Philosophical scientific article. Analysis of articles from the journal “Problems of Philosophy. Analysis of articles from the journal "Problems of Philosophy"

Writing an article, abstract or essay on philosophy is very different from other types of work. The essence of philosophical work is that you must first explain a philosophical concept, and then either support or refute it. This means that you need to fully understand the terms you will be using; you need to come up with your own point of view in order to analyze this philosophical concept. Writing a paper on philosophy is quite difficult, but it is quite possible if you carefully plan and work hard.

Steps

Part 1

Drafting an essay or article on philosophy

Give yourself some time. Writing a good philosophy paper, of course, requires a lot of time and careful planning. Therefore, it is worth sitting down for this essay as soon as possible. Philosophical work requires serious arguments and rational thinking, and this takes time.

• Try to start developing your ideas for a philosophical essay as soon as you receive this assignment. Write down your ideas when you have free time think about what you want to write about.

1. Read all required material. Before you start developing your ideas for an essay, you need to carefully read all the material that relates to this assignment. If you have already read this material, but do not remember too much (or did not understand some part of what you read), it is worth re-reading these points before starting to work on an essay.

   • An accurate understanding of the concepts that you read about is of great importance for writing a good essay. Otherwise, the explanation of a particular philosophical phenomenon may be erroneous, and your arguments in defense of your point of view may not be taken seriously.

2. Make sure you understand the task correctly. Some teachers explain all aspects of the assignment, while others simply read it out in front of the audience. Before you start working on an essay, you need to have a clear idea of ​​what you are being asked to do.

   • If you do not understand any part of the task, be sure to ask the teacher to explain it to you.

3. Think about the target audience you are writing for. When planning your essay and starting to work on it, it is important to keep in mind the target audience. Your teacher will be the main representative of this audience, your classmates can become other representatives of this audience.

   • It can be imagined that the person for whom you are writing this essay has certain ideas about philosophy, but has a different point of view on this matter. Thus, if you bring up a term or concept, you need to explain it or her so that this person can understand you.

4. Choose text links carefully. If you're writing an essay on philosophy, it's best to quote and excerpt only when absolutely necessary. The purpose of writing an essay is to explain and analyze a philosophical concept or argument in your own words. Thus, do not rely too heavily on quotations and paraphrased passages from various sources.

   • It is worth quoting only when it is necessary to substantiate your point of view.
   • Be sure to cite the source of a particular quote (or paraphrased passage). Include the author's name and page number.

5. Work on your thesis. Any philosophical essay is built around the main thesis. The thesis reflects your position in this essay, so you need to be sure that throughout the essay you build your arguments around this thesis. Keep in mind that the main thesis is not only about your position, but also why you chose this point of view.

   • For example, if you are going to refute Aristotle's idea that beauty is associated with virtue, you need to briefly justify your opinion. One of the reasons why you refute this idea may be the fact that beautiful people do not always turn out to be virtues. In this case, your thesis might sound like this: "Aristotle's idea that beauty is associated with virtue is wrong, because we often notice beauty in those who are far from virtue."
   • The thesis must be written at the end of the first paragraph of your essay.

6. Schedule your essay. This will help keep the essay structured. Make sure you include everything that needs to be included in the plan. Try to put together a little markup that includes:

   • ideas for introduction;
   • thesis;
   • main points of justification;
   • highlights of analysis with evidence;
   • potential rebuttals and your arguments in defense of your point of view;
   • ideas to complete.

   Part 2

   Preparation before writing an essay on philosophy

   1. Write how you would express your point of view orally. Writing in a flashy and overly complex style won't help you seem more knowledgeable on the subject. It's best to write in your own words, using simple, direct language that explains your opinion. Imagine that you are explaining a concept to your friend and constructing an argument for agreeing or disagreeing with the concept. What would you say? What examples would you give?

      • Try not to fill your essay with superfluous words. Otherwise, it will be difficult for your readers to understand what you mean.
      • Before using new words in your essay, find out their meaning. If you like to include technical terminology and unfamiliar words in your essay, make sure you understand their meaning correctly before inserting them into the essay. Thesaurus (dictionary of technical terminology) does not always offer options that are grammatically correct and similar to the original word.

   2. Fill the introduction of the essay with relevant details. The introduction is a very important part of the essay because the introduction builds the first impression of your work. The introduction is a great chance to grab the reader's attention and briefly present your arguments. That is why it is so important to use this opportunity wisely and write a good introduction.

      • You should not write in the introduction almost a complete overview of your topic, for example, you should not start with the words: "Since ancient times ..." or "People have always wondered ..." Just go to the main topic of your essay. For example, you could start with this sentence: “Aristotle often draws a parallel between beauty and virtue in his writings.”

   3. Explain your point of view. After the introduction, you need to justify the philosophical judgment or concept that you plan to refute or support. Make sure you understand the philosopher's idea clearly and objectively.

      Justify your thesis. After you have given a clear justification for your point of view, you need to move on to the analysis. The analysis of the concept should be conducted in such a way that it supports your opinion about the concept. Do not move from one position to another and do not contradict yourself. No matter what, stick to your opinion.

      • A great way to justify and support your thesis is to provide examples from personal experience or create your own. For example, if you say that beauty and virtue are not related to each other, then you can cite some criminal as an example, which many consider beautiful.

   4. Try to anticipate potential attempts to challenge your judgment. Good judgment must overturn any objections your opponents may have. Try to anticipate the most obvious objections your opponent might have and figure out how to counter those objections.

      • Don't try to refute any possible attempt to challenge your views. Focus on the top three objections your opponents might have.
      • For example, if you say that beauty and virtue are unrelated, then you can argue that, according to some studies, women who have beauty, but do not have pleasant personality traits, are less attracted to men.

   5. Finish your work nicely. Conclusions are also very important, because it is the conclusions that make it possible to summarize, clarify and emphasize the most important points of your essay. Try to complete the work in such a way that readers understand the relevance and significance of your essay.

The ancient way of life and the consequences of the dominance of the lustful part in the soul modern man

In the article, the ideal of a healthy lifestyle of an ancient Greek is compared with self-destructive tendencies in the life of a modern person, who has turned into what is called homo economicus. Antique is considered first philosophy about the soul, above all platonic. Showing the origins...

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• Phenomenology of perception and projection

  The article analyzes the phenomenological concepts of perception, which makes it possible to identify the main modalities of the projection, understood as a necessary moment of perception. The author focuses on the differences that exist in understanding the interaction of the hyletic and the eidetic in the concepts...

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• The educational function of the scientific attitude of consciousness as a means of reproduction of science in society

  2007 / Samoilov S.F.

• Models of reasoning 2. Argumentation and rationality / ed. ed. V. N. Bryushinkina. Kaliningrad: Publishing House of the Russian State University. I. Kant, 2008.

  2009 / Kiryukhin A. A.

• The formation of the unity of philosophical and scientific rationality in the aspect of the concept of determinism

  The co-evolution of the theoretical facet of philosophical and scientific rationalities at the classical, non-classical and post-non-classical levels of their development is considered.

  2005 / Stepanishchev A.F.

• About nature mass consciousness in the context of "artificial intelligence" research

  The article deals with the phenomenon of depersonalization of people in modern society from the standpoint of the theory of the masses and "artificial intelligence".

  2009 / Mureiko Larisa Valerianovna

• The service and tourism industry is a modus of the global consumer society

  The article explores the processes of globalization, its essence, development trends, consequences. The processes of postmodernism, which are the ideological basis of globalization, are also considered as a factor in the formation of a basic type of personality adequate to globalization. The service and tourism industry is considered in...

  2008 / Shalaev V.P.

• Problems of the Russian Idea in Russian Philosophy: History and Modernity

  The author of article considers the important and many-sided theme, rather actual for modern Russia Russian idea. In article sights of domestic philosophers XIX-XX on this problem are investigated. Definitions of Russian idea of ​​N.A. Berdjaev, I.A. Iljin, N.O. Lossky, G.P. Fedotov and others are...

  2004 / Gidirinsky V.I.

• The formation of a philosophical picture of a person is due to the need to develop theoretical means of social cognition. The author proposes to consider the picture of a person as a kind of general invariant, reflecting the static, dynamic, procedural, indicative parameters of reality.

  2005 / Yury Alexandrovich Sulyagin

• The ideology of the "third wave" and the problem of temporal freedom

  The changes taking place in the modern Western world associated with new information technologies, which have led to a change in the temporal component of consciousness, are analyzed. It is concluded that social time is accelerating, desynchronizing, demassifying and giving rise to new forms...

  2010 / Popova Svetlana Leonidovna

• Formation of regional industry clusters based on a comprehensive model for assessing the quality of raw materials and industrial products

  The issue of developing an industry strategy for a particular region based on the clustering of industry markets has been studied. A comprehensive analysis was carried out to develop an industry strategy. The cluster organization of production is considered. The role of the marketing concept of competitive quality is highlighted...

  2010 / Kashchuk Irina Vadimovna

• Loneliness in the conditions of social transformation of modern society (conceptual analysis)

  The topic of the article is devoted to the problem that is relevant for a globalizing society: the socio-philosophical understanding of the phenomenon of loneliness. In the course of the analysis of several groups of sources, the author notes that modern social reality hinders the ability of a person to find himself and his inner world...

  2009 / Evgenia Evgenievna Rogova

• Poe's model of the world

  The fundamental elements of the worldview of the great American poet and short story writer of the 19th century are revealed. Some well-known interpretations of E. Poe's views on the Universe, God and the problems of cognition are criticized.

  2009 / V. I. Cherednikov
• 2008 / Khramtsova Natalya Gennadievna

• Theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of the essence and nature of the conflict: features of modern interpretation

  Theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of the essence and nature of the conflict in the system of socio-philosophical views and views of modern thinkers and philosophers are considered. The main idea of ​​the study is to understand the conflict as an element of the system public relations, forming...

There is a review.
The article examines the reflection of the ideology of Marxism in artistic and philosophical texts: the second half of the 20th century - the beginning of the 21st century. Marxism as a creative paradigm: refraction of the symbols of denial, overthrow, rebellion in the philosophy of existentialism, poetry of surrealism in the second half of the 20th century - to the poetry of overcoming the beginning of the 21st century. From the rebel human camus- to the poetry of overcoming the "one-dimensional man" Marcuse - to overcoming the heritage of "cultural Marxism" by means of literary creativity.

2. Smirnova Elena Vladimirovna. Paradoxes of Zeno of Elea and some ways to solve them in the history of philosophy and science There is a review. Article published in No. 73 (September) 2019
Co-authors: Vorobyov Dmitry Valerievich, Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor, Lecturer, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University named after Kozma Minin.
The article is devoted to Zeno's three paradoxes directed against movement, as well as ways to solve them in the history of philosophy and science. For a long time, Aristotle was the main and most authoritative opponent of Zeno. The situation changed in modern times, thanks to the development of mathematics. The authors try to show that many of the objections to Zeno are doubtful and present their own view of the problem.

3. Lopatina Valeria Georgievna. Communism: utopia or the future? There is a review.
Co-authors: Malina V.A., student of the Russian Customs Academy, Fedorishchenko A.I., candidate of philosophical sciences, associate professor
The article analyzes the idea of ​​communism, discusses its fundamental principles, as well as the possibility of applying them in modern society.

4. Izosimova Snezhana Alexandrovna. EXISTENTIAL NORMATIVE ASPECTS OF CHRISTIANITY IN THE HERITAGE OF B. PASCAL There is a review.
Co-authors: Piguz Valentina Nikolaevna, member Russian Academy artificial intelligence, head of computer information department State institution Institute for Artificial Intelligence Problems
The article discusses the main arguments of the philosophy of B. Pascal, which substantiates Christianity as a religion that meets the deep essence and nature of man from the point of view of the philosophy of existentialism.

5. Bardin Vyacheslav Vasilievich. The development of the modern Russian state on the basis of the national idea and the concept of civilism There is a review.
Shows the current state of Russian society, the importance of the national idea for its development. The importance of choosing the correct civil-legal form of post-socialist organization is indicated. Russian state for its progressive development. The correctness and possibility of implementing the concept of civilism is substantiated. The necessity of cultural and spiritual development of modern society is noted.

6. Adibekyan Narine Oganesovna. COMPLEX CHARACTER OF GENDEROLOGY There is a review. Article published in No. 68 (April) 2019
Genderology appeared as an additional complex science, which grew up on the basis of feminism with the use of suitable information from the social sciences. It copes with the synthesis of private information, makes additions, enhances the synergistic effect, enriches the humanities and social sciences.

7. Adibekyan Hovhannes Alexandrovich. CULTURE OF PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC DISCUSSION
Freedom and breadth of thinking not only support the discussion, but also increase its value. Science does not just use this option information contacts, but also considers it for the sake of its effectiveness. At the same time, she refers to all her types, without exception, cultural studies. But just as the science of science is not able to serve all variants of discussions, culture is not able to express itself fully on a large scale in these cases. The synthesis of references of science of science and cultural studies to discussions provides useful information of a complex content, which claims to be called "discussion studies".

8. Adibekyan Hovhannes Alexandrovich. THE VALUE OF CITATION IN SCIENCEArticle published in No. 67 (March) 2019
The use of quotations in scientific works has become a tradition, with the importance of respecting the defined rules for their implementation. The benefits of such references are multifaceted as part of the service of the author of the work: to himself, to readers, to other authors, to the discussion process, to the determinants of scientists' ratings. But quoting can also be judged condemningly.

9. Isachenkov Vadim Sergeevich. Origins of being. Big Bang or Creationism There is a review.
Co-authors: Boblak Vasily Egorovich, Associate Professor of the Department of Humanities, Smolensk Academy of Physical Culture and Sports
In this article, the author considers the problem of the origin of all things and tries to find the root cause of being, based on the main modern theories the origin of the world - the Big Bang and Creationism. Also, the article reveals the basis of these theories, their positive aspects and disadvantages. Moreover, the author shows that the problem of the root cause of the Cosmos, in modern world much deeper and wider than it might seem.

10. Biktashev Vyacheslav Zainullovich. The modern Marxist concept of historical materialism. There is a review.
As you know, a necessary condition for the existence of science is its continuous development in time. But we have to admit that in the late USSR, Marxism as a science degraded and did not develop, turning into a set of centuries-old dogmas. In the attached article, the vector of development of Marxism as a science of historical materialism, which is truly true, in the opinion of the author, is given.

11. Kudinov Alexander Sergeevich. Communism: myth or reality? Philosophical and historical digression of this concept There is a review.
In this article, the author reveals the concept of communism and its main features. It also provides a historical analysis of the ideas of philosophers in different eras on how to build a just society. The policy of the leadership of the USSR aimed at building communism in our state is analyzed.

12. Poluektova Daria Yurievna. The image of the mother goddess in the Old Testament There is a review.
Co-authors: Sidorenko Natalia Sergeevna, Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Philosophy, Kuban State University
This article examines the echoes of ancient pagan myths about goddesses in books Old Testament, thereby showing that in the religion of the ancient Jews, female deities were no less important than the male cult of Yahweh.

13. Kudinov Alexander Sergeevich. The Impact of the Globalization Process on the Role of Sovereignty There is a review.
This article discusses the concept and features of sovereignty. It also gives a description of state sovereignty, popular sovereignty and national sovereignty. The connection and influence of the process of globalization on sovereignty in modern politics is traced.

14. Kudinov Alexander Sergeevich. What is a revolution? What is the significance of the revolution for social progress? There is a review.
The article discusses the concept and meaning of the term revolution for social progress. The author tries to define and highlight the main features and types of revolutions.

15. Kudinov Alexander Sergeevich. What is a state? The main theories of the origin of the state There is a review.
This article discusses the concept of the state, its main features. The main theories that explain the origin of the state are also considered. The article analyzes the main functions and nature of the origin of this institution.

16. Chumakov Evgeny Vladimirovich. Dialectical laws of the transition of information into matter There is a review.
The article considers the possibility of applying the dialectical laws of change and movement to information. Information is represented as a form of existence of matter, along with movement, space and time. According to this view, information processes (change and distribution) should be subject to the dialectical laws of the development of material systems. This statement is confirmed by examples linking physical interactions of any level with the emergence of new information. Through dialectical laws, an attempt is made to find causal relationships between information processes and changes in material objects, and to find an explanation for the controlling influence of information on physical interactions. The proof of the cyclic change of the three dialectical principles in the information sphere and their influence on changes in physical systems negates the search for the original and the announcement of the prevalence of the ideal or material principle in philosophy.

17. Adibekyan Hovhannes Alexandrovich. CHINA IN THE FOCUS OF THE LAW OF DENIAL DENIAL There is a review.
Co-authors: Adibekyan Narine Oganesovna, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, North Caucasus Branch, "Moscow Automobile and Highway State Technical University (MADI)"
Modernity is surprised not only by the collapse of the USSR, the return of Russia to capitalism, but also by the movement of China in the Russian direction with a preference for an intermediate position between socialism and capitalism. At the same time, there are different assessments of events, different predictions of consequences. However, research methodologies lack the law of negation of negation, the content of which not only supports the transition from capitalism to socialism, but also allows for the coexistence of these two systems.

18. Kudinov Alexander Sergeevich. What is an ideology? The role of ideology in the life of society There is a review.
This article discusses many approaches of philosophers to the definition of ideology in the life of society. Also discussed in more detail political ideology in three main directions: conservatism, liberalism and socialism.

19. Kudinov Alexander Sergeevich. Philosophical ideas of freedom of mankind, people. There is a review.
The article is devoted to the consideration of the problem of human freedom, the positions of various philosophers of the course of fatalism and voluntarism. The paper offers different interpretations of this problem, and on the basis of the collected material it is concluded what freedom in philosophical understanding, the main features of human freedom, based on the legislation of our state.

20. Kudinov Alexander Sergeevich. The process of the origin of the Old Russian state There is a review.
In this article, the author considers the process of formation of the ancient Russian state. From the position of two theories: Norman and anti-Norman, the author reveals the main objective processes that contributed to the formation of the first Old Russian state.

Philosophy forces us to ask questions and reflect on everything we take for granted. So today we have made for you a selection of outstanding thinkers, both modern and past, so that you move your rusty convolutions at your leisure, picking up any of the works of the men and women below.

1. Hannah Arendt

Hannah Arendt is one of the most famous political philosophers of the modern age. After being expelled from Germany in 1933, she seriously thought about the burning issues of our time and began to diligently seek answers to the main questions of life, the universe and everything in general. Completely immersed in herself and in her reflections on politics, civil society, the origins of totalitarianism, evil and forgiveness, Hanna tried through her search to come to terms with the terrible political events of that time. And although it is rather difficult to classify Arendt's ideas according to one general scheme, Hanna in each of her works (and there are more than 450 of them) calls on humanity to "think carefully about what we are doing."

The most famous works:
"The Origins of Totalitarianism", 1951
"The Banality of Evil: Eichmann in Jerusalem", 1963

2. Noam Chomsky

A professor of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology by day and a critic of American US politics by night, Noam Chomsky is an active philosopher outside and within academia. His political comments hit not in the eyebrow, but in two eyes at once. This philosopher asks questions aimed at creating new conclusions for the public. Chomsky changed the face of linguistics in the mid-20th century by publishing his classification of formal languages, called the Chomsky hierarchy. And the New York Times Book Review stated that "Noam Chomsky is perhaps the most important intellectual alive today."

The most famous works:
"Syntactic Structures", 1957
"The problem of knowledge and freedom", 1971
Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic Societies, 1992
"Hegemony or the struggle for survival: the US quest for world domination", 2003

3. Alain de Botton

English writer and philosopher, member of the Royal Society of Literature and television presenter Alain de Botton is sure that, as in Ancient Greece, modern philosophy should also have some practical value for society. His writings, documentaries and discussions cover completely different aspects. human life, ranging from the professional work sphere, ending with the problems of personal development and the search for love and happiness.

The most famous works:
"Experiences of love", 1997
Status Concern, 2004
"Architecture of Happiness", 2006

4. Epicurus

Epicurus - ancient Greek philosopher, born on the Greek island of Samos, and founder of . Great thinker of the past categorically insisted that the road to happiness lies through the search for pleasure. Surround yourself with friends, stay self-sufficient and don't go on the rampage - this is his unchanging principle. The word "Epicurean" has become synonymous with gluttony and idleness due to provisions taken out of context. Well, we invite you to personally read the works of the famous philosopher and draw your own conclusions.

The most famous works:
Collection of aphorisms "Main thoughts"

5. Arne Ness

Alpinist, social activist and philosopher, originally from Norway, Arne Naess was a major player in the global environmental movement and the author of a unique point of view in the debate about destruction natural world. Ness is considered the creator of the concept of "deep ecology" and the founder of the eponymous movement.

The most famous works:
"Interpretation and Accuracy", 1950

6. Martha Nussbaum

American Martha Nussbaum talks in a loud voice about social justice, based on the ancient philosophy of Aristotle, where every person is a bearer of inherent dignity. Nussbaum argues that, regardless of mental ability, age or gender, every member of the human race must be treated in this respectful manner. Martha is also sure that society does not function for mutual benefit, but for the sake of love for each other. In the end, no one has canceled the power of positive thinking.

The most famous works:
“Not for profit. Why Democracy Needs the Humanities”, 2014

7. Jean-Paul Sartre

His name has practically become synonymous with existentialism. French philosopher, playwright and novelist, who created his main works between 1930 and 1940, bequeathed to his descendants great idea that man is doomed to freedom. However, we have already written about this, and if by a fatal coincidence you missed this article, you can fill in the gap

The most famous works:
"Nausea", 1938
"Behind behind closed doors", 1943

8. Peter Singer

Since the publication of his famous book Animal Liberation in 1975, Australian philosopher Peter Singer has become a cult figure for all animal rights activists. Get ready for this dude to make you rethink your food on your plate and inspire you to make small sacrifices for those less fortunate.

The most famous works:
Animal Liberation, 1975

9. Baruch Spinoza

Although the Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza lived in the 17th century, his philosophy is in many ways still relevant today. In his main job titled Ethics, Spinoza describes his subject as a mathematical equation and protests against the idea of ​​absolute freedom human personality, arguing that even our mind works according to the principles of the physical laws of nature.

The most famous works:
"Ethics", 1674

10. Slavoj Zizek

Slovenian philosopher, cultural critic and founder of Ljubljana philosophical school Slavoj Zizek has become a significant figure in modern pop culture. Slava calls himself a "militant atheist", and his books instantly sell out in huge numbers and become bestsellers.

The most famous works:
“The Year of the Impossible. The art of dreaming is dangerous”, 2012
"Welcome to the desert of reality", 2002
"Doll and dwarf. Christianity Between Heresy and Revolt”, 2009

ARTICLE - a summary in writing of the results of any scientific research. The article is always creative. In the article, along with the analysis of the information of the primary source, there is an objective assessment of the problem. Ready-made works in various fields of knowledge have already been distributed on the Internet. Some resources offer to download finished works for money and / or for free. Such works are considered plagiarism. Plagiarism must not be used!

The initial version of the work is written in the WORD program and does not depend on whether the presentation or article will be eventually written. Only 3 pages need to be used.

O Above (in the center) TITLE of the work (this is a brief statement of the main thesis) (classics and modern authors - no more than 2) O Primary sources O Introduction (relevance of the topic) supervisor O TEXT 1 page of work

thesis (3-4 paragraphs of 2-3 sentences) O Evidence 2 page of work THESIS O Main

opinion). O In our opinion, O CONCLUSIONS - ... (the results of reasoning are presented on our own O List of References: O 3 -4 points with links to classical literature 3 page of the work

1. In the work, you do not need to pose questions, but you need to answer them by asking yourself. We need your thoughts on a certain topic. 2. It is necessary to reason not about quotes or aphorisms of scientists' statements, but about their theories (concepts). 3. In the work you need to use not the works of writers (Sholokhov, Shakespeare, Pushkin, etc.), but philosophers, especially classical works. 4. Do not take Wiki as literature, as it is considered an unreliable source.

5. You need to number the pages. 6. Make references (footnotes) when citations are used. Enclose quotes in quotation marks. 7. Quotes do not serve as proof of your reasoning. They are given in order to show that you are familiar with the works. 8. Classical literature should be used in chronological order (first Aristotle, then Nietzsche). 9. The thesis must be clearly and competently formulated (1 detailed sentence). This is a positive sentence without “not” particles, “a” prefixes, etc. Quotations cannot be used in the thesis!

14. Citation must be literate. You can't copy everything. Links do not need to be made, they clog the text. If you use a specific statement from the text, then it should be quoted, put a footnote (for example, 1), and below in the subtext in footnote 1 write the author, the work and all the data on the book with the year of its publication, etc. (indicating the number of pages). After that, it is necessary to indicate the page from which the borrowing was taken. The one who will read your work, when searching for a book footnote, should find your quote when opening this page. If you are copying a site, then after copying it is necessary to check whether the reader will find your quote on this site (on this page of the site). At the end, you do not need to indicate the list of references, since you will indicate all the main sources.