical types and forms of social community: family, clan, tribe, nationality, nation.

62. The problem of ethnogenesis. Basic concepts.

63. Classes and their role in the system of social ties.

64. The concept of social stratification. social mobility.

65. State and civil society: signs and functions.

66. Public consciousness and its structure.

67. The concept of politics. Politics and law.

68. Moral consciousness and moral values.

69. Aesthetic values and their role in human life.

70. Religious values and freedom of conscience.

71. Science as a form of spiritual activity: specificity and functions.

72. Technique. Origin and essence. Technique and ethics.

73. Formational and civilizational concepts of social development.

74. The concept of civilization and its historical types.

75. The content and main features of modern information civilization.

76. The place of Russia in the world civilizational process.

77. Dynamics of social development. Evolution and revolution.

78. The concept of culture and its historical types.

79. Culture as a system. The symbolic nature of culture.

80. Culture and civilization. Human problems in modern culture.

81. Dialogue of cultures: West - East - Russia.

82. Humanism as the goal and measure of social progress.

83. The crisis of humanism in an industrial society.

84. Humanism and totalitarianism, humanism and democracy: problems and contradictions.

85. Global problems of mankind, their typology. Ecological problems of the present. Ways out of the crisis.

86. Humanity as a planetary phenomenon. The concept of noos-

87. Interaction of civilizations and the strategy of the future.

88. Social cognition and its features. Levels of social cognition.

ANSWER GUIDE

1. Philosophy, the range of its problems and role in society.

The term "philosophy" was introduced into use by the ancient Greek thinker Pythagoras and is translated into Russian as love of wisdom. In ancient times, philosophy was understood as any knowledge. In the modern view, philosophy is the area of theoretical knowledge about the world as a whole, about the place of a person in this world and about the principles of the relationship of a person with this world. The most important features of philosophy are scientific, critical and fundamental. The fundamental question of philosophy is the question of the relation of consciousness to matter.

The structure of philosophy includes the doctrine of being (ontology), the doctrine of cognition (epistemology) and the doctrine of development (dialectics).

Philosophy is an essential part of spiritual culture. Its role in society is determined by its main functions: ideological, methodological, humanistic and moral.

2. The concept of worldview and its structure. Historical forms of worldview.

A worldview is a holistic view of the world and a person's place in it. The main structural elements of the worldview are: 1) knowledge about the world, 2) values from the standpoint of which a person comprehends the world, 3) beliefs that determine a person's actions.

The main types of worldview. mythological worldview. This is the most ancient type of worldview. It is characterized by an emotional-figurative form, humanization of nature, uncriticality, utilitarian orientation. Religious worldview based on belief in existence supernatural powers. Philosophical worldview is a theoretical form of understanding the world and man. scientific outlook on

called such a worldview, which is based on the achievements of philosophy, natural and social sciences.

Philosophy, on the one hand, is itself a worldview in its most general, theoretical form, on the other hand, it contributes to the formation of a conscious view of the world and a person's place in it.

3. Cosmocentrism and natural philosophy of the ancient Greeks.

A characteristic feature of ancient philosophy is cosmocentrism, i.e. view of the world as a whole (cosmos). Ancient philosophers were busy searching for the fundamental principle of the world, its eternal and unchanging beginning. Such a beginning for Thales was water, for Anaximenes it was air, for Heraclitus it was fire, and so on. Such views are called natural philosophy. In its most developed form, ancient natural philosophy is represented in the atomistic teachings of Democritus and Epicurus.

4. The problem of man in ancient philosophy. The moral philosophy of Socrates.

The problem of man in ancient philosophy was posed by Socrates, who formulated the question: "What is the essence of man?" His answer: the essence of man is his soul (mind), which must be improved through knowledge. Socrates developed a method of cognition - dialectics, which he understood as the art of defending the truth in a dispute with an opponent. Socrates argued that virtue is always the result of knowledge, and vice is the result of ignorance.

5. Plato's doctrine of ideas.

Plato opposed the materialistic solution of the problem of being in the natural philosophy of the ancient Greeks with an idealistic solution. He created the doctrine of ideas - incorporeal essences (images) of classes of things and phenomena. Concrete things are only weak copies (shadows) of perfect ideas residing in the supracelestial spheres. The highest idea is the idea of the good.

6. Aristotle's doctrine of matter and form.

According to the teachings of the great ancient scientist Aristotle, all individual things represent the unity of matter and form. Matter is a passive possibility and substratum (building material) of things, while form (eidos) is their active dynamic principle. Form is intangible. In the hierarchy of all forms, the highest place is occupied by the motionless mind-prime mover (the form of all forms), which Aristotle calls god. The very presence of the prime mover sets in motion all the lower forms.

7. Medieval Western Philosophy. Patristics and scholasticism.

Medieval Western philosophy is the philosophy of the heyday of feudalism and the power of the church. Her characteristic- theocentrism (God is the center of philosophical ideas). God

– it is both the creator of the world (the principle of creationism) and the Absolute Personality. The purpose of man is to strive for the likeness of God through love for God. Thomas Aquinas put forward five proofs for the existence of God.

Patristics are the teachings of the so-called. Church Fathers (Blessed Augustine, etc.), who believed that only by delving into the soul, a person recognizes himself as the image and likeness of God. Scholasticism is a religious philosophy that, with the help of formal logical methods, solved the question of the relationship between knowledge and faith in favor of the latter.

Philosophers of the Middle Ages raised the question of the nature of the Universals, i.e. general concepts: the so-called. realists believed that only general concepts that exist before things in the divine mind, and the so-called. nominalists believed that general concepts exist not before, but after things and represent names, noumena, signs.

8. Characteristic features of the philosophy of the Renaissance.

The Renaissance is a transitional era from feudalism

to capitalism. It is characterized by the transition to an urban lifestyle, the development of industry, travel around the world and

geographical discoveries, the liberation of man from class restrictions, the beginning of the second global natural scientific revolution (the heliocentric system of Copernicus). This era received its name thanks to the revival of ancient art with its ideals of bodily beauty and life-affirming worldview.

In the philosophy of the Renaissance, theocentrism gave way to anthropocentrism and humanism. The anthropocentrism of such thinkers as Nicholas of Cusa, Giordano Bruno, Leonardoda Vinci and others consisted in the fact that they turned their main philosophical interest to man, his nature and place in the Universe. Their humanism manifested itself, first of all, in the rehabilitation of the natural nature of man, the most important feature of which is nobility, understood as the valor of the spirit, as freedom of creativity.

9. Naturphilosophy N. Kuzansky.

Nicholas of Cusa, Renaissance cardinal and bishop. In the philosophy of nature, he substantiated three positions: 1) God contains all things in himself, i.e. all nature, 2) god in all things, i.e. in all nature, 3) God, as the unity of all things, manifests himself in the plurality of these things. God is not somewhere outside the world, he is in unity with this world. The world is an endless sphere that has no definite center.

In the theory of knowledge, N. Kuzansky put forward the thesis of "scientific ignorance", the essence of which is that the finite human mind is only able to approach the knowledge of the infinite, never reaching full knowledge of the infinite, just as a polygon inscribed in a circle with an increase in its angles will never become equal circle.

10. The teachings of D. Bruno. Heliocentrism.

The Renaissance philosopher Giordano Bruno proceeded from the fact that it is impossible to represent God as something isolated from the world. God is everywhere and in everything, he eats the world field. It follows from this that motion is contained in the world itself. D. Bruno's pantheism (the identification of God with nature) became the theoretical basis of his humanism - the exaltation of the individual.

Inspired by the Copernican heliocentric system, which

Dedicated

250th anniversary of the founding of the Moscow state university them. M. V. Lomonosov

VV Mironov - introduction; section IV, chapters 1, 2;

V. V. Vasiliev - section I, chapters 4, 5;

P. P. Gaidenko - section I, chapters 1-3; section II, chapter 2;

A. F. Zotov - section II, chapters 3-5;

B. I. Kuraev - introduction; section VIII, chapter 3; instead of a conclusion

V. A. Lektorsky - section V, chapter 1;

M. A. Maslin - section III, chapters 1-4;

K. X. Momdzhyan - section VII, chapter 1;

A. G. Myslivchenko - section III, chapter 5; section VI;

V. S. Nersesyants - Section VIII, Chapter 2;

E. L. Petrenko - section I, chapter 6;

A. A. Popov - section III, chapter 3;

D. A. Silichev - section II, chapters 1, 6, 7; section VII, chapters 3, 4;

Yu. N. Solodukhin - Section VIII, Chapter 1;

B. S. Stepin - section V, chapter 2;

V. S. Shvyrev - section IV, chapter 3;

V. N. Shevchenko - section VII, chapter 2.

From the publisher

Dear readers!

Our publishing house will soon be ten years old. All these years, we consider one of our main tasks of great public importance to be the publication of textbooks and teaching aids for higher educational institutions in various branches of humanitarian knowledge: law, political science, economics, sociology, history. In total, about 200 textbooks and teaching aids have been published. Nevertheless, this book is special for us: it is the first philosophy textbook published by our publishing house.

The proposed book differs in a number of ways from other similar publications. The authors of the textbook proceed from the fact that, unlike most other humanities, philosophy arose, lives, develops as a set of views, concepts, systems, teachings, sometimes significantly different from each other. Philosophy as a rigid system of ideas and principles, the only true one for all time, has never been and never will be. The unity of philosophy as a science and as academic discipline- in the unity of issues, problems that it deals with, which it has been solving for more than two millennia. But the very interpretation of these questions is diverse, changing with each historical epoch, with the advent of outstanding thinkers. In this sense, philosophy by its very nature is pluralistic. That's why great attention in the textbook devoted to a detailed presentation of the history philosophical thought, including the history of philosophy in Russia, including the Soviet period.

The main emphasis is on showing modern interpretations of the fundamental issues of philosophy: the essential properties of being and consciousness, man and his place in the world, forms of human life, knowledge and cognition, etc. It is important that the authors, on the one hand, seek to rely on the latest achievements natural and social sciences, and on the other hand, to show the role of philosophy as an ideological and methodological guide. This is expressed, in particular, in the fact that the textbook contains a special section devoted to the genesis and structure of scientific knowledge.

The undoubted advantage of the textbook is analysis philosophical problems put forward modern stage technological, economic, social, spiritual progress. These problems are reflected in the sections devoted to issues of culture, civilization, post-industrial society, the interaction of philosophy with ideology, religion, and law.

It is gratifying to note that leading Russian scientists and lecturers from major Russian universities responded to the invitation to take part in writing the textbook. Let's briefly introduce them.

Vasiliev Vadim Valerievich – Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of History of Foreign Philosophy, Faculty of Philosophy, Moscow State University.

Gaidenko Piama Pavlovna - Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Sector of the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences; corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Zotov Anatoliy Fedorovich – Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor of the Department of History of Foreign Philosophy, Faculty of Philosophy, Moscow State University.

Kuraev Vyacheslav Ivanovich – Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor, Leading Researcher at the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Lektorsky Vladislav Aleksandrovich – Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor, Head of Department at the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences; editor-in-chief of the journal "Problems of Philosophy"; corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Maslin Mikhail Alexandrovich – Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of History of Russian Philosophy, Faculty of Philosophy, Moscow State University.

Mironov Vladimir Vasilyevich – Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Ontology and Epistemology of the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University, Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University; vice-rector of Moscow State University.

Momjyan Karen Khachikovich – Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor, Head of Department social philosophy Faculty of Philosophy, Moscow State University.

Myslivchenko Aleksandr Grigorievich – Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor, Consultant at the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Nersesyants Vladik Sumbatovich - Doctor of Law, Professor, Head of the Center for Theory and History of Law and State of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences; academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Petrenko Elena Leonidovna – Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Philosophy Russian Academy public service under the President of the Russian Federation.

Popov Andrey Alekseevich – Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Senior Lecturer, Department of the History of Russian Philosophy, Faculty of Philosophy, Moscow State University.

Silichev Dmitry Alexandrovich – Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Social and Political Sciences of the Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation.

Solodukhin Yury Nikolaevich – Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Acting State Counselor Russian Federation I class.

Stepin Vyacheslav Semenovich - Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Philosophical Anthropology, Faculty of Philosophy, Moscow State University; Director of the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences; academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Shvyrev Vladimir Sergeevich – Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor, Chief Researcher at the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Shevchenko Vladimir Nikolaevich - Doctor of Philosophy, Professor of the Department of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation; head of a sector at the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

I am sure that this textbook will help the reader to form a fairly holistic view of the subject of science, the emergence of which marked the emergence of civilization itself, and that philosophy gives modern man and society.

General Director of the Norma Publishing House E. I. Machulsky

From the publisher.

Introduction: what is philosophy?

1. The evolution of ideas about the subject of philosophy.

2. The main content and functions of philosophy.

3. The structure of philosophy.

Part one. History of Philosophy.

Section I. History of Western Philosophy.

Chapter 1. Ancient Philosophy.

1. Genesis of philosophy in Ancient Greece.

2. Cosmologism and ontologism of early Greek philosophy.

3. The originality of ancient dialectics. Aporia of Zeno.