| Questions of Philosophy. 2016. No. 1. |
| philosophical life and conceptual routine |
| V.P. Makarenko |
| Based on almost half a century of personal experience of scientific and pedagogical activity, the author analyzes the problem of freedom of thought from the conceptual routine in philosophical life.And he builds the concept of his own way of philosophical life, in which conceptual habits and free discussion are constantly changing places. The author believes that philosophical truth does not exist in isolation from personally experienced situations, reflections and invisible decisions that determine the unity of word and deed in the behavior of each individual. The more the individual is “pressed by the environment”, the greater should be the potential for resistance to it. |
| KEY WORDS: philosophical life, conceptual routine, conceptual habits, philosophical community, discussion. |
| MAKARENKO Viktor Pavlovich - Doctor of Philosophical and Political Sciences, Professor, Director of the Center for Political Conceptology of the Higher School of Business of the Southern Federal University, Academician of the National Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine, Honored Scientist of Russia. |
| Citation: Makarenko V.P. Philosophical life and conceptual routine // Questions of Philosophy. 2016. No. 1. |
| Questions Philosophy. 2016. Vol.1 . |
| Philosophical Life and Conceptual Routine |
| Victor P.Makarenko |
| On the basis of almost 50 year personal experience of scientific and pedagogical work the author analyzes the problem of freedom of thought from the conceptual routine in philosophical life. Author builds a concept of his own way of philosophical life, in which conceptual habits and free discussion change places regularly. Author supposes that philosophical truth doesn’t exist in isolation from personal life experience, thoughts and invisible decisions, which determine the unity of word and deed in behavior of every individual. The more individual feel the pressure of the environment, the more the potential of resistance to it should be. |
| KEY WORDS: philosophical life, conceptual routine, conceptual habits, philosophical community, discussion. |
| MAKARENKO Victor P. - DSc in Philosophy and Political Science, Professor, Director of Center Political Conceptology of Higher School of Business atSouthern Federal University, Academician of National Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine, Honored Science Worker of Russia. |
| Citation: Makarenko V.P. Philosophical Life and Conceptual Routine // Voprosy Filosofii. 201 6. Vol. 1. |
Most modern philosophers work in universities, research institutes and other organizations. They write articles and books, communicate directly and indirectly with each other, participate in conferences, many are in correspondence, stimulated by the Internet. Therefore, the philosophical life is derived from the study of philosophy. For a working definition of philosophical life, I propose the term routine. Routine is what people usually (out of habit) think, say, do. The conceptual routine is a set of established and established (anonymous and unreflexive) opinions. It permeates all spheres of philosophy and forms the main subject about which philosophers communicate. Certain patterns of thought form philosophical assessments, views, statements (in the form of premises, the background of ordinary consciousness, in relation to which philosophers usually take a critical position).
Most often, conceptual habits or patterns are not recognized, but they can also be a product of reflection when some transcendental value is attributed to them (“wisdom of the ages”, “in the world of wise thoughts”, etc.). In this case, the routine receives the status of a philosophical or scientific result. For example, postmodernism entered the philosophical life with the formulation of the banality: "Any relation to the text is an interpretation."
Conceptual habits are associated with speech and writing, so they can be considered social activities. Differences in conceptual habits - special case differences between any social and speech acts. They can be conventional, imposed, explicit, take (or not take) the form of an argument (discourse), be used with a certain frequency. Conceptual habits occupy a certain place in the semiotic structure of philosophical life. They perform regulatory and identification functions. Language embodiments of banalities (conceptual habits) are usually found in textbooks, introductions and conclusions of books, commentaries, memoirs, interviews, speeches on a particular occasion, digressions in lectures, etc. We are talking about statements like "I wanted (did not want) to say such and such."
The need to verbalize banality and give it universality is associated with reflection on the already accumulated conceptual routine. Conscious conceptual habits belong primarily to philosophy. They influence ordinary judgments about philosophy. For example, for almost half a century now I have heard talk about the futility of philosophy, the a priori nature of philosophical judgments, the need to constantly rethink the basic philosophical questions. All this is the product of accumulated conceptual habits.
Philosophy is a set of routine actions within the framework of philosophical life. By routine action I mean the idea of integrity and dynamism of the philosophical process. From the point of view of dialectics, the conceptual routine consists in the study of how philosophy arises and what follows from its genesis. Any result of reflection on the process of becoming a philosophical routine can be called the matter of philosophy. I am fully aware that it is impossible to draw a strict distinction between philosophical and pre- or paraphilosophical forms of reflection.
In terms of understanding the routine, I would call such a direction of philosophical thought as conceptivism productive. This is the philosophical activity of meaning generation, the organization of meaningful events. C-thought relates to thinking in the same way that co-existence relates to being. Meaning is a mental event, the intersection of conceptual fields, given by the analytical division of concepts. Conceptivism actually finds gaps, flaws, non-embodied meanings, “bubbles of possibilities”, which turn out to be paths of transition to a different modality, loopholes to possible worlds.
For me, in line with this trend of philosophical thought, the idea of S.S. Neretina about the creative and synthetic nature of concepts, removing the boundaries between the spheres of knowledge [Neretina 2001], the idea of M. Epstein [Epstein 2004] about an adventurous thinker who is aware of his own ignorance, the pluralism of worldviews and scientific concepts, reveals and discharges the energy of intellectual events. To refer to these procedures, I invented the metaphor "at gunpoint", referring to my own relationship to social and cognitive reality. The ideas of D.B. Russell: political and spiritual violence and evil; discarding theories of archetypes and similar orientations; reliance on social history and the history of ideas, using the history of religion against religion to reveal a complete or partial discrepancy between concepts and tradition [Russell 2001].
For the analysis of philosophical life, I propose to use concept of own image of philosophy. Self-image is a set of ideas of an individual about himself. This image is not a set of objective judgments about oneself. The individual imagines his own image as something objectively given. But the image is impossible as objective knowledge. There is always a difference between the authentic and the declared (conventional) image of oneself.
In principle, philosophical life can be discussed on the basis of agreement with the categories in which philosophers themselves describe it. In this case, the conceptual routine forms and expresses its own way of philosophical life. Reflection on philosophical life must obey its laws, since only under this condition can it contribute to the development of philosophy [Tulmin 1984; Rorty 1997].
The own image of philosophical life is always associated with an oral or written story of a specific person (author) about philosophical life, the work of a philosopher, the concept of philosophy, the problems that the narrator considers constitutive for philosophy. The credibility of such a story does not come down only to its confirmation by facts from philosophical life, which are given by one or another author of an oral and written story. Equally important is the experience of the listener or reader. In the story he must know yourself, although he does not always have the courage to admit it.
As you know, in the field of philosophy, everyone has the right to express their opinion, to speak on behalf of the logos and truth. Philosophy is an eternal discussion. The ethos of discussion is rooted in European forms of education, according to which all free citizens have the right to participate in public discussion. There is also a notion of a connection between philosophy and mental life. This connection is manifested in existential questions (primarily about the meaning of life). However, conscious mental needs do not need free discussion as a means of their implementation. They need rather intellectual and psychological authority.
Since my student days, I have been interested in the problem of freedom of thought from routine. To a large extent, M.K. helped me to realize this problem. Petrov [Makarenko 2013]. I formulated the task of a philosopher-researcher in the form of a question that turns into a life motto “How not to be captured by reality?!”. For internal use, I have constructed the metaphors "assembly of ideas" and "formation of problems". In doing so, I was inspired by Kierkegaard's idea of the philosopher as a spy in the service of ideas. I understood these metaphors as the creation of such a complex of ideas and problems that would never let you stagnate, would expose the body of your knowledge to constant internal irony and excite you with new and unexpected questions. Over time, I realized that universities and research institutes have a complex system of symbolic boundaries and are not productive exchange zones [Aleksandrov 2006].
In my first year at the Faculty of Philosophy (I studied in the evening department of the Philosophical Faculty of Rostov State University in 1968-1972), I became convinced that philosophy is a sphere of free discussion. With a caveat: the discussion was led by the teacher, so the right to raise questions and make verdicts belonged to him - he acted as an authority; some students asked him existential questions, believing that the teacher could resolve their doubts, worries, worries.
The main and first philosophical belief is the belief that all cognitive and existential problems can be replaced by questions that philosophy can solve [Jaspers 1991]. If a person does not just want to somehow settle down in life, this faith is more or less expressed in him, with which he enters the Faculty of Philosophy. This faith can be viewed critically. But it is always present in the philosophical community. If you like, she is the progenitor of any philosopher. Without it, philosophical life is impossible.
This belief creates a conflict between free discussion and authority. The way of life of the Faculty of Philosophy strengthens the elements of emerging habits. Discussion and authority occupy an unequal place in the life of the Faculty of Philosophy. Authority in philosophy turns out to be not so much the authority of truth and the person who speaks the truth, but rather the authority of a professor who talks about the history of philosophy. Ideally, the history of philosophy is the main authority in the field of knowledge and competence. In the usual - the fear of blurting out something "wrong" and just student timidity often block a free discussion. In addition, not all students of the Faculty of Philosophy had the courage or impudence to reveal their own stupidity. As a result, free discussion often turned into a routine.
The psychological motivation for studying philosophy is often akin to a religious need. I mean the awareness of my own mission and the conviction that God speaks through my mouth - in the case of the great founders of religions and the great founders of philosophical systems, and the resulting phenomenon of shepherding, typical for clergy, politicians, managers and secular ideologists (see [Foucault 2011]). This determines the personified nature of philosophy.
The realization of philosophy proper as such is constantly postponed until later. that has social expression. It implies the habit of attributing to the philosophical life gap between true philosophy (which was studied by those whom we study) and philosophy as a kind of hallway (in which those who tell the story of what real philosophers said are closest to the entrance to philosophy, and the student is furthest from all). The norm of scientific discussion embraces and equalizes all its participants. Therefore, the judgments of true philosophers appear as a set of points of view or arguments (and not truth), which can always be opposed by our own or others' views and arguments.
Of course, this structure is more complex and must always be specified in relation to place and time. Participants in philosophical life are well or poorly oriented in its intricacies. The emerging conceptual habits act as if forcibly on us. Always exists gap between one's own philosophy and the way one practices it. Actually philosophy does not exist "here and now", and true philosophers are always somewhere far away in space and time.
Besides, we are usually embarrassed to call ourselves philosophers. This is the unwritten rule of good manners. We are ashamed to call philosophy our profession, because the reaction to it is usually ambiguous, derogatory, or contemptuous. In other words, philosophy is always in the process of creation, "preparation for readiness" and is never given and finished.
This feeling of delay and absence of philosophy speaks in favor of the routine statements: "philosophy does not end"; "philosophy is a constant rethinking of the same problems"; Philosophy is the love of wisdom, not wisdom itself. Many philosophers use the personal moment when doing philosophy, and also associate with it some special expectation in the form of philosophical pathos. The most notable examples are philosophical systems like existentialism, the philosophy of dialogue, the teachings of Heidegger and hermeneutics. It would be interesting to conduct a comparative study of the prevalence of such pathos in specific countries, if only for the purpose of clarifying and supplementing the concept of R. Collins [Collins 2002].
But I am interested in the experience of the Soviet (in this case, Russian) adherent of philosophy - I cannot judge about any other. For me, the Faculty of Philosophy was the threshold of philosophy. Already in my first year, I learned that everyone here is jostling in anticipation. No one really hoped that they would soon enter the sanctuary. It was considered good form not to strive for it too much. I will only say that each student is introduced into a certain (derived from the country and philosophical school) symbolism of philosophy, postponed for later. The meaning of the word "philosophy" also plays a significant role: it is the joint effort and wisdom of many generations of philosophers; it is Reason embodied in the history of culture; this is the source of a certain aura and charm associated with studying at the Faculty of Philosophy.
As a symbol of the purpose and unity of the mind, the word “philosophy” finds its way into texts, acting in complex and implicit logical, semiotic and conceptual functions derived from sociolinguistics. The guarantor of the transfer of the symbolic meaning of philosophy into scientific judgments and texts is literature, the tradition of which goes back to Aristotle's Propaedeutics. It tells about the unchanged (but constantly updated) way of using philosophical concepts, the essence of philosophy and philosophizing. However, the symbolic-regulative concept of philosophy is always threatened by other concepts. They also lay claim to a sublime definition of the goal of cognitive aspirations. Philosophers have always strived for these concepts to complement rather than compete with each other.
Plato reconciled philosophy with wisdom. However, the history of regulating the relationship between philosophy and science was much more dramatic. The private goals of knowledge as a certain sphere have never threatened philosophy. On the other hand, they illustrated its internal antagonism: as a concept that refers to all philosophical matter and at the same time to what is true and correct philosophy.
The dignity of the university philosopher derives from his association with a great tradition and the lofty aims of philosophy. As shown Hannah Arendt, the radical opposition between truth and politics runs through the entire history of thought, and in the twentieth century. this opposition has turned into a conflict between the truth of fact and the truth of opinion, which is deliberately blocked by political power (see [Arendt 2014]). In the spirit of this opposition, the actual or verbal orientation towards "absolute truth" compensates the teacher of the philosophy department for the status he has accepted as an eternal student of the preparatory class, i.e. non-existence by a true philosopher. The value of teachers of philosophy is not described using definitions that reflect their position on the path to truth, knowledge or wisdom. Usually they say that NN - an expert on a particular issue that he wrote good book that he defended his doctoral dissertation early. And they do not speak according to the model of Diogenes Laertes: Plato taught that ...
In short, the belief usually comes from studying at the philosophy department: instead of becoming a philosopher, I have a chance to become "a specialist in this or that subject"; that I am unlikely to become a sage, but I can learn the trade of a philosopher. And I will be forced to subordinate my life as an artisan: in the ideal case, to the service of those who embody true philosophy and have fallen into the pantheon of the classics of philosophy; in the usual - the service of power. In both cases, we turn into a philosophical servant of dead wise men and living mediocrity and mediocrity, since usually the latter strive for power.
In the position of the philosopher as a servant, the social forms of religious and scientific life. The philosopher becomes an ideologue in many guises - from a teacher to a speechwriter. Such a situation is dangerous for a true lover of philosophy, since the ideal of free discussion in it turns into ritual and becomes priesthood. Formal, but not real, equality of rights and competencies of all participants in the discussion brings to philosophical life insincerity[Makarenko 2013].
Postponing philosophy for later gives rise to another practical dimension. For a long time, philosophy appears before us as a multitude of textbooks and courses of lectures. There are so many textbooks that there is no time left for reading and studying philosophical sources and classical works. The turning point in learning (which sometimes never comes at all) is when we decide do something specific- sphere, problem, author. This moment forms the beginning of participation in professional philosophical life. A cook joins a specialization and begins to know things that others don't. This creates a sense of security - not everyone can check it. The circle of top specialists for each specific problem is always narrow and scattered in space. Therefore, most future applicants for scientific degrees cherish the secret thought "I am no worse than others." The realization of this secret thought and the unwillingness to get in touch with prominent specialists so that they subject your work to an unflattering assessment contributes to what I call the "farm syndrome" - the provincialization of philosophy. We all live in Uryupinsk to a greater or lesser extent, although we can actually be in world capitals. Awareness of the deep provincialization of thought requires great effort and courage.
We begin to play the social role of a specialist at the time of the publication of the first article, acting as an anonymous specialist "on a certain issue" and an unknown author of the text. From this moment on, the environment perceives us as participants in professional philosophical life and members of the philosophical community, and not as students and assistants of this or that professor. We become specialists in a certain field, connoisseurs of one author or professor. But at the same time we are forced to obey the routine idea of the structure philosophical knowledge. The texts written by us are classified according to the theme, school and the mandatory nomenclature of philosophical specialties, although it is impossible to strictly define it. The names of philosophical disciplines and trends are a complex of philosophical terms with poor content. There is no generally accepted definition of individual areas, according to which philosophical works can be unambiguously qualified. For example, in sections of hermeneutics, philosophical problems of natural science, aesthetics or ontology.
The next habit stems from the positivist ideal of scientificity, according to which only specialists know what the elements of the nomenclature that qualify philosophical works mean. It is assumed that this nomenclature corresponds to a pseudo-objective reality and is theoretically neutral, and not burdened with numerous premises and theoretical consequences as a historical product of philosophical life. Such an assumption does not correspond to the current state of heuristic consciousness, which is often guided by the ideas of hermeneutics, and is usually acceptable only in very moderate forms. An explanatory example: most librarians know catalogs at best and have no idea what treasures and placers of thought they work among.
The main right of philosophical life is law of rethinking(thinking again). Professional philosophical works usually begin and end with arguments about the definition of the main terms belonging to the academic nomenclature of the division of philosophy. And often they take the form, as if ontology or ethics remained a novelty, for which propaedeutics should be written.
Positivist skills favor historicism and the privileged position of the history of philosophy among other parts of philosophy. Before we can turn into a professional philosopher, we are tempted by historians of philosophy to follow in their footsteps and become commentators on the works of ancient or modern philosophers. It is important to emphasize here: writing a commentary on a classical philosophical work is the highest aerobatics of historical and philosophical professionalism. Such pros can be counted on the fingers. But this does not change the fact: philosophy itself is again put aside for later, being protected by a wall of philosophical texts that need to be studied. How many texts and which ones have firmly fallen into oblivion? Neither P. Ricoeur nor the apologists of the "collective unconscious" in various modifications answer this question.
In any case, a young scientist is obliged to observe the generally accepted external forms of scientificity, which partially allow to bypass the difficulties (problems) of creative work. philosophical work. Each of them can hide in the gap of historical and philosophical studies or go out to the bread of the "free philosopher". But neither one nor the other choice does not free from intellectual labor.
The ability to write philosophical texts is the first and most private sphere of philosophical life and the profession of a philosopher. Extraordinary effort is needed to bind fluid thoughts and meanings to the forms of an article or book. Each writer develops his own habits of sporadic, chaotic, or systematic writing. According to the established pattern, we think of writing as the enclosing of thought in a form, and of a book as a record of thought. A theoretical realization of the autonomy of writing is already possible. But this idea has not yet been translated into stylistic patterns and guidelines, let alone a change in conceptual habits.
The private nature of the letter is inadequate to the communicative function of the text. The text appears in one chronotope and passes into another chronotope. The public existence of philosophers depends on published books.
Public speech better than a book reflects the emotional, fluid, lyrical and dialectical nature of thinking. The grammatical form of a living word is much freer than a written word. The dichotomy between the logical-conceptual (forming the content of philosophical statements) and figurative style of thinking has long been known. This dichotomy has been rejected in modern literature [Gudkov 1994]. But this did not affect the conceptual custom in any way.
There is a rich theoretical context for concepts and discursive connections (regardless of the quality of the speaker's utterances) that goes beyond random invective questions. A counterbalance to the randomness of the discussion are the customs of putting forward theses (postulates) and criticism. These customs are rooted in a simplistic view of the structure of the discussion. This idea arose under the influence of logic and includes two main requirements: the discussion consists of concepts that must be unambiguous for all participants in the discussion; the logical form of the discussion is the premise - reasoning - consequence. This is the main condition for effective communication. Sometimes it also includes rhetorical figures. But it is extremely rare for a discussion to end in agreement. All of them require reasoning that deviates from the main topic (meta-objective or methodological). Ultimately, the experience of the philosopher-orator is the experience of defeat.
At first glance, it seems that philosophers are much more likely to be masters of the situation when the work is reduced to reading. However, reading also creates problems because it is not a natural human activity. Reading is a struggle with eternally alien matter, which usually comes from more or less distant places and times. In the process of reading, we also struggle with the structures of writing and speech. Reading is the application of language. In the process of reading, private and indefinite fragments of thoughts arise about what has been read (such as marginal notes). They resemble baby talk - a form of utterance that has not yet been differentiated into speech and writing. They seem fleeting compared to mature utterances. But it is precisely through such marginalities that the understanding of the text arises. Reading is not a way of approaching the truth. And it cannot be considered a wide-open door to the text as a whole, otherwise we would not be engaged in voluntary re-reading of certain books throughout our lives. And classical philosophical texts can be re-read all your life... And it is unlikely that the authors of these texts took into account the existence of reading - for which reader to write - a lover of reading, a collector, an observer, a researcher, a thinker.
Aleksandrov 2006 - Aleksandrov D. Place of knowledge: institutional changes in the Russian production of the humanities // NLO. 2006. No. 1/77. pp. 273-284.
Arendt 2014 - Arendt H. Between past and future. Eight exercises in political thought / Per. from English. and German. D. Aronson. M.: Publishing House of the Gaidar Institute, 2014.
Gudkov 1994 - Gudkov L.D. Metaphor and rationality as problems of social epistemology. Moscow: Rusina, 1994.
Collins 2002 - Collins R. Sociology of philosophies. Global theory intellectual change. Novosibirsk: Siberian Chronograph, 2002.
Makarenko 2013 - Makarenko V.P. Practicing Hegelians and Social Inertia: Fragments political philosophy M.K. Petrov. Rostov-on-Don: MARCH, 2013.
Neretina 2001 - Neretina S.S. Concept // New Philosophical Encyclopedia in 4 vols. T. 2. M.: Thought, 2001. S. 306-307.
Russell 2001 - Russell D.B. The Devil: The Perception of Evil from Ancient Times to Early Christianity. St. Petersburg: Eurasia, 2001.
Rorty 1997 - Rorty R. Philosophy and the mirror of nature / Per. from English, scientific ed. V.V. Tselishchev. Novosibirsk: Publishing house Novosib. un-ta, 1997.
Toulmin 1984 - Tulmin S. Human understanding / Per. from English. Moscow: Progress, 1984.
Foucault 2011 - Foucault M. Security, territory, population. A course of lectures delivered at the College de France in the 1977-1978 academic year / Per. from fr. V.Yu. Bystrova, N.V. Suslova, A.V. Shestakova. St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2011, pp. 172-225.
Epstein 2004 - Epstein M. Space sign. On the future of the humanities. M.: NLO, 2004.
Jaspers 1991 - Jaspers K. Meaning and purpose of history. Moscow: Politizdat, 1991.
References
Aleksandrov D. The place of knowledge: Institutional changes in Russian production ofhumanities // NLO. 2006 Vol. 1/77. P. 273-284 (In Russian).
Arendt H. Between Past and Future. New York: Viking Press, 1961 (Russian translation 2014).
Collins R.The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998 (Russian translation 2002).
Epstein M. On theFuture ofthehumanities. M.: NLO, 2004 (In Russian).
Foucault M.Security, Territoire, Population. Course au College de France 1977- 1978. Picador, 2009 (Russian translation 2011).
Gudkov L.D.. Metaphor and rationality as problems of social epistemology. M.: Rusina, 1994 (In Russian).
Jaspers K. Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte , 1949 (Russian translation 1991).
Makarenko V.P.. Practicing Hegelianians and social inertia: fragments of political philosophy of M.K. Petrov. Rostov-on-Don: MART, 2013(In Russian).
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6. Adibekyan Narine Oganesovna. COMPLEX CHARACTER OF GENDEROLOGY There is a review. Article published in No. 68 (April) 2019
Genderology appeared as an additional complex science, which grew up on the basis of feminism with the use of suitable information from the social sciences. It copes with the synthesis of private information, makes additions, enhances the synergistic effect, enriches the humanities and social sciences.
7. Adibekyan Hovhannes Alexandrovich. CULTURE OF PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC DISCUSSION
Freedom and breadth of thinking not only support the discussion, but also increase its value. Science does not just use this option information contacts, but also considers it for the sake of its effectiveness. At the same time, she refers to all her types, without exception, cultural studies. But just as the science of science is not able to serve all variants of discussions, culture is not able to express itself fully on a large scale in these cases. The synthesis of references of science of science and cultural studies to discussions provides useful information of a complex content, which claims to be called "discussion studies".
8. Adibekyan Hovhannes Alexandrovich. THE VALUE OF CITATION IN SCIENCEArticle published in No. 67 (March) 2019
The use of quotations in scientific works has become a tradition, with the importance of respecting the defined rules for their implementation. The benefits of such references are multifaceted as part of the service of the author of the work: to himself, to readers, to other authors, to the discussion process, to the determinants of scientists' ratings. But quoting can also be judged condemningly.
9. Isachenkov Vadim Sergeevich. Origins of life. Big Bang or Creationism There is a review.
Co-authors: Boblak Vasily Egorovich, Associate Professor of the Department of Humanities, Smolensk Academy of Physical Culture and Sports
In this article, the author considers the problem of the origin of all things and tries to find the root cause of being, based on the main modern theories of the origin of the world - the Big Bang and Creationism. Also, the article reveals the basis of these theories, their positive aspects and disadvantages. Moreover, the author shows that the problem of the root cause of the Cosmos, in modern world much deeper and wider than it might seem.
10. Biktashev Vyacheslav Zainullovich. The modern Marxist concept of historical materialism. There is a review.
As you know, a necessary condition for the existence of science is its continuous development in time. But we have to admit that in the late USSR, Marxism as a science degraded and did not develop, turning into a set of centuries-old dogmas. In the attached article, the vector of development of Marxism as a science of historical materialism, which is truly true, in the opinion of the author, is given.
11. Kudinov Alexander Sergeevich. Communism: myth or reality? Philosophical and historical digression of this concept There is a review.
In this article, the author reveals the concept of communism and its main features. It also provides a historical analysis of the ideas of philosophers in different eras on how to build a just society. The policy of the leadership of the USSR aimed at building communism in our state is analyzed.
12. Poluektova Daria Yurievna. The image of the mother goddess in the Old Testament There is a review.
Co-authors: Sidorenko Natalia Sergeevna, Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Philosophy, Kuban State University
This article examines the echoes of ancient pagan myths about goddesses in the books of the Old Testament, thereby showing that in the religion of the ancient Jews, female deities were no less important than the male cult of Yahweh.
13. Kudinov Alexander Sergeevich. The Impact of the Globalization Process on the Role of Sovereignty There is a review.
This article discusses the concept and features of sovereignty. It also gives a description of state sovereignty, popular sovereignty and national sovereignty. The connection and influence of the process of globalization on sovereignty in modern politics is traced.
14. Kudinov Alexander Sergeevich. What is a revolution? What is the significance of the revolution for social progress? There is a review.
The article discusses the concept and meaning of the term revolution for social progress. The author tries to define and highlight the main features and types of revolutions.
15. Kudinov Alexander Sergeevich. What is a state? The main theories of the origin of the state There is a review.
This article discusses the concept of the state, its main features. The main theories that explain the origin of the state are also considered. The article analyzes the main functions and nature of the origin of this institution.
16. Chumakov Evgeny Vladimirovich. Dialectical laws of the transition of information into matter There is a review.
The article considers the possibility of applying the dialectical laws of change and movement to information. Information is represented as a form of existence of matter, along with movement, space and time. According to this view, information processes (change and distribution) should be subject to the dialectical laws of the development of material systems. This statement is confirmed by examples linking physical interactions of any level with the emergence of new information. Through dialectical laws, an attempt is made to find causal relationships between information processes and changes in material objects, and to find an explanation for the controlling influence of information on physical interactions. The proof of the cyclic change of the three dialectical principles in the information sphere and their influence on changes in physical systems nullifies the search for the original and the announcement of the prevalence of the ideal or material principle in philosophy.
17. Adibekyan Hovhannes Alexandrovich. CHINA IN THE FOCUS OF THE LAW OF DENIAL DENIAL There is a review.
Co-authors: Adibekyan Narine Oganesovna, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, North Caucasus Branch, "Moscow Automobile and Highway State Technical University (MADI)"
Modernity is surprised not only by the collapse of the USSR, the return of Russia to capitalism, but also by the movement of China in the Russian direction with a preference for an intermediate position between socialism and capitalism. At the same time, there are different assessments of events, different predictions of consequences. However, research methodologies lack the law of negation of negation, the content of which not only supports the transition from capitalism to socialism, but also allows for the coexistence of these two systems.
18. Kudinov Alexander Sergeevich. What is an ideology? The role of ideology in the life of society There is a review.
This article discusses many approaches of philosophers to the definition of ideology in the life of society. Also discussed in more detail political ideology in three main directions: conservatism, liberalism and socialism.
19. Kudinov Alexander Sergeevich. Philosophical ideas of freedom of mankind, people. There is a review.
The article is devoted to the consideration of the problem of human freedom, the positions of various philosophers of the course of fatalism and voluntarism. The paper offers different interpretations of this problem, and on the basis of the collected material it is concluded what freedom in philosophical understanding, the main features of human freedom, based on the legislation of our state.
20. Kudinov Alexander Sergeevich. The process of the origin of the Old Russian state There is a review.
In this article, the author considers the process of formation of the ancient Russian state. From the position of two theories: Norman and anti-Norman, the author reveals the main objective processes that contributed to the formation of the first Old Russian state.
Philosophy > Philosophy and Life
Item Riot
Can objects have a life of their own? Although our materialistic worldview, shaped by the prejudices of the 18th and 19th centuries, rebels against this, we can still say yes, they can. And not only they can, but their revival becomes inevitable from the moment when they begin to think about them, to desire them, from the moment when they are created by human hands.
Return to philosophy
The word "philosophy" means "love of wisdom" or "striving for wisdom" and I believe that philosophy as the pursuit of wisdom was born with humanity. People have always searched for the truth, tried to know the essence of things. And so by philosophy I mean the natural inclination of man to look for something fundamental, those elements that are necessary for his existence as a thinking being and as a creature that is part of the universe. From a radio interview. Buenos Aires, 1975
Enemies are our best teachers
And how do Buddhists, in the context of the doctrine of compassion, treat their enemies? - Buddhists consider the main enemies of a person to be those enemies that are in himself: ignorance, attachment, anger.
Time of Kairos, or how to catch your chance?
Many years ago, my attention was drawn to an old medieval engraving, which depicted a young deity with one foot on the globe. Most of all, his “hairstyle” surprised him - a single long strand falling on his forehead. The caption under the image, translated from Latin, read: “I am a captured moment of Eternity, do not miss me!”
Everything changes in our turbulent age: the fashion for politicians and singers, books and films. Many things appear and disappear in the rapid flow of life. And in the daily hustle and bustle, it is sometimes difficult for us to stop to look ahead, see the future and answer the question: who am I?
Genius and Villainy
They say that the Lamentation of Christ sculpture in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome was so striking in authenticity that rumors arose that Michelangelo committed the murder in order to create a believable image of the deceased Christ. So are genius and villainy compatible? Is Pushkin's Salieri right? Although it would seem that the poet answered it unambiguously, this question again and again confronts us.
Heroes of our time
As you know, every era has its heroes. And who is the hero of our time, and what is this very “our time”? The great Goethe once said through the mouth of Faust: "... the spirit that is called the spirit of the times is the spirit of professors and their concepts." Maybe it's true - there is no special time with its spirit, but there is just us with our ideals and dreams, views and ideas, opinions, fashion and other "cultural baggage", changeable and fickle? We, who follow someone from the past into the future...
Hero of everyday life
In the long list of what is "out of fashion" today, there is also heroism - the heroic feeling of life. It remained only in books, and not even in history books, but in fantasy stories for children who like to play paper or plastic characters - until the psychologist on duty intervenes and explains that such stories deform the children's mind.
Hero today and always
I will always remember the case when, speaking to an audience, I tried to explain the feat of King Leonidas: fighting the Persians, he won two days, and this allowed him to take out a collection of books and works of art from Athens so that they would not die. One journalist scolded me: “But you know that life is much more expensive than some book, more expensive than anything!” ...
For the federation of polyglots - on the issue of creating a universal language
What did this search mean for Europe, which was constantly torn apart by conflicts, but dreamed of unity? This means that the history of Europe, full of strife, wars, revolutions and attempts to return old days, is constantly accompanied by the search for stability, which from time to time replace the wave of political upheavals.
Why does philosophy matter to modern man?
International Philosophy Day has been held on the third Thursday of November since 2002 according to the regulations of UNESCO. On this day, we asked some of today's philosophers to answer two questions: How can philosophy help modern man? What has philosophy changed in your life? We invite you to get acquainted with the answers of our interlocutors.
Knowledge based on conscience
We open the series of interviews devoted to the problems of education and upbringing in the Living Room section with a conversation with the philosopher Sergei Borisovich Krymsky
From the first Esperanto textbook
Basic elements of the Esperanto language.
Illusions of democracy
Let's put the question more broadly: maybe democracy as such is not what it seems? Do we have any illusions about her? Are we expecting from her what she cannot give us? Let's try to figure it out.
Intelligent and intellectual
There are words and concepts that are especially dear to the Russian, Russian heart, for example: intellectual, intelligentsia. How many serious books have been written, how many strong drinks have been drunk during endless disputes about, so to speak, the place and role, vocation and purpose ... However, in this case, all this is around not a concept, but a phenomenon called the intelligentsia, with many epithets from “rotten” to “spiritual”.
History of anti-fashion
What makes a person dress up in certain clothes? Is the suit a mask we wear or an expression of our personality?
Look for a knight, or Eternal Watch
"Day Watch", as expected, broke all box office records. Already at the beginning of the year it was watched by several million viewers. And if one can argue about the idea of the film and its artistic features, then, oddly enough, the benefits of these disputes themselves are obvious. Judge for yourself, several million people, thanks to the next "Watch", turned to the eternal problem of confrontation between Good and Evil, the forces of Light and Darkness.
There is no return to the past
Perhaps the meaning of life is to enjoy both sorrows and pleasures. You never know when you will complete your most important task. How about today? Or tomorrow? Perhaps yesterday? You were asked to help, you were needed, and you were out of sorts - and the world got a little colder. Time…
How to start a new life?
In this column, psychologist Elena Sikirich, editor-in-chief of the New Acropolis magazine, answers questions from readers.
How dreams come true
On September 3, 1986, 20 years ago, the Classical philosophical school"New Acropolis". Today we are talking with its founder and permanent leader Elena Sikirich.
A little courtesy, gentlemen!
In all cultures and civilizations of antiquity known to us, there were, to one degree or another, special forms of politeness in relationships between people.
Karma
Each person is like a gardener who continuously plants a variety of seeds: any of his deeds, desires and thoughts will “sprout” and bear fruit in due time. Which? It depends on the person himself: "what you sow, you will reap" - says the law of karma.
End of the world in ten years?
The question of the end of the world has always worried humanity, especially that part of it that has been developing within the framework of Western civilization for two millennia. It is curious that in other, more ancient cultures, which, it would seem, should be much more prone to prejudices, there were practically no worries of this kind - arising, as it seems to us, in the collective unconscious of mankind - there were practically no. (The article was written in 1990)
Who will protect the "Great Orphan"? Do Humanity Need Teachers?
The theme of the struggle between good and evil is relevant today more than ever. More and more often the question is asked, which already sounds like a protest: does evil always win and go unpunished?
Summer 2009: co-creation of the world
Recall the child in you, discover what was dormant in your sleepy soul - this opportunity Cultural Center The "New Acropolis" presented to everyone who came to the Festival of Arts and Crafts in early June. With all the variety of its creative studios and workshops, the philosophical school spilled onto the square.
Ludwig Zamenhof about his brainchild
The difference in languages is the essence of the difference and mutual enmity of nationalities, because this, first of all, is striking when people meet: people do not understand each other and therefore alienate each other. When we meet people, we do not ask what their political beliefs are, what part of the world they were born in, where their ancestors lived several thousand years ago; but these people will speak, and every sound of their speech reminds us that they are strangers to us.
People who need something more than God
People are religious beings. Psychologically, it is very difficult for us to go through life without the justification and hope that religion gives us. This is clearly seen in the example of the positivist scientists of the 19th century. They insisted that they evaluate the universe exclusively from materialistic positions - but at night they participated in seances, calling the spirits of the dead. Even today, I often meet scientists who, outside their own narrow specialization, are subject to all sorts of superstitions - so much so that sometimes one gets the feeling that in our time you will meet unbelievers in the exact sense of the word only among philosophers. Well, or among the priests.
Dreams of flying
... But why do people usually dream that they are flying, just when in life they are up to their ears in a swamp? ..
Bridges connecting people
The "New Acropolis" gives a new meaning to the concept of culture. We consider culture as a set of universal values, as a practical and vital phenomenon that allows a person to change and improve. We stand for the revival of cultural values in all countries, for a culture that carries a philosophical message and can be perceived by everyone, can become a part of everyone's life.
The museum is an invitation to reflection. Interview with Director of the Russian Museum Vladimir Alexandrovich Gusev
In the life of every person at a certain period there is a need to look back at the path traveled and understand something. (In general, this is a sign of maturity, although it can also be considered a sign of aging.) The emergence of modern museums, in my purely amateurish opinion, is connected with the same thing.
We and life
Logically continuing the habit of our technological civilization to evaluate everything and everything in terms of quality and "efficiency", it's time to look at a person from this point of view - main factor any model of civilization, whether it is technological or not.
Do not create for yourself an idol or about the heroes of our time ...
The characters themselves change, their names and adventures change. But the very desire for more remains, for something that exceeds our capabilities, and therefore serves as a guide. In the characters we see ourselves, they reflect our hidden dreams, our fears and hopes, sometimes our fatigue.
Impossible dreams
It is very important for a young person with inner aspirations to learn more about the spiritual power that is embodied in the Dreams and Ideas of a better world - a world that seems to move away from us as we grow older, for the difficulties that surround us are so strong and numerous that, when approached from the point of view of an adult, they seem insurmountable. And they ask: "What to do with the "impossible" Dreams?"
New Acropolis: 50 years of practical philosophy
On July 15, 1957, 50 years ago, the International Classical Philosophical School "New Acropolis" began its work in the world. Today we are talking with its leaders.
About old age
Being old is as beautiful and necessary a task as being young, learning to die and dying is as honorable a function as any other, provided it is carried out with reverence for the meaning and sacredness of all life.
Comfort Society and Risk Philosophy
Obviously, the comfort society, the desire for convenience in the physical and economic spheres, for the ease of social relations, for order in politics, etc. - all this is as old as humanity itself.
Commitment and Freedom
From time to time in society, as if carried by gusts of wind, certain ideas arise - it would be more correct to call them "mental forms" that resonate with most people. One of them is the idea of freedom. This word, almost always taken out of context, is used in relation to any kind of human activity and even the meaning of life.
Optimism and philosophy
If philosophy is the love of wisdom, if it is the search for knowledge in order to solve the universal questions of being, then the philosopher must be an optimist, because any real study enriches.
From a reasonable person to an educated person
When you read about indigo children, you remember the plot of the book "Ugly Swans" - the same non-standard children, the same rejection, confusion or indifference in society, the same question: "Is not the Future knocking at our door?" What is the "Ugly Swans" - the prophecy of the Strugatskys or an attempt to describe the ideal model of human evolution?
Pardoxes of democracy
Not so long ago, some elections were held, which caused many, if not disappointment, then bewilderment and gave rise to many questions, new ones will be held soon ... Will they bring us satisfaction, will they justify our expectations? Or maybe we want too much from them? Are elections and voting always the best way?
Swim against the current
The difference between a floating log and a boat made from the same wood is that the boat has oars and can swim against the current. (Dr. N. Sri Ram)
Remember death so that life has meaning
We are all born and enter into earthly life under conditions of mandatory withdrawal from it. We know for sure that a certain number of years have been allotted to us, after which we will again go somewhere, apparently to where we came to Earth from in due time. For some, these are other worlds, other existence, for others - nothing. No matter how we are disposed, but we have absolutely reliable knowledge about the obligatory departure from this world, and no one doubts it.
Predestination or freedom of choice?
Lecture given in Madrid in February 1987
Does such a Fate, inexorable and inexorable, really exist? Is there any way to live in harmony with this Destiny? Or can we say that there is no Destiny and there is only free will, thanks to which we and only we create our own destiny?
The problem of the meaning of human life
Considering the issue, it is appropriate to identify how this problem was considered in different eras.
The Power of Dr. Bach's Flowers
“The disease is not a punishment, but only a correction: it points out to us our own mistakes and does not allow us to make even more serious mistakes and thereby inflict even more harm on ourselves; it helps us to return to the path of Truth and Light, from which we have gone” - this is how the English doctor and scientist, Dr. Edward Bach, thought, developing flower therapy at the beginning of the 20th century.
How many languages in the world
According to the French Academy of Sciences, modern mankind speaks almost 3,000 languages: 2,796 languages are described in the survey of world languages edited by A. Meillet and M. Cohen. The population of New York alone speaks 75 languages. The indigenous tribes and peoples of America, long and mercilessly exterminated by the Europeans who rushed there, speak their own languages and dialects; there are more than 700 of them, and almost all of them are unwritten.
Are "accidental" rescues random?
Catastrophes claim thousands and thousands of lives. But every tragedy is accompanied by a mysterious phenomenon: there are always those who, by some miracle, escaped disaster. More precisely, because of something they did not get into it. Who helped?
Meaning of life
Conscious or unconscious, the eternal questions "why?", "why?" and "for what?" constantly accompany us and demand an answer. And from the moment when the long path of searching for this answer begins, life itself becomes conscious.
Stanislav Jerzy Lec
Who was the author of the very first aphorism? Maybe the one who wrote above the entrance to the Delphic temple "Know yourself, and you will know the universe and the gods"? Millennia passed, aphorisms for some reason became more witty, but sarcastic - such a life! And their authors have found names. One of the most famous - Stanislav Jerzy Lec
Fate
Fate is a terrible, mysterious word... Life, path, destiny... One has only to think about this great riddle to feel that it was no coincidence that the ancient Greeks chose the monster of the Sphinx as a symbol of life. How many questions: is our destiny predetermined or do we build it completely ourselves? Can we choose, or is it only blind chance that directs the course of our lives? Inevitable Moira, changeable Fortune, a happy accident - Kairos and many other deities once controlled human life. In order to come to an agreement with them, he went to the temple - and where should we go today with our questions about the purpose, about the meaning of the events that are happening to us? Why? For what? How long?
Fate. Predestination or freedom of choice
What is fate? And can we change it? Is it true that there are forces of fate? But then what are they - guardian angels or impassive executors of the law, the same for all? Each of us has something to say about this, because everyone at least once in his life exclaimed: “This is fate!”
The mysterious art of winning
The topic I want to touch on today is the mysterious and difficult art of winning. When I say win, I don't mean conquering anyone, kicking down doors, tearing down walls, feeling or believing that others are weaker than us... I mean something much deeper.
Know how to start over
To be able to start over is a great and complex art. We need this not only when it is necessary to get out of difficult, impasse situations. Because every day is a new beginning. Even when everything is going well with us and it seems that we have finally caught the mysterious bird of happiness, our life still goes on in a constant difficult struggle. Its goal is not only the solution of certain material, everyday problems.
Philosophy - school of life
Continuing the discussion about utopias, dreams and reality, today we will talk about philosophy. And to talk about philosophy means to talk about many things.
Philosophy without football. About life in a Tibetan monastery
WITH ancient times the search for wisdom in the East is connected with the search for a teacher, mentor, lama. There are such wise people today. Moreover, there are still educational establishments where you can become a lama after undergoing special training - Tibetan monasteries. We talk about the peculiarities of such training with three monks from the Tibetan monastery Drepung Gomang, now located in India. Two of them, Jampa Sange and Tsering Muntsog, are Tibetans, and Mutul Ovyanov is a Kalmyk who went to India to study. He became our translator.
philosophy of age. Mysterious cycles in human life
A person paves the long road of life himself according to the models given by Nature and Fate. These models of the Path provide for their periods of movement and their stops, countless opportunities, tasks and trials that are given at each stage, so that the one who walks along the path, first of all, grows and develops. Which of all this a person himself uses and what kind of road he will ultimately get depends on his own efforts and the desire to understand why and for what he builds it. This is the philosophical approach to the topic we are discussing.
Philosophy begins with children's questions
Visiting our journal Vladimir Vasilyevich Mironov, Doctor of Philosophy, Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Department of Ontology and Theory of Knowledge and Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy of Lomonosov Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov.
man laughing
It's April, which means it's quite understandable why we started talking about humor. As funny as it sounds, a sense of humor is one of the most mysterious senses. Indeed, we can more or less tolerably explain why we feel love or disgust, fear or joy, but what makes us laugh?
Man is not enough
And what do scientists think about the relationship between faith and reason in our lives? For clarification, we turned to Ilya Teodorovich Kasavin, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, specialist in the theory of knowledge, founder and editor-in-chief of the Epistemology & Philosophy of Science journal of the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Spiderman and others. Reflections on New Heroes
These reflections prompted me recently revised film about Spider-Man. I never watched it from beginning to end: I didn’t really like the main character, but I couldn’t explain to myself why and what I didn’t like. But I know that among children, especially among the smallest, who are from four to seven, this character is very popular. They love to play it, put on Spider-Man costumes, bring toys in the form of Spider-Man ... In a word, this is a children's idol on a par with Batman, Superman and other similar heroes. But heroes whether?
What is Truth?
Although many people around the world claim to have the truth, the question "what is truth?" at some point in life, it confronts each of us. And even more pressing is the question of whether what someone else says or writes is true for us. Can anyone convey the truth?
Eclecticism. In search of truth without fanaticism
Let's call eclecticism such an approach, which, without objecting to anything a priori, analyzes objects, events and phenomena, comprehends them, compares and connects them, looks for the best in them, in order to single out the most valuable, what is worthy of being accepted.
Esperanto: from utopia to reality
In ancient times, people spoke the same language, lived together and in harmony. But one day they began to build tower of babel, and it should have been higher than all the mountains. However, God did not like this idea, and he confused their languages, and people began to speak everything in their own way and could no longer understand each other. And they left offended, without completing the tower. That's what it says in Genesis. And since those times, the dream of mutual understanding has not left humanity. About a single, common language for all.
