Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche(German Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈniːtʃə]; October 15, Röcken, German Union - August 25, Weimar, German Empire) - German thinker, classical philologist, composer, poet, creator of an original philosophical doctrine, which is emphatically non-academic in nature and, in part, therefore, is widespread, going far beyond the limits of scientific and philosophical community. The fundamental concept includes special criteria for evaluating reality, which cast doubt on the basic principles of existing forms of morality, religion, culture and socio-political relations and, subsequently, reflected in the philosophy of life. Being presented in an aphoristic manner, Nietzsche's writings are not amenable to unambiguous interpretation and cause a lot of controversy in assessments.
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Friedrich Nietzsche was born in 1844 in Röcken (near Leipzig, a province of Saxony within Prussia), the son of a Lutheran pastor, Carl Ludwig Nietzsche (-). In 1846 he had a sister, Elisabeth, then a brother, Ludwig Josef, who died in 1849 six months after the death of their father. He was brought up by his mother until in 1858 he went to study at the famous Pforta gymnasium. There he became interested in studying ancient texts, made his first attempts at writing, experienced a strong desire to become a musician, was keenly interested in philosophical and ethical problems, read Schiller, Byron and especially Hölderlin with pleasure, and also first became acquainted with the music of Wagner.
Youth years
Friendship with Wagner
The change in Nietzsche's attitude towards Wagner was marked by the book The Casus Wagner (Der Fall Wagner), 1888, where the author expresses his sympathy for the work of Bizet.
Crisis and recovery
Nietzsche never enjoyed good health. From the age of 18 he began to experience severe headaches, severe insomnia, and by the age of 30 he experienced a sharp deterioration in health. He was almost blind, had unbearable headaches and insomnia, which he treated with opiates, as well as stomach problems. On May 2, 1879, he left teaching at the university, receiving a pension with an annual allowance of 3,000 francs. His later life became a struggle with the disease, despite which he wrote his works. He himself described this time as follows:
… at thirty-six I had sunk to the lowest limit of my vitality - I was still living, but I could not see three steps ahead of me. At that time - it was in 1879 - I left my professorship in Basel, lived like a shadow in St. Moritz in the summer, and spent the next winter, the sunless winter of my life, like a shadow in Naumburg. That was my minimum: The Wanderer and His Shadow came about in the meantime. Undoubtedly, I knew a lot about shadows then ... In the next winter, my first winter in Genoa, that softening and spiritualization, which is almost due to extreme impoverishment in blood and muscles, created "Dawn". Perfect clarity, transparency, even the excess of the spirit, reflected in the named work, coexisted in me not only with the deepest physiological weakness, but also with the kurtosis of the feeling of pain. In the midst of the torment of three days of uninterrupted headaches, accompanied by excruciating vomiting with mucus, I had the clarity of a dialectic par excellence, I thought very calmly about things for which, in healthier conditions, I would not have found in myself enough refinement and calmness, would not have found the audacity of a rock climber.
"Morning Dawn" was published in July 1881, with it a new stage in Nietzsche's work began - the stage of the most fruitful work and significant ideas.
Zarathustra
Last years
The final stage of Nietzsche's work is at the same time the stage of writing works that form the mature face of his philosophy, and misunderstanding, both from the general public and close friends. Popularity came to him only in the late 1880s.
Nietzsche's creative activity was interrupted at the beginning of 1889 due to clouding of reason. It occurred after a seizure caused by beating a horse in front of Nietzsche. There are several versions explaining the cause of the disease. Among them - poor heredity (Nietzsche's father suffered from mental illness at the end of his life); a possible case of neurosyphilis, which provoked insanity. Soon the philosopher was placed in a Basel psychiatric hospital by his friend, professor of theology, Frans Overbeck, where he remained until March 1890, when Nietzsche's mother took him to her home in Naumburg. After the death of his mother, Friedrich is unable to move or speak: he is struck by an apoplexy. The disease did not recede from the philosopher a single step until his death on August 25, 1900. He was buried in the old Rekken church dating from the first half of the 12th century. Next to him are his relatives.
Citizenship, nationality, ethnicity
Nietzsche is usually ranked among the philosophers of Germany. The modern unified national state called Germany did not yet exist at the time of his birth, but there was a union of German states, and Nietzsche was a citizen of one of them - Prussia. When Nietzsche received a professorship at the University of Basel, he applied for the annulment of his Prussian citizenship. The official response confirming the revocation of citizenship came in the form of a document dated April 17, 1869. Until the end of his life, Nietzsche remained officially stateless.
According to popular belief, Nietzsche's ancestors were Poles. Until the end of his life, Nietzsche himself confirmed this circumstance. In 1888 he wrote: "My ancestors were Polish nobles (Nicki)". In one of Nietzsche's statements, he is even more assertive about his Polish origin: "I am a pure-blooded Polish nobleman, without a single drop of dirty blood, of course, without German blood". On another occasion, Nietzsche stated: “Germany is a great nation only because so much Polish blood flows in the veins of its people ... I am proud of my Polish origin”. In one of his letters he testifies: “I was brought up to attribute the origin of my blood and name to the Polish nobles, who were called Nitsky, and who left their house and title about a hundred years ago, succumbing as a result to unbearable pressure - they were Protestants”. Nietzsche believed that his surname may have been Germanised.
Most scholars dispute Nietzsche's view of the origins of his family. Hans von Müller refuted the genealogy put forward by Nietzsche's sister in favor of a noble Polish origin. Max Ohler, custodian of the Nietzsche archive in Weimar, claimed that all of Nietzsche's ancestors bore German names, even the families of his wives. Ohler claims that Nietzsche descended from a long line of German Lutheran clergy on both sides of his family, and modern scholars consider Nietzsche's claims about his Polish origin to be "pure fiction". Colli and Montinari, editors of a collection of Nietzsche's letters, characterize Nietzsche's statements as "baseless" and "erroneous opinion". The surname itself Nietzsche not Polish, but common throughout central Germany in this and related forms, for example, Nitsche And Nitzke. The surname comes from the name Nikolai, abbreviated Nick, under the influence Slavic name Nice first took shape Nitsche, and then Nietzsche.
It is not known why Nietzsche wanted to be included in a noble Polish family. According to biographer R. J. Hollingdale, Nietzsche's claims about his Polish origins may have been part of his "campaign against Germany".
Relationship with sister
An aphorism as its own commentary unfolds only when the reader is involved in a constant re-construction of a meaning that goes far beyond the context of a single aphorism. This movement of meaning can never end by more adequately reproducing experience life. Life, so open in thought, is proved by the very fact of reading an aphorism, outwardly unproven.
Healthy and decadent
In his philosophy, Nietzsche developed a new attitude to reality, built on metaphysics. "Being Becoming" rather than givenness and immutability. Within such a view true how the correspondence of an idea to reality can no longer be considered the ontological basis of the world, but becomes only a private value. Coming to the fore considerations values are generally evaluated according to their correspondence to the tasks of life: healthy glorify and strengthen life, while decadent represent sickness and decay. Any sign there is already a sign of impotence and impoverishment of life, in its fullness is always event. Uncovering the meaning behind the symptom reveals the source of the decline. From this position, Nietzsche attempts revaluation of values, hitherto uncritically taken for granted.
Dionysus and Apollo. Socrates problem
Nietzsche saw the source of a healthy culture in the coexistence of two principles: Dionysian and Apollonian. The first personifies the unbridled, fatal, intoxicating, coming from the very bowels of nature. passion life, returning a person to the immediate harmony of the world and the unity of everything with everything; the second, Apollonian, envelops life "beautiful appearance of dream worlds" allowing you to put up with it. Mutually overcoming each other, Dionysian and Apollonian develop in strict correlation. Within the framework of art, the collision of these principles leads to the birth ancient Greek tragedy, on the material of which Nietzsche unfolds the picture of the formation of culture. Observing the development of the culture of Ancient Greece, Nietzsche drew attention to the figure Socrates. He claimed the possibility of comprehending and even correcting life through dictatorship reason. Thus, Dionysus was expelled from culture, and Apollo degenerated into logical schematism. The complete violent distortion is the source of the crisis of culture, which turned out to be bloodless and deprived, in particular, of myths.
Death of God. Nihilism
One of the most striking symbols captured and considered by Nietzsche's philosophy was the so-called death of God. It signifies a loss of confidence in supersensible grounds values, that is nihilism manifested in Western European philosophy and culture. This process, according to Nietzsche, comes from the unhealthiness of the very spirit of Christian teaching, which gives preference to the other world.
The death of God manifests itself in the feeling that grips people homelessness, orphanhood, loss of the guarantor of the goodness of being. The old values do not satisfy a person, because he feels their lifelessness and does not feel that they relate specifically to him. "God suffocated in theology, morality - in morality", writes Nietzsche, they became alien to a person. As a result, nihilism grows, which ranges from a simple denial of the possibility of any meaningfulness and chaotic wandering in the world to a consistent reassessment of all values in order to return them to life service.
eternal return
The way in which something comes into being, Nietzsche sees eternal return: permanence in eternity is gained through the repeated return of the same, not through enduring immutability. In such a consideration, the question comes to the fore not about the cause of what is, but why it always returns this way and not another. A kind of master key to this question is the idea of will to power: such a being returns, which, conforming reality with itself, has created the preconditions for the return.
The ethical side of the eternal return is the question of belonging to it: are you now so that you desire the eternal return of the same. Thanks to this setting, the measure of the eternal returns to each moment: what is valuable is what stands the test of eternal return, and not what can be placed in the perspective of the eternal from the very beginning. The embodiment of belonging to the eternal return is superman.
Superman
Superman is a man who managed to overcome the fragmentation of his existence, who regained the world and raised his gaze above its horizon. Superman, according to Nietzsche, the meaning of the earth, in it nature finds its ontological justification. In contrast to him, last man represents the degeneration human race, lives in complete oblivion of his essence, giving it to the animal stay in comfortable conditions.
Will to power
The will to power is the fundamental concept that underlies all of Nietzsche's thinking and permeates his texts in every section. Being an ontological principle, it is at the same time a fundamental method for analyzing social, psychological, and natural phenomena- the angle from which the philosopher interprets their flow: “What exactly will the authorities here?” - this is the question that Nietzsche implicitly asks in all his historical and historical-philosophical research. Given all of the above, it is clear that his understanding is fundamental to understanding Nietzsche's philosophy.
From a substantive point of view, the will to power in Nietzsche's philosophy is the answer not only to the question "What is life?", but also to the question "What is being in its deepest basis?" It is thus the essence of both living and inanimate nature, including, of course, human behavior. At the same time, one should beware of understanding “power” in this phrase by analogy with social power, the power of one living being over another, since the consequences of the will to power are, among other things, altruistic motives, the will to creativity, knowledge, in general, all life phenomena that do not seem to be possible to fit into such a narrow motivation, etc. Such a simplification of this concept leads and has led to a deeply erroneous interpretation of the whole of Nietzsche's thought. As O. Yu. Tsendrovsky notes, “the key to its correct interpretation is contained in the implications of the German word Macht. Macht does not signify a possibility, a facility at our disposal, as we understand it, when we say: "I have power." The German Macht implies an actual process, it is not something that can be used now or saved for later, but something that really always, constantly manifests itself. Thus, the German Macht, especially in the context of Nietzsche's philosophy, would be better conveyed by the word "dominion". The will to power is the will to rule, to be more precise: domination itself, a ceaselessly self-fulfilling force grasped in the aspect of its expansive nature. Domination is the deepest nature of all things, the way of its everlasting existence, and not some external goal, one of many. Any setting of a goal, movement towards it is already an act of domination. non-authoritative source? () ] .
Further, the metaphysics of the will to power presupposes the presence at the most fundamental level of two most important ethically colored oppositions. It introduces a distinction between the following modes of functioning of the will to power that determines everything: affirmation and negation, activity and reactivity. The statement expresses the expansive nature of the will to power, its initial striving for unlimited growth, development, creation. In the mode of denial - in essence, service - the will to power realizes itself through destruction, resistance. The direct expression of denial is the attitude to the destruction of anything, to destruction, ridicule, rejection (including this world in the name of the other world in Christianity).
On the other hand, any force has the ability to function in an active and reactive mode. active force unfolds its possibilities in all their fullness, to the limit, it fully realizes itself. The reactive mode, on the contrary, presupposes the suppression of the maximum self-realization of the available force - a process in itself necessary, but leading to pathology in the case of its dominance in life. “A reactive, or passive, mode of behavior,” writes Tsendrovsky, “separates life from its highest possibilities, suppresses activity. Therefore, it is expressed in adaptation, adjusting, inertia in relation to oneself and others: being becomes not a creative, expansive will, but a reaction, a bare maintenance of existence. Reactivity preaches humility, abstinence, non-action, obedience, renunciation of power and property, of strong feelings - all ways of desalination and bleeding. In combination with denial, it gives rise to affects of petty malice, envy, vindictiveness: suppressed reactions that have not found a way out in a full-fledged action against what caused irritation - ressentiment as Nietzsche calls it" [ non-authoritative source? () ] .
The dominance of these attitudes, later called Nietzsche nihilism in the broadest sense of the word, is a pathology and gives rise to destructiveness in many of its psychological, social and cultural manifestations.
Thus, the distinction between affirmation and negation, activity and reactivity is the center of gravity of the philosopher's heritage and his metaphysics of the will to power, forming its direct transition to the field of ethics. All the oppositions around which Nietzsche's writings are organized - the great and the mediocre, the noble and the low, the free mind and the bound mind, the morality of the masters and the morality of the slaves, Rome and Judea, the beautiful and the ugly, the superman and the last man - are rooted in this fundamental binary of his teachings. Only aspects of considering the initial opposition of a positive (healthy) and negative (unhealthy) way of being are changing.
Perspectives on the female gender
Nietzsche also paid great attention to " women's issue”, the attitude towards which he had extremely controversial. Some commentators call the philosopher a misogynist, others call him an anti-feminist, and still others call him a champion of feminism.
Influence and criticism
Beginning in the 1890s, the philosopher Vladimir Solovyov argued with Nietzsche both in the press and in his philosophical writings. The creation of his main work on moral issues, "Justification of the Good" (1897), prompted him to disagree with Nietzsche's denial of absolute moral norms. In this work, Solovyov tried to combine the idea of the absolute value of morality with ethics, allowing freedom of choice and the possibility of self-realization. In 1899, in the article "The Idea of the Superman," he expressed regret that Nietzsche's philosophy had an impact on Russian youth. According to his observations, the idea of a superman is one of the most interesting ideas that captured the minds of a new generation. In his opinion, Marx's "economic materialism" and Tolstoy's "abstract moralism" can also be attributed to them. Like other opponents of Nietzsche, Solovyov reduces Nietzsche's moral philosophy to arrogance and self-will.
“The evil side of Nietzscheism is striking. Contempt for weak and sick humanity, a pagan view of strength and beauty, appropriating in advance some exceptional superhuman significance - firstly, to oneself individually, and then collectively, as a selected minority of the “best”, master natures, to whom everything is allowed, since their will is the supreme law for others - this is the obvious error of Nietzscheism "
V. S. SOLOVIEV The idea of the superman // V. S. Solovyov. Collected works. SPb., 1903. T. 8. S. 312.
Nietzsche as a composer
Nietzsche studied music from the age of 6, when his mother gave him a piano, and at the age of 10 he already tried to compose. He continued to study music during his school and student years.
The main influences on Nietzsche's early musical development were the Viennese Classics and Romanticism.
Nietzsche composed a lot in 1862-1865 - piano pieces, vocal lyrics. At this time, he worked, in particular, on the symphonic poem "Ermanarich" (1862), which was only partially completed, in the form of a piano fantasy. Among the songs composed by Nietzsche during these years: "Spell" to the words of A. S. Pushkin; four songs on verses by Sh. Petőfi; “From the time of youth” to the verses of F. Rückert and “A stream flows” to the verses of K. Grott; "The Tempest", "Better and Better" and "Child in front of an extinguished candle" to the verses by A. von Chamisso.
Nietzsche's later compositions include Echoes of New Year's Eve (originally written for violin and piano, revised for piano duet, ) and Manfred. Meditation" (piano duet, ). The first of these works was criticized by R. Wagner, and the second by Hans von Bulow. Suppressed by the authority of von Bülow, after that Nietzsche practically stopped making music. His last composition was “Hymn to Friendship” (), which much later, in 1882, he reworked into a song for voice and piano, borrowing a poem from his new acquaintance Lou Andreas von Salome “Hymn to Life” (and a few years later Peter Gast wrote an arrangement for choir and orchestra).
Artworks
Major works
- "Birth tragedy, or Hellenicity and pessimism" ( Die Geburt der Tragodie, 1872)
- "Untimely Reflections" Unzeitgemasse Betrachtungen, 1872-1876)
- "David Strauss as Confessor and Writer" ( David Strauss: der Bekenner und der Schriftsteller, 1873)
- "On the benefits and harms of history for life" ( Vom Nutzen und Nachtheil der Historie für das Leben, 1874)
- "Schopenhauer as an educator" ( Schopenhauer als Erzieher, 1874)
- "Richard Wagner in Bayreuth" ( Richard Wagner in Bayreuth, 1876)
- “Human, too human. A book for free minds" ( Menschliches, Allzumenschliches, 1878). With two additions:
- "Mixed opinions and sayings" ( Vermischte Meinungen und Sprüche, 1879)
- "The Wanderer and His Shadow" ( Der Wanderer und sein Schatten, 1880)
- "Morning Dawn, or Thoughts on Moral Prejudices" ( Morgenrote, 1881)
- "Merry Science" ( Die frohliche Wissenschaft, 1882, 1887)
- “Thus said Zarathustra. A book for everyone and for for anyone” ( Also sprach Zarathustra, 1883-1887)
- “Beyond side good and evil. Prelude to philosophy of the future" ( Jenseits von Gut und Böse, 1886)
- “On the genealogy of morality. Polemic essay "( Zur Genealogie der Moral, 1887)
- "Casus Wagner" ( Der Fall Wagner, 1888)
- "The twilight of idols, or how philosophize with a hammer" ( Gotzen-Dämmerung, 1888), the book is also known as The Fall of the Idols, or How You Can Philosophize with a Hammer.
- "Antichrist. Curse Christianity" ( Der Antichrist, 1888)
- "Ecce Homo. How they become themselves" ( Ecce Homo, 1888)
- "Will to power" ( Der Wille zur Macht, 1886-1888, 1st ed. 1901, 2nd ed. 1906), a book compiled from Nietzsche's notes by editors E. Förster-Nietzsche and P. Gast. As M. Montinari proved, although Nietzsche planned to write the book “The Will to Power. The experience of reassessing all values "( Der Wille zur Macht - Versuch einer Umwertung aller Werte), which is mentioned at the end of the work "On the Genealogy of Morals", but left this idea, while the drafts served as material for the books "The Twilight of the Idols" and "Antichrist" (both written in 1888).
Other works
- "Homer and Classical Philology" ( Homer und die klassische Philologie, 1869)
- "On the future of our educational institutions» ( Uber die Zukunft unserer Bildungsanstalten, 1871-1872)
- "Five prefaces to five unwritten books" ( Funf Vorreden zu funf ungeschriebenen Büchern, 1871-1872)
- "On the pathos of truth" ( Uber das Pathos der Wahrheit)
- "Thoughts about the future of our educational institutions" ( Gedanken über die Zukunft unserer Bildungsanstalten)
- "Greek State" Der griechische Staat)
- "The Relationship Between Schopenhauer's Philosophy and German Culture" ( Das Verhältnis der Schopenhauerischen Philosophie zu einer deutschen Cultur)
- "Homeric competition" ( Homers Wettkampf)
- "On Truth and Lies in an Extramoral Sense" ( Über Wahrheit und Lüge im außermoralischen Sinn, 1873)
- "Philosophy in the Tragic Age of Greece" ( Die Philosophie im tragischen Zeitalter der Griechen, 1873)
- "Nietzsche against Wagner" ( Nietzsche contra Wagner, 1888)
Juvenilia
- "From my life" ( Aus meinem Leben, 1858)
- "About Music" ( Uber Music, 1858)
- "Napoleon III as President" ( Napoleon III als Praesident, 1862)
- "Fatum and History" ( Fatum und Geschichte, 1862)
- "Free Will and Fate" ( Willensfreiheit und Fatum, 1862)
- "Can an envious person really be happy?" ( Kann der Neidische je wahrhaft glücklich sein?, 1863)
- "About moods" ( Uber Stimmungen, 1864)
- "My life" ( Mein Leben, 1864)
Cinema
- In Liliana Cavani's film "Beyond side good and evil" (English) Russian(ital. "Al di là del bene e del male", ) Nietzsche embodies Erland Józefson ( Lu Salome- Dominik Sanda, Paul Reyo- Robert Powell, Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche- Virna Lisi, Bernard Forster (German) Russian - Umberto Orsini (Italian) Russian).
- In the biopic Julio Bressana (port.) Russian"Days Nietzsche in Turin" (English) Russian (
Friedrich Nietzsche - German philosopher, thinker, poet and even composer. His non-academic teaching has become widespread not only in the scientific and philosophical community, but also far beyond its borders. Nietzsche questioned the key principles of conventional wisdom XIX-XX centuries norms of culture and morality, social and political relations. The concept of the philosopher to this day causes a lot of controversy and disagreement.
Childhood and youth
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was born on October 15, 1844 in the village of Röcken, located near Leipzig. His father, Carl Ludwig Nietzsche, was a Lutheran minister, as were both of his grandfathers. A few years later, the boy had a sister, Elizabeth, and a couple of years later, a brother, Ludwig Josef. Friedrich's younger brother died in 1849, and his sister lived a long life and passed away in 1935.
Shortly after the birth of his youngest son, Carl Ludwig Nietzsche died. Friedrich's upbringing was completely taken over by his mother. This continued until 1858, when the matured young man went to get an education at the prestigious Pforta gymnasium. The time of studying at the gymnasium became fatal for Nietzsche: there he first began to write, became interested in reading ancient texts, and even experienced an irresistible desire to devote himself to music. There, Friedrich got acquainted with the works of Byron, Schiller, Hölderlin, and the works of Wagner.
In 1862, Nietzsche began his studies at the University of Bonn, choosing philology and theology. Student life soon bored the young student; in addition to this, he did not develop relationships with fellow students, to whom he tried to instill a progressive worldview. Therefore, Friedrich soon transferred to the University of Leipzig. Once, while walking around the city, he accidentally wandered into an old bookshop and purchased the work The World as Will and Representation. The book greatly impressed Nietzsche and influenced his development as a philosopher.
Friedrich's studies at the Faculty of Philology at the University of Leipzig were brilliant: already at the age of 24, the guy was invited to teach classical philology as a professor at the University of Basel. This was the first time in the European system of higher education that such a young scientist was allowed to receive the status of a professor. Nevertheless, Nietzsche himself did not enjoy his studies much, although he did not refuse to build a professorial career.
However, the philosopher did not work long as a teacher. Taking up this post, he decided to renounce the citizenship of Prussia (the University of Basel is located in Switzerland). Therefore, in the Franco-Prussian war, which took place in 1870, Nietzsche could not participate. Switzerland took a neutral position in this confrontation and therefore allowed the professor only to work as a nurse.
Friedrich Nietzsche was no different from childhood strong health. So, at the age of eighteen, he suffered from insomnia and migraines, at the age of thirty, in addition to this, he was practically blind and began to experience stomach problems. He completed his work in Basel in 1879, after which he began to receive a pension and came to grips with writing books, without ceasing to fight the disease.
Philosophy
Friedrich Nietzsche's first book was published in 1872 under the title The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music. Prior to this, the philosopher sent for publication a number of scientific articles, but has not yet published a full-fledged book. His first serious work consists of 25 chapters.
In the first 15, Nietzsche tries to establish what Greek tragedy is, and in the last 10 he talks and talks about Wagner, whom he met and was friends with for some time (until the composer converted to Christianity).
"Thus Spoke Zarathustra"
No other work of the philosopher can claim the level of popularity of the book Thus Spoke Zarathustra. Friedrich Nietzsche received the main ideas for his famous work thanks to a trip to Rome at the end of the 19th century. There he met the writer, therapist and philosopher Lou Salome. Nietzsche found in her a pleasant listener and was fascinated by the flexibility of her mind. He even tried to propose to her, but Lou Salome preferred friendship over marriage.
Soon Nietzsche and Salome quarreled and never spoke again. After that, Friedrich wrote the first part of the work “Thus Spoke Zarathustra”, in which modern researchers accurately guess the influence of the spiritual friend of the philosopher and ideas about their “ perfect friendship". The second and third parts of the work were published in 1884, and the fourth appeared in printed form in 1885. Her Nietzsche published in the amount of 40 pieces at his own expense.
The style of this work changes as the story progresses: it turns out to be either poetic, or comic, or again close to poetry. In the book, Friedrich first introduced such a term as superman, and also began to develop the theory of will to power. At that time, these ideas were poorly developed, and subsequently he developed his concept in the works "Beyond Good and Evil" and "To the Genealogy of Morals." The fourth book of the work is devoted to the story of how Zarathustra ridiculed the hated admirers of his own teaching.
Will to power
Practically through all the works of the philosopher there is a moral about the will to power as the basic concept of his theory. According to Nietzsche, domination is the fundamental nature, the fundamental principle of being, as well as the way of existence. In this regard, Friedrich contrasted the will to power with the setting of goals. He said that choosing a goal and moving towards it can already be called a full-fledged act of domination.
Death of God
Friedrich Nietzsche was actively interested in questions of religion and death. "God is dead" is one of his famous postulates. The philosopher explained this statement as an increase in nihilism, which was the result of the devaluation of the supersensible foundations of life directions.
The scientist also criticized Christianity for the fact that this religion prefers life in the real world to be in the afterlife. The author devoted the book “Antichrist. Curse Christianity." Friedrich Nietzsche first expressed his nihilistic position in the book "Human Too Human", which was published in 1876.
Personal life
Friedrich Nietzsche repeatedly changed his views on the female gender, so the popularity of his quote “Women are the source of all stupidity and unreason in the world” does not fully reflect his views. So, the philosopher managed to be both a misogynist, and a feminist, and an anti-feminist. At the same time, his only love was probably Lou Salome. There is no information about the philosopher's relationship with other women.
For many years, the biography of the philosopher was closely associated with way of life his sister Elizabeth, who took care of her brother and helped him. Gradually, however, discord began to develop in these relations. Elisabeth Nietzsche's husband was Bernard Foerster, one of the ideologists of the anti-Semitic movement. She even went with her husband to Paraguay, where the supporters of this movement intended to create a German colony. Due to financial difficulties, Foerster soon committed suicide, and the widow returned to her native country.
Nietzsche did not share his sister's anti-Semitic views and criticized her for such a position. Relations between brother and sister improved only towards the end of the latter's life, when he, weakened by illnesses, needed help and care. As a result, Elizabeth was able to dispose of her brother's literary works. She sent Nietzsche's works for publication only after making her own edits, as a result of which some provisions of the philosopher's teaching were distorted.
In 1930, Elisabeth Foerster-Nietzsche supported the Nazi authorities and invited her to be the guest of honor of the Nietzsche Museum-Archive, which she created. The leader of the fascist movement was pleased with the visits and appointed the philosopher's sister a lifetime pension. This is partly the reason why Nietzsche is often associated in the minds of the townsfolk with fascist ideology.
Death
The philosopher often turned out to be misunderstood both by close people and the general public. His ideology began to gain popularity only in the late 1880s, and at the beginning of the 20th century his works were translated into many languages of the world. In 1889, the creative work of Friedrich Nietzsche stopped due to clouding of reason.
There is an opinion that the philosopher was shocked by the scene of beating the horse. This seizure was the cause of a progressive mental illness. The writer spent the last months of his life in a Basel psychiatric hospital. After some time, his elderly mother took him to parental home, however, she soon died, because of which the philosopher received an apoplexy.
Bibliography
- "The Birth of Tragedy, or Hellenism and Pessimism"
- "Untimely Reflections"
- “Human, too human. A book for free minds"
- "Morning Dawn, or Thoughts on Moral Prejudice"
- "Merry Science"
- “Thus spoke Zarathustra. A book for everyone and for no one
- “On the other side of good and evil. Prelude to the Philosophy of the Future"
- “On the genealogy of morality. Polemic essay»
- "Casus Wagner"
- "Twilight of idols, or how people philosophize with a hammer"
- "Antichrist. Curse Christianity"
- "Ecce Homo. How they become themselves
- "Will to Power"
Friedrich Nietzsche is one of the most brilliant contemporary European philosophers. His name is known all over the world, and his ideas are full of harsh criticism and nihilism. His worldview was based on the theory of Darwin and the works of Schopenhauer. Nietzsche founded a branch of philosophy about life, in which life is proclaimed an indisputable value, a reality that needs to be comprehended.
Nietzsche was versatile, his writings can be divided into several ideas:
- 1) Will to power.
- 2) Death is a god.
- 3) Nihilism.
- 4) Reassessment of values.
- 5) Superman.
Nietzsche's philosophy briefly mentions the theories that form the basis for his thinking, such as Darwin's theory of evolution and natural selection and Schopenhauer's metaphysics. Despite the enormous influence of these theories on the works of Nietzsche, in his reflections he ruthlessly criticizes them. Nevertheless, natural selection and the struggle for survival, in which the strongest survive, led to the desire of the philosopher to create a certain ideal of man.
The main ideas of Nietzsche's works:
Will to power
Nietzsche's mature philosophy can be summed up in his quest for power and domination. This was his main life goal, the meaning of existence. The will for the philosopher was the basis of the world, which consists of accidents and is filled with chaos and disorder. The will to power led to the idea of creating a "superman".
Philosophy of life
The philosopher believes that life is a separate and unique reality for each person. He does not identify the concepts of mind and life and severely criticizes expressions and teachings concerning thoughts as an indicator of human existence. Nietzsche presents life as a constant struggle, and therefore the main quality of a person in it is the will.
Superman
Nietzsche's brief philosophy is based on a kind of ideal man. His ideal person destroys all the norms and ideas and rules set for people, because this is just a fiction imposed by Christianity. The philosopher considers Christianity itself as a tool for instilling in people qualities that make weak personalities out of strong personalities, create slavish thinking. At the same time, religion idealizes weak people.
true being
Nietzsche's philosophy briefly illuminates the problems of being. He believes that it is impossible to oppose the true and the empirical. The denial of the reality of the world contributes to the denial of the reality of human life and decadence. He argues that there is no absolute being, and could not be. There is only the cycle of life, the constant repetition of what has once been.
Nietzsche fiercely criticizes absolutely everything: science, religion, morality, reason. He believes that most of humanity is miserable, unreasonable, inferior, people whose only way to control is war.
The meaning of life should be only the will to power, and the mind does not have such a significant place in the world. He is also aggressive towards women. The philosopher identified them with cats and birds, as well as with cows. A woman should inspire a man, and at the same time a man should keep a woman in strictness, sometimes with the help of physical punishments. Despite this, the philosopher has many positive works on art and health.
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Often the reason for the bright achievements in philosophy and art is a difficult biography. Nietzsche Friedrich, one of the most significant philosophers of the second half of the 19th century, went through a difficult, short, but very fruitful life path. Let's talk about the milestones of the biography, about the most significant works and views of the thinker.
Childhood and origin
October 15, 1844 in East Germany, in the small town of Reckene, the future great thinker. Every biography, Friedrich Nietzsche is no exception, begins with ancestors. And with this in the history of the philosopher, not everything is clear. There are versions that he comes from a Polish noble family by the name of Nitsky, this was confirmed by Friedrich himself. But there are researchers who claim that the philosopher's family had German roots and names. They suggest that Nietzsche simply invented the “Polish version” in order to give himself an aura of exclusivity and unusualness. It is known for sure that two generations of his ancestors were connected with the priesthood, on the part of both parents, Frederick's grandfathers were Lutheran priests, just like his father. When Nietzsche was 5 years old, his father died of a severe mental illness, and the mother was engaged in raising the boy. He had a tender affection for his mother, and with his sister he had a close and very difficult relationship, which played a big role in his life. Already in early childhood, Friedrich showed a desire to be different from everyone else, and was ready for various extravagant acts.
Education
At the age of 14, Friedrich, who had not even begun to emerge, was sent to the famous Pfort gymnasium, where they taught classical languages, ancient history and literature, as well as general subjects. In languages, Nietzsche was diligent, but with mathematics he was very bad. It was at school that Friedrich developed a strong interest in music, philosophy, and ancient literature. He tries himself on the path of writing, reads a lot of German writers. After school, in 1862, Nietzsche went to study at the University of Bonn at the Faculty of Theology and Philosophy. From school, he felt a strong attraction to religious activities and even dreamed of becoming a pastor like his father. But in his student years, his views changed a lot, and he became a militant atheist. In Bonn, Nietzsche's relationship with classmates did not work out, and he transferred to Leipzig. Here he was waiting for great success, even during his studies he was invited to work as a professor of Greek literature. Under the influence of his favorite teacher, the German philologist F. Richli, he agreed to this job. Nietzsche easily passed the exam for the title of Doctor of Philosophy and went to teach in Basel. But Friedrich did not feel satisfaction from his studies, the philological environment began to weigh him down.
Youthful hobbies
In his youth, Friedrich Nietzsche, whose philosophy was just beginning to form, experienced two strong influences, even shocks. In 1868 he met R. Wagner. Friedrich was fascinated by the composer's music before, and the acquaintance made a strong impression on him. Two extraordinary personalities found a lot in common: both loved ancient Greek literature, both hated social fetters that hindered the spirit. For three years, friendly relations were established between Nietzsche and Wagner, but later they began to cool and completely stopped after the philosopher published the book Human, All Too Human. The composer found in her clear signs the author's mental illness.
The second shock was associated with A. Schopenhauer's book The World as Will and Representation. She turned Nietzsche's views on the world. The thinker highly valued Schopenhauer for his ability to tell the truth to his contemporaries, for his willingness to go against conventional wisdom. It was his work that prompted Nietzsche to write philosophical works and to change his occupation - now he decided to become a philosopher.
During the Franco-Prussian War, he worked as a nurse, and all the horrors from the battlefields, oddly enough, only strengthened him in the thought of the benefits and healing effects of such events on society.
Health
Since childhood, he was not distinguished by good health, he was very short-sighted and physically weak, perhaps this was the reason for how his biography developed. Nietzsche Friedrich had a bad heredity and a weak nervous system. At the age of 18, he began to have attacks of severe headache, nausea, insomnia, he experienced long periods of reduced tone and depressed mood. Later, neurosyphilis was added to this, picked up from a relationship with a prostitute. At the age of 30, his health began to decline sharply, he became almost blind, and experienced debilitating bouts of headache. He began to be treated with opiates, which led to disruption of the gastrointestinal tract. In 1879, Nietzsche retired for health reasons, his allowance was paid by the university. And he began a permanent fight against diseases. But it was precisely at this time that the teaching of Friedrich Nietzsche took shape and his philosophical productivity increased significantly.
Personal life
The philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, whose ideas changed the culture of the 20th century, was unhappy in relationships. According to him, there were 4 women in his life, but only 2 of them (prostitutes) made him at least a little happy. From early youth he had a sexual relationship with his sister Elizabeth, he even wanted to marry her. At the age of 15, Friedrich was sexually abused by adult woman. All this radically influenced the thinker's attitude towards women and his life. He always wanted to see in a woman first of all an interlocutor. Intelligence for him was more important than sexuality. At one time he was in love with Wagner's wife. Later, he was fascinated by the psychotherapist Lou Salome, who was also in love with his friend, the writer Paul Ree. For a while they even lived together in the same apartment. It was under the influence of his friendship with Lou that he wrote the first part of his famous work, Thus Spoke Zarathustra. Twice in his life, Friedrich made marriage proposals and was refused both times.
Most productive period of life
With retirement, despite the painful illness, the philosopher enters the most productive era of his life. Nietzsche Friedrich, whose best books have become classics of world philosophy, writes 11 of his main works in 10 years. For 4 years he wrote and published his most famous work, Thus Spoke Zarathustra. The book not only contained bright, unusual ideas, but formally it was not typical for philosophical writings. Reflections, myology, poetry intertwined in it. Two years after the publication of the first parts, Nietzsche becomes a popular thinker in Europe. Work on the last book, The Will to Power, continued for several years, and included reflections from an earlier period. The work was published after the death of the philosopher thanks to the efforts of his sister.
last years of life
At the beginning of 1898, a sharply aggravated illness led to the fact that the philosophical biography. Nietzsche Friedrich saw a scene of a horse being beaten in the street, and this provoked a fit of madness in him. Doctors never found the exact cause of his illness. Most likely, a set of prerequisites played a role here. Doctors could not offer treatment and sent Nietzsche to a psychiatric hospital in Basel. There he was kept in a room upholstered with soft cloth so that he could not harm himself. The doctors were able to bring the patient to a stable condition, that is, without violent fits, and allowed him to be taken home. The mother looked after her son, trying to alleviate his suffering as much as possible. But she died a few months later, and Friedrich had a stroke that completely immobilized him and made it impossible to speak. Lately, a sister has courted the philosopher. On August 25, 1900, after another stroke, Nietzsche died. He was only 55 years old, the philosopher was buried in the cemetery in his hometown next to his relatives.
Philosophical views of Nietzsche
The philosopher Nietzsche is known throughout the world for his nihilistic and radical views. He was very sharply critical of modern European society, especially its Christian foundations. The thinker believed that since Ancient Greece, which he considers as a kind of ideal of civilization, there is a disintegration and degradation of the culture of the Old World. He formulates his own concept, later called the "Philosophy of Life". This trend believes that human life inimitable and unique. Each individual is valuable in their experience. And he considers the main property of life not the mind or feelings, but the will. Mankind is in constant struggle and only the strongest are worthy of life. From here grows the idea of the Superman - one of the central ones in Nietzsche's doctrine. Friedrich Nietzsche reflects on love, the meaning of life, truth, the role of religion and science.
Major works
The legacy of the philosopher is small. His last works were published by his sister, who did not hesitate to edit the texts in accordance with her worldview. But even these works were enough for Friedrich Nietzsche, whose works are included in the mandatory program in the history of philosophy at any university in the world, to become a true classic of world thought. To his list best books includes, in addition to those already mentioned, the works “Beyond Good and Evil”, “Antichrist”, “The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music”, “On the Genealogy of Morality”.
Searching for the meaning of life
Reflections on the meaning of life and the purpose of history are the basic themes of European philosophy, and Friedrich Nietzsche could not stand aside from them either. He speaks about the meaning of life in several of his works, completely denying it. He argues that Christianity imposes imaginary meanings and goals on people, in fact, deceiving people. Life exists only in this world and it is dishonest to promise some kind of reward in other world for moral behavior. So, says Nietzsche, religion manipulates a person, makes him live for those goals that are inorganic. human nature. In a world where "God is dead", man himself is responsible for his moral character and humanity. And this is the greatness of man, that he can "become a man" or remain an animal. The thinker also saw the meaning of life in the will to power, a person (man) must strive for victory, otherwise his existence is meaningless. Nietzsche saw the meaning of history in the upbringing of the Superman; he does not yet exist, and social evolution must lead to his appearance.
Superman concept
In his central work Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Nietzsche formulates the idea of the Superman. This ideal person destroys all norms and foundations, he boldly seeks power over the world and other people, false sentiments and illusions are alien to him. The antipode of this higher being is " last person”, who, instead of a bold fight against stereotypes, chose the path of a comfortable, animal existence. According to Nietzsche, the world of his day was planted by such "last ones", so he saw in wars a blessing, purification and an opportunity for rebirth. was positively assessed by A. Hitler and accepted as the ideological justification for fascism. Although the philosopher himself did not think of anything like that. Because of this, the work and the name of Nietzsche were under a categorical ban in the USSR.
Quotes
The philosopher Nietzsche, whose quotes were distributed around the world, knew how to speak succinctly and aphoristically. Therefore, many of his statements are so fond of being quoted by various speakers on any occasion. Most famous quotes philosopher about love became the words: “People who are not capable of any true love, nor on strong friendships, they always rely on marriage”, “There is always a little madness in love ... but there is always a little reason in madness. ABOUT opposite field he spoke very bitingly: "You go to a woman - take a whip." His personal motto was: "Whatever doesn't kill me makes me stronger."
The Importance of Nietzsche's Philosophy for Culture
Today, from the works of which can be found in many works of modern philosophers, it no longer causes such fierce controversy and criticism as at the beginning of the 20th century. Then his theory became revolutionary and gave rise to many directions that existed in the dialogue with Nietzsche. One could agree with him or argue with him, but it was no longer possible to ignore. The ideas of the philosopher had a strong influence on culture and art. Impressed by the works of Nietzsche, for example, T. Mann wrote his "Doctor Faustus". His direction "philosophy of life" gave the world such outstanding philosophers as V. Dilthey, A. Bergson, O. Spengler.
Bright people always arouse the curiosity of people, and Friedrich Nietzsche did not escape this. Interesting Facts researchers are looking for his biographies, people read about them with pleasure. What was unusual about the life of a philosopher? For example, he was fond of music all his life, he was a good pianist. And even when he lost his mind, he created musical opuses and improvised in the hospital lobby. In 1869, he renounced his Prussian citizenship and lived the rest of his life without belonging to any state.
Influenced: Influenced by: Signature: http://www.nietzsche.ru/ Works on the site Lib.ru Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche(German Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈniːtsʃə]; October 15 ( 18441015 ) , Röcken, German Confederation - August 25, Weimar, German Empire) - German thinker, classical philologist, creator of an original philosophical doctrine, which is emphatically non-academic in nature and, in part, therefore, is widespread, going far beyond the scientific and philosophical community. The fundamental concept of Nietzsche includes special criteria for evaluating reality, which called into question the basic principles of existing forms of morality, religion, culture and socio-political relations and subsequently reflected in the philosophy of life. Being presented in an aphoristic manner, most of Nietzsche's writings are not amenable to unambiguous interpretation and cause much controversy.
Biography
Childhood years
Youth years
Crisis and recovery
Nietzsche never enjoyed good health. From the age of 18 he began to experience severe headaches, and by the age of 30 he experienced a sharp deterioration in health. He was almost blind, had unbearable headaches, which he treated with opiates, and stomach problems. On May 2, 1879, he left teaching at the university, receiving a pension with an annual allowance of 3,000 francs. His later life became a struggle with the disease, despite which he wrote his works. He himself described this time as follows:
… at thirty-six I had sunk to the lowest limit of my vitality - I was still living, but I could not see three steps ahead of me. At that time - it was in 1879 - I left my professorship at Basel, lived like a shadow in St. Moritz in the summer, and spent the next winter, the sunless winter of my life, like a shadow in Naumburg. That was my minimum: The Wanderer and His Shadow came about in the meantime. Undoubtedly, I knew a lot about shadows then ... In the next winter, my first winter in Genoa, that softening and spiritualization, which is almost due to extreme impoverishment in blood and muscles, created "Dawn". Perfect clarity, transparency, even the excess of the spirit, reflected in the named work, coexisted in me not only with the deepest physiological weakness, but also with the kurtosis of the feeling of pain. Amidst the torment of three days of uninterrupted headaches, accompanied by excruciating vomiting of mucus, I had the clarity of a dialectic par excellence, thinking very calmly about things for which, in healthier conditions, I would not have found in myself enough refinement and calmness, would not have found the audacity of a rock climber.
"Morning Dawn" was published in July 1881, with it a new stage in Nietzsche's work began - the stage of the most fruitful work and significant ideas.
Zarathustra
Last years
The final stage of Nietzsche's work is at the same time the stage of writing works that draw a line under his philosophy, and misunderstanding, both on the part of the general public and close friends. Popularity came to him only in the late 1880s.
Nietzsche's creative activity was interrupted at the beginning of 1889 due to clouding of reason. It happened after a seizure, when, in front of Nietzsche, the owner beat the horse. There are several versions explaining the cause of the disease. Among them - poor heredity (Nietzsche's father suffered from mental illness at the end of his life); a possible neurosyphilis disease that provoked insanity; and the clouding of the mind caused by "contract poisoning", which is associated with the active political activity that Nietzsche launched in the late 1880s. Soon the philosopher was placed in the Basel psychiatric hospital and died on August 25, 1900. He was buried in the old Rekken church dating from the first half of the 12th century. Next to him are his relatives.
Citizenship, nationality, ethnicity
Nietzsche is usually ranked among the philosophers of Germany. The modern unified national state called Germany did not yet exist at the time of his birth, but there was a union of German states, and Nietzsche was a citizen of one of them, at that time Prussia. When Nietzsche received a professorship at the University of Basel, he applied for the annulment of his Prussian citizenship. The official reply confirming the revocation of citizenship came in the form of a document dated April 17, 1869. Until the end of his life, Nietzsche remained officially stateless.
According to popular belief, Nietzsche's ancestors were Poles. Until the end of his life, Nietzsche himself confirmed this circumstance. In 1888 he wrote: "My ancestors were Polish nobles (Nicki)". In one of Nietzsche's statements, he is even more assertive about his Polish origin: "I am a pure-blooded Polish nobleman, without a single drop of dirty blood, of course, without German blood". On another occasion, Nietzsche stated: “Germany is a great nation only because so much Polish blood flows in the veins of its people ... I am proud of my Polish origin”. In one of his letters he testifies: “I was brought up to attribute the origin of my blood and name to the Polish nobles, who were called Nitsky, and who left their house and title about a hundred years ago, succumbing as a result to unbearable pressure - they were Protestants”. Nietzsche believed that his surname may have been Germanised.
Most scholars dispute Nietzsche's view of the origins of his family. Hans von Müller refuted the genealogy put forward by Nietzsche's sister in favor of a noble Polish origin. Max Ohler, custodian of the Nietzsche archive in Weimar, claimed that all of Nietzsche's ancestors had German names, even the wives' families. Ohler claims that Nietzsche descended from a long line of German Lutheran clergy on both sides of his family, and modern scholars view Nietzsche's claims of his Polish origins as "pure fiction". Colli and Montinari, editors of a collection of Nietzsche's letters, characterize Nietzsche's statements as "baseless" and "erroneous opinion". The surname itself Nietzsche not Polish, but common throughout central Germany in this and related forms, for example, Nitsche And Nitzke. The surname comes from the name Nikolai, abbreviated as Nick, under the influence of the Slavic name Nits, first acquired the form Nitsche, and then Nietzsche.
It is not known why Nietzsche wanted to be ranked among a noble Polish family. According to biographer R. J. Hollingdale, Nietzsche's claims about his Polish origins may have been part of his "campaign against Germany".
Relationship with sister
Mythology
The figurativeness and metaphorical nature of Nietzsche's works allows us to single out a certain mythology in him [ by whom?] :
- Nietzsche proceeds from the duality (dualism) of culture, where the principles of Apollo and Dionysus are fighting. Apollo (Greek god of light) symbolizes order and harmony, and Dionysus (Greek god of winemaking) - darkness, chaos and excess of power. These beginnings are not equal. The dark god is ancient. Strength brings order, Dionysus gives birth to Apollo. The Dionysian will (der Wille - in Germanic languages \u200b\u200bmeans desire) always turns out to be will to power is an interpretation of the ontological basis of being. Nietzsche, like Marx, was influenced by Darwinism. The whole course of evolution and the struggle for survival struggle for existence) is nothing but a manifestation of this will to power. The sick and weak must perish, and the strongest must win. Hence Nietzsche's aphorism: "Push him who is falling!", which should be understood not in the simplified sense that one should not help one's neighbors, but in the fact that the most effective help to one's neighbor is to enable him to reach an extreme in which he can rely only on his instincts. survival to be reborn or perish. This shows Nietzsche's faith in life, in its possibility of self-rebirth and resistance to everything fatal. "What doesn't kill us makes us stronger!"
- Just as man evolved from a monkey, so as a result of this struggle, man must evolve into the Superman (Übermensch). Reason and all so-called spiritual values are just a tool to achieve dominance. Therefore, the superman is different from ordinary people above all, an unshakable will. This is more of a genius or a rebel than a ruler or a hero. The true superman is the destroyer of old values and the creator of new ones. He rules not over the herd, but over entire generations. However, the will has no progressive movement forward. Its main enemies are its own manifestations, what Marx called the force of alienation of the spirit. The only fetters of a strong-willed man are his own promises. Creating new values, the superman gives rise to culture - the Dragon or Spirit of Gravity, like ice, fettering the river of will. Therefore, a new superman must come - the Antichrist. It does not destroy old values. They have exhausted themselves, for, says Nietzsche, God is dead. The era of European nihilism has come, to overcome which the Antichrist must create new values. He will oppose the humble and envious morality of slaves the morality of the gentlemen. However, then a new Dragon will be born and a new superman will come. So it will be to infinity, for in this is manifested eternal return. One of the main criticized concepts in Nietzsche's philosophy was decadence (decadence).
Artworks
Major works
- "The Birth of Tragedy, or Hellenism and Pessimism" ( Die Geburt der Tragodie, 1871)
- "Untimely Reflections" Unzeitgemasse Betrachtungen, 1872-1876)
- "David Strauss as Confessor and Writer" ( David Strauss: der Bekenner und der Schriftsteller, 1873)
- "On the benefits and harms of history for life" ( Vom Nutzen und Nachtheil der Historie für das Leben, 1874)
- "Schopenhauer as an educator" ( Schopenhauer als Erzieher, 1874)
- "Richard Wagner in Bayreuth" ( Richard Wagner in Bayreuth, 1876)
- “Human, too human. A book for free minds" ( Menschliches, Allzumenschliches, 1878). With two additions:
- "Mixed opinions and sayings" ( Vermischte Meinungen und Sprüche, 1879)
- "The Wanderer and His Shadow" ( Der Wanderer und sein Schatten, 1880)
- "Morning Dawn, or Thoughts on Moral Prejudices" ( Morgenrote, 1881)
- "Merry Science" ( Die frohliche Wissenschaft, 1882, 1887)
- “Thus spoke Zarathustra. A book for everyone and for no one Also sprach Zarathustra, 1883-1887)
- “On the other side of good and evil. Prelude to the Philosophy of the Future" ( Jenseits von Gut und Böse, 1886)
- “On the genealogy of morality. Polemic essay "( Zur Genealogie der Moral, 1887)
- "Casus Wagner" ( Der Fall Wagner, 1888)
- "Twilight of idols, or how one philosophizes with a hammer" ( Gotzen-Dämmerung, 1888), the book is also known as The Fall of the Idols, or How You Can Philosophize with a Hammer.
- "Antichrist. Curse Christianity" ( Der Antichrist, 1888)
- "Ecce Homo. How they become themselves "( Ecce Homo, 1888)
- "The Will to Power" ( Der Wille zur Macht, 1886-1888, 1st ed. 1901, 2nd ed. 1906), a book compiled from Nietzsche's notes by editors E. Förster-Nietzsche and P. Gast. As M. Montinari proved, although Nietzsche planned to write the book “The Will to Power. The experience of reassessing all values "( Der Wille zur Macht - Versuch einer Umwertung aller Werte), which is mentioned at the end of the work "On the Genealogy of Morals", but left this idea, while the drafts served as material for the books "The Twilight of the Idols" and "Antichrist" (both written in 1888).
Other works
- "Homer and Classical Philology" ( Homer und die klassische Philologie, 1869)
- "On the future of our educational institutions" ( Uber die Zukunft unserer Bildungsanstalten, 1871-1872)
- "Five prefaces to five unwritten books" ( Funf Vorreden zu funf ungeschriebenen Büchern, 1871-1872)
- "On the pathos of truth" ( Uber das Pathos der Wahrheit)
- "Thoughts about the future of our educational institutions" ( Gedanken über die Zukunft unserer Bildungsanstalten)
- "Greek State" Der griechische Staat)
- "The Relationship Between Schopenhauer's Philosophy and German Culture" ( Das Verhältnis der Schopenhauerischen Philosophie zu einer deutschen Cultur)
- "Homeric competition" ( Homers Wettkampf)
- "On Truth and Lies in an Extramoral Sense" ( Über Wahrheit und Lüge im außermoralischen Sinn, 1873)
- "Philosophy in the Tragic Age of Greece" ( Die Philosophie im tragischen Zeitalter der Griechen)
- "Nietzsche against Wagner" ( Nietzsche contra Wagner, 1888)
Juvenilia
- "From my life" ( Aus meinem Leben, 1858)
- "About Music" ( Uber Music, 1858)
- "Napoleon III as President" ( Napoleon III als Praesident, 1862)
- "Fatum and History" ( Fatum und Geschichte, 1862)
- "Free Will and Fate" ( Willensfreiheit und Fatum, 1862)
- "Can an envious person really be happy?" ( Kann der Neidische je wahrhaft glücklich sein?, 1863)
- "About moods" ( Uber Stimmungen, 1864)
- "My life" ( Mein Leben, 1864)
Cinema
- In Liliana Cavani's film "Beyond Good and Evil" (English) Russian (ital. "Al di là del bene e del male", ) Nietzsche embodies Erland Jozefson ( Lou Salome— Dominic Sanda, Paul Reyo- Robert Powell (English) Russian , Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche- Virna Lisi, Bernard Foerster (German) Russian- Umberto Orsini (Italian) Russian ).
- In the biopic Julio Bressane (port.) Russian "Days of Nietzsche in Turin" (English) Russian (port. Dias de Nietzsche em Turim , ) Brazilian actor Fernando Eyras played the philosopher (port.) Russian .
- Filmed by Pinchas Perry Pinchas Perry) "When Nietzsche Wept" (eng. "When Nietzsche Wept", USA-Israel, , based on the novel by Yalom Irvin) the title character was played by Armand Assante ( Lou Salome- Katheryn Winnick (English) Russian , Joseph Breuer— Ben Cross, Sigmund Freud- Jamie Elman (English) Russian , Bertha Pappenheim- Michal Janay (Hebrew) Russian ).
- The film by the Hungarian director Béla Tarr The Horse of Turin (Hungarian “A torinói ló”, ) is based on the story of Nietzsche, who in Turin on January 3, 1889 witnessed a horse being beaten by a cabman. Nietzsche rushed to the horse, hugged her, and after that he fell silent forever, spending the last eleven years of his life in a hospital for the mentally ill.
Sources
- L. Popkova Chronicle of "star friendship". F. Nietzsche and R. Wagner.
- Reale J., Antiseri D.“Western philosophy from its origins to the present day. From Romanticism to the Present Day
- Daniel Halevi"Life of Friedrich Nietzsche"
- Hollingdale, R.J: Nietzsche: The Man and His Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1999. p.6
- Some recent translations use this last text. See: Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm. The Anti-Christ, Ecce Homo, Twilight of the Idols, and Other Writings: And Other Writings. Translated by Judith Norman, Aaron Ridley. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 77.
- Henry Louis Mencken, "The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche", T. Fisher Unwin, 1908, reprinted by University of Michigan 2006, pg. 6,
- Letter to Heinrich von Stein, December 1882, KGB III 1, Nr. 342, p. 287; KGW V 2, p. 579; KSA 9p. 681
- “I do not trust all taxonomists and avoid them. The will to the system is a lack of honesty.” - Aphorism No. 26 from "The Twilight of the Idols, or How Philosophizing with a Hammer"
- aphorism 108 “Beyond good and evil. Prelude to the Philosophy of the Future.
- Nietzsche. New Philosophical Encyclopedia
- Pertsev A.V. Friedrich Nietzsche at home - St. Petersburg: Vladimir Dahl, 2009. - 480p. - (World Nietzscheana). - ISBN: 978-5-93615-085-2
- Podoroga V.A. Landscape Metaphysics - M.: Nauka, 1993. - 319 p.
- Svasyan K.A. Friedrich Nietzsche: martyr of knowledge
- See for example: Ebanoidze I."It's not about books, but about life...": Correspondence of Friedrich Nietzsche with Gottfried Keller, Georg Brandes and August Strindberg [: enter. article] // New world. . No. 4; Chamberlain, Lesley. Nietzsche in Turin: An Intimate Biography. 1996.
