The social environment in which a person lives from birth implies communication. In the process of communication and perception of information, we are subjected to psychological influence, without suspecting it. These manifestations are studied by psychology. The same science explores the methods of influence in the communication of people with each other at work, at home and in any other place.

Methods of psychological influence and their differences

Methods of psychological influence on a person's personality in psychology are:

• infection;
• suggestion;
• belief;
• imitation.

Some of these methods you have already used unconsciously, and which of these methods have been tested on you. Infection, suggestion, persuasion and imitation are ways of influencing the psychological state of people. Let's analyze them in detail so as not to fall into the street of scammers.

Infection

This psychological impact on human consciousness is the most ancient and most studied method. It is founded on the transfer of emotional state from person to person. Agree that it happened to everyone when you are in a great mood, and suddenly a person appears with tears in his eyes and all signs of hysteria.

As you listen to his sentimental story, your mood deteriorates, and your state of mind begins to resemble the experiences of the interlocutor. Especially impressionable natures do not even need to be told anything, they are able to perceive signals coming from people who are close to them on an emotional level.

Another example that characterizes the method of infection and which is used by the psychology of influencing people is panic. He usually acts in a crowd. If many people are in the same critical conditions, and one of them starts to panic, this feeling is transmitted to the majority of those present.

Have you heard about panic on board planes or in a broken elevator? These are the cases where one person panicked and the feeling spread to many

But it is possible to “infect” not only with negative emotions. Laughter, fun, a positive attitude towards life are contagious.

Suggestion

The second class of psychological influence on personality is suggestion. In this case, the psychology of influence on a person turns out to be on an emotional background, forcing them to act as the opponent forces. But if infection is a transmission of a psychological state, as a result of which a person acts one way or another, then suggestion is a persuasion of a person to act as he is told with the help of verbal tools (words, visual contact, and others).

In order for suggestion to become an effective tool, you need to match your words. If a person tries to "teach you how to live" and dictates the rules of behavior in society or the laws of success, then his reputation, appearance and the manner of speaking should inspire respect and a desire to imitate.

But when in front of you is an exhausted individual in dirty clothes and with traces of alcohol intoxication, his calls for a new life look pathetic and ridiculous. Therefore, wanting to help a person with advice, try to understand the situation in which the unfortunate person finds himself. Embrace the problem and put yourself in his place. Only after that you can suggest something to someone who is looking for support from you.

You can inspire people with your thoughts only with a confident voice.

Another important nuance - the psychology of human impact says that you can inspire people with your thoughts only in a confident voice, in which there is not even a shadow of a doubt. Sometimes the success or failure of an idea depends on the tone in which a phrase is uttered.

There is another factor that determines the result of the impact on a person - this is suggestibility. The strength of suggestion depends on how suggestible a person is, and this is an individual indicator. Children under the age of 13 and insecure, indecisive people are distinguished by a high level of this indicator.

Suggestion works especially well if you combine the meaning of the words with the help of which the suggestion occurs with external information that is familiar and understandable to the suggested. If you try to direct a person to the "true path" and at the same time draw a parallel with those facts that are close to him, this will have a strong psychological effect on him. If you want to prove to a person that as a result of the actions suggested to him, he will be satisfied, give an example of a negative result that awaits him otherwise.

Using "winged sayings" or well-known examples of positive or negative experiences of generations, you will achieve significant results in the art of suggestion

Belief

Persuasion is one of the most harmless and effective methods of psychological influence on a person. It is based on facts that become clear as a result of building a logical chain of thought. Using various methods of influencing people, one should take into account the level of intellectual development of the opponent. To prove something to a person who is below you in mental development is ridiculous. Your arguments will not be understood and accepted. If you are trying to convince someone who is smarter than you, it will look ridiculous.

When the first portion of new information reaches the consciousness of a person, his brain is looking for explanations. And now it depends on the art of the one who convinces whether they believe him or not. It’s good if you manage to make a person trust you, but the rest depends on the method of psychological influence, the alternation of new data. The most important thing that the methods of psychological influence on a person require is not to deceive the opponent. As soon as a person feels falseness in words, the level of trust will drop significantly. If this happens again, you can completely lose the trust and attention of this person.

To be truly believed, you must match the lifestyle or statements that you are trying to convey to your opponent. Your words should radiate power, and you should give the impression of an authoritative and self-confident person.

So everything matched:

• Opponent development level:
• The veracity of your statements;
• Correspondence of the image and statements.

Your words should radiate power, and you should give the impression of an authoritative and self-confident person.

Now you need to choose a behavior strategy that will help to influence a person psychologically. There are several strategies.

• Aggressive. It is built on the contradiction of proven facts. This proves to the person that you are an extraordinary person and very different from him. He has a desire to listen to you and unravel the logical chain that you have confused. Therefore, he carefully listens to every word. But such a strategy of psychological impact on a person is typical for professionals of the word and persuasion.
• Passive. This strategy only works if you know the person well. Carefully citing examples from his and your own life, comparing them with cases known to the whole wide world, you bring your opponent to the idea that you want to convey to him. Do not allow inconsistencies and discrepancies in judgments. This will throw the work done a few positions back.

Now you know how to psychologically influence a person during a conversation. Use the Persuasion method, applying the laws of logic and building logical chains.

Leonardo DiCaprio and Matt Damon in The Departed

Imitation

Many subconsciously use methods of influencing a person, without even knowing it. Reaching some heights in a career or intellectual plan, we become an object of respect and admiration. Less experienced people tend to take an example from someone who has already realized their aspirations. But the object of imitation must always "keep the mark". It should be attractive, bright, memorable, delightful. That is, to satisfy the desire of the opponent to follow the ideal.

Means of psychological influence on a person

On the example of one of the means of psychological influence on the masses, we can consider advertising, which has become commonplace. Relatively recently, advertising existed as signs in stores, cafes or catering establishments. These were the usual posters recommending movie screenings or concerts of pop stars.

Today, advertising has turned into large-scale high-quality videos that not only inform people about a product, performance or announcement, they make them choose one or another product, form the formation of values ​​and direct a person’s thoughts and actions in the right direction. It is important to pay attention to what your children are watching, as there are influences that have a devastating effect on the personality.

Many believe that the psychological is the engine of trade (a hackneyed phrase, but it's true), others believe that demand implies the release of new products, the struggle for superiority between which is decided through advertising. This is one of the most effective means that have an impact on the mass of people and force them to act according to dictation.

This applies not only to some product or singer, public opinion can be swayed by advertising in favor of one or another candidate for government elections. This method is also called "manipulation of public opinion" or " dark art impact on people." Moreover, the manipulation is carried out not by force, but by the methods of correctly building the candidate's advertising program. It turns out what the electorate needs at this stage of the formation and development of society, and general phrases and promises are adjusted. Each person "sees" in these promises a benefit for himself and votes for this chosen one.

The goals of psychological impact on a person

Mental influence on a person has its own goal - the desire to make a person consciously or unconsciously obey certain attitudes, norms, laws or requirements.

The director in a team of subordinates, using psychological methods of influencing the interlocutor, has his own goal - to rally people or give them food for thought and action for the benefit of the company in which they work.

The psychological involves the goal of growing good, well-mannered and law-abiding citizens out of them.

Parents know how to psychologically influence their child, for example, to make him laugh

The psychological impact of advertising is aimed at making people buy one or another advertised product, vote for the right candidate, or watch a movie that has been spent a lot of money and must be returned as soon as possible.

Not always methods of influencing people imply following a good idea. This can be seen in the case of suicide bombers. After all, these people were subjected to suggestion, processing and hypnosis in order to destroy their own kind. Together with the mass of people they kill, they die themselves. And that goes against human nature. Consequently, with the help of psychological influence, it is possible to radically change the worldview of a person, make him a puppet in the hands of others and force him to act contrary to common sense.

As already mentioned, any psychological impact fully affects people who are insecure. Competent, educated and self-righteous individuals are difficult to suggest, infect and persuade.

The effect of exposure on a person depends on what mechanisms of exposure were used: persuasion, suggestion or contagion.

The oldest mechanism of action is infection, it is a transfer of a certain emotional and mental mood from one person to another, based on an appeal to the emotional-unconscious sphere of a person (infection with panic, irritation, laughter).

Suggestion It is also based on an appeal to the unconscious, to the emotions of a person, but already by verbal, verbal means, and the inspirer must be in a rational state, confident and authoritative. Suggestion is based mainly on the authority of the source of information: if the suggester is not authoritative, then the suggestion is doomed to failure. Suggestion is verbal in nature, i.e. it is possible to inspire only through words, but this verbal message has an abbreviated character and an enhanced expressive moment. The role of the intonation of the voice is very great here (90% of the effectiveness depends on the intonation, which expresses the persuasiveness, authority, significance of the words).

Suggestibility- the degree of susceptibility to suggestion, the ability to non-critical perception of incoming information, is different for different people. Suggestibility is higher in persons with a weak nervous system, as well as in persons with sharp fluctuations in attention. People with poorly balanced attitudes are more suggestible (children are suggestible), people with a predominance of the first signaling system are more suggestible.

Suggestion techniques are aimed at reducing the criticality of a person when receiving information and using emotional transfer. Thus, the transfer technique assumes that when transmitting a message, a new fact is associated with well-known facts, phenomena, people to whom a person has an emotionally positive attitude, in order for this emotional state to be transferred to new information (transfer of a negative attitude is also possible, in this case incoming information is rejected). Methods of evidence (quoting a famous person, scientist, thinker) and “appeal to everyone” (“most people believe that ...”) reduce the criticality and increase the pliability of a person to the information received.

Belief:

Persuasion appeals to logic, human reason, implies a fairly high level of development logical thinking. People who are underdeveloped are sometimes impossible to influence logically. The content and form of persuasion must correspond to the level of development of the individual, his thinking.

The process of persuasion begins with the perception and evaluation of the source of information:

1) the listener compares the information received with the information he has and, as a result, an idea is created of how the source presents information, where he draws it from, if it seems to the person that the source is not true, hides facts, makes mistakes, then trust in him drops sharply ;

3) the settings of the source and the listener are compared: if the distance between them is very large, then persuasion may be ineffective. In this case, the best persuasion strategy is: first, the persuader reports elements of similarity with the views of the persuaders, as a result, a better understanding is established and a prerequisite for persuasion is created.

Another strategy can be applied, when at first they report a big difference between attitudes, but then the persuader must confidently and convincingly defeat alien views (which is not easy - remember that there are levels of selection, selection of information). Thus, persuasion is a method of influence based on logical techniques, which are mixed with socio-psychological pressures of various kinds (the influence of the authority of the source of information, group influence). Persuasion is more effective when the group is persuaded rather than the individual.

Belief is based on the logical methods of proof, with the help of which the truth of a thought is substantiated through other thoughts.
Any proof consists of three parts: thesis, arguments and demonstrations.

The thesis is a thought, the truth of which needs to be proved, the thesis must be clearly, precisely, unambiguously defined and justified by facts.

An argument is a thought, the truth of which has already been proven and therefore it can be given to justify the truth or falsity of the thesis.

Demonstration - logical reasoning, a set of logical rules used in the proof. According to the method of conducting evidence, there are direct and indirect, inductive and deductive.

Manipulation techniques in the process of persuasion:

- substitution of the thesis during the proof;

- the use of arguments to prove the thesis that do not prove it or are partially true under certain conditions, and they are considered as true under any circumstances; or the use of deliberately false arguments;

- the refutation of other people's arguments is considered as evidence of the falsity of someone else's thesis and the correctness of their statement - antithesis, although this is logically incorrect: the fallacy of the argument does not mean the fallacy of the thesis.

Imitation

An important socio-psychological phenomenon is imitation - the reproduction of the activities, actions, qualities of another person whom one wants to be like. Conditions for imitation:

1. the presence of a positive emotional attitude, admiration or respect for the object of imitation;
2. less experience of a person in comparison with the object of imitation in some respect;
3. clarity, expressiveness, attractiveness of the sample;
4. accessibility of the sample, at least in some qualities;
5. conscious orientation of the desires and will of a person to the object of imitation (I want to be the same).

The psychological impact of information on a person suggests that there is a change in the mechanisms of regulation of human behavior and activity. As means of influence are used:

1. verbal information, a word - but it should be borne in mind that the meaning and meaning of a word can be different for different people and have different effects (the level of self-esteem, breadth of experience, intellectual abilities, character traits and personality type affect);
2. non-verbal information (speech intonation, facial expressions, gestures, postures acquire a symbolic character and affect mood, behavior, degree of trust);
3. involving a person in a specially organized activity, because within the framework of any activity a person occupies a certain status and thereby fixes a certain type of behavior (a change in status in interaction leads to a change in behavior, and real experiences associated with the implementation of a certain activity can change a person, his state and behavior)
4. regulation of the degree and level of satisfaction of needs (if a person recognizes the right of another person or group to regulate his level of satisfaction of his need, then changes can occur; if he does not recognize it, there will be no impact as such).

The purpose of the impact is:

1. introduce new information into the belief system, installations person;
2. change the structural relationships in the system installations, i.e., to enter such information that reveals objective connections between objects, changes or establishes new connections between installations, the views of a person;
3. to change a person's attitude, i.e. to produce a shift in motives, a shift in the listener's value system.

Socio-psychological installations there is a state of psychological readiness that develops on the basis of experience and influences a person's reactions to those objects and situations with which he is associated and which are socially significant. There are four functions of the installations:

1. The adaptation function is associated with the need to ensure the most favorable position of a person in the social environment, and therefore a person acquires positive attitudes towards useful, positive, favorable stimuli, situations, and negative attitudes towards sources of unpleasant negative incentives.
2. The ego-protective function of the attitude is associated with the need to maintain the internal stability of the personality, as a result of which a person acquires a negative attitude towards those persons, actions that can serve as a source of danger to the integrity of the personality. If some significant person evaluates us negatively, then this can lead to a decrease in self-esteem, so we tend to develop a negative attitude towards this person. At the same time, the source of a negative attitude can be not the qualities of a person in themselves, but his attitude towards us.
3. The value-expressive function is associated with the need for personal stability and lies in the fact that positive attitudes are usually developed in relation to representatives of our personality type (if we evaluate our personality type positively enough). If a person considers himself a strong, independent person, he will have a positive attitude towards the same people and rather “cool” or even negatively towards the opposite.
4. The function of the organization of the worldview: attitudes are developed in relation to certain knowledge about the world. All this knowledge forms a system, i.e., a system of attitudes is a set of emotionally colored elements of knowledge about the world, about people. But a person can meet with such facts and information that contradict the established attitudes. The function of such attitudes is to distrust or reject such "dangerous facts", a negative emotional attitude, distrust, skepticism is developed towards such "dangerous" information. For this reason, new scientific theories, innovations are initially met with rebuff, misunderstanding, mistrust.

Since the installations are interconnected, form a system, they cannot change quickly. In this system, there are installations that are in the center with a large number of connections - these are the central focal installations. There are settings that are on the periphery and have few relationships, so they lend themselves to easier and faster change. The focal attitudes are attitudes towards knowledge, which are associated with the worldview of the individual, with her moral credo. The main central installation is the installation to one's own "I", around which the whole system of installations is built.

Emotional Impact

Research has shown that a more reliable and faster method of changing attitudes is change in emotional meaning, attitude to a particular problem. The logical way of influencing attitude changes does not always work and not for everyone, since a person tends to avoid information that can prove to him that his behavior is wrong.

So, in an experiment with smokers, they were asked to read and rate the reliability of scientific article about the dangers of smoking. The more a person smokes, the less reliably he evaluates the article, the less is the possibility of changing his attitude to smoking by logical influence. The amount of information received also plays a role. On the basis of numerous experiments, a relationship was revealed between the probability of changing the attitude and the amount of information about the attitude: a small amount of information does not lead to a change in the attitude, but as information grows, the probability of a change increases, albeit up to a certain limit, after which the probability of a change drops sharply, i.e. A very large amount of information, on the contrary, can cause rejection, distrust, and misunderstanding. The probability of changing the attitude also depends on its balance. Balanced systems of attitudes and opinions of a person are characterized by psychological compatibility, therefore they are more difficult to influence than unbalanced systems, which in themselves are prone to rupture.

A person, as a rule, tends to avoid information that can cause cognitive dissonance - a discrepancy between attitudes or a discrepancy between attitudes and a person's actual behavior.

If the opinions of a person are close to the opinion of the source, then after his speech they are even closer to the position of the source, i.e. there is assimilation, unification of opinions.

The closer the audience's attitudes are to the opinion of the source, the more this opinion is assessed by the audience as objective and impartial. People who take extreme positions are less likely to change their attitudes than people with moderate views. A person has a system of selection (selection) of information at a number of levels:

1. at the level of attention (attention is directed to what interests, corresponds to the views of a person);
2. selection at the level of perception (so, even the perception, understanding of humorous pictures depends on the attitudes of a person);
3. selection at the level of memory (what is remembered is what matches, is acceptable to the interests and views of a person).

What methods of influence are used?

1. Methods of influencing the sources of activity are aimed at creating new needs or changing the motive power of existing behavioral motives. To form new needs in a person, the following methods and means are used: they are involved in a new activity, using the person’s desire to interact or relate, associate himself with a certain person, or by involving the whole group in this new activity and using the motive of following disciplinary norms ( “I must, like everyone in the group, do this”), either using the child’s desire to join adult life or the person’s desire to increase prestige. At the same time, by involving a person in a new for him, as yet indifferent activity, it is useful to ensure the minimization of the person's efforts to perform it. If a new activity is too burdensome for a person, then the person loses desire and interest in this activity.
2. In order to change a person’s behavior, it is necessary to change his desires, motives (he already wants what he didn’t want before, or stopped wanting, strive for what he used to attract), i.e., make changes in the hierarchy of motives. One of the techniques that allows you to do this is regression, i.e., the unification of the motivational sphere, the actualization of the motives of the lower sphere (security, survival, food motive, etc.) is carried out in case of dissatisfaction with the basic vital needs of a person (this technique is also carried out in politics in order to “bring down” the activity of many sections of society, creating enough difficult conditions for food and survival).
3. To change a person's behavior, it is necessary to change his views, opinions, attitudes: create new attitudes, or change the relevance of existing attitudes, or destroy them. If attitudes are destroyed, activity falls apart.

Conditions for this:

• uncertainty factor - the higher the level of subjective uncertainty, the higher the anxiety, and then the purposefulness of the activity disappears;
• uncertainty in assessing personal prospects, in assessing one's role and place in life, uncertainty in the significance of the efforts expended in study, in work (if we want to make an activity meaningless, we reduce the significance of efforts);
• the uncertainty of the incoming information (its inconsistency; it is not clear which of them can be trusted);
• the uncertainty of moral and social norms - all this causes tension in a person, from which he tries to defend himself, trying to rethink the situation, searching for new goals, or going into regressive forms of response (indifference, apathy, depression, aggression, etc.).

Viktor Frankl (the world-famous psychiatrist, psychotherapist, philosopher, creator of the so-called Third Vienna School of Psychotherapy) wrote: “The most difficult kind of uncertainty is the uncertainty of the end of uncertainty.”

The method of creating uncertain situations allows you to put a person into a state of “destroyed attitudes”, “losing himself”, and if you then show a person a way out of this uncertainty, he will be ready to perceive this attitude and respond in the required way, especially if suggestive maneuvers are made: an appeal to according to the majority, the publication of the results of public opinion, combined with involvement in organized activities.

In order to form an attitude towards the required attitude or assessment of an event, the method of associative or emotional transfer is used: to include this object in the same context with what already has an assessment, or to evoke a moral assessment, or a certain emotion about this context (for example, , in Western cartoons at one time dangerous and bad aliens were depicted with Soviet symbols, hence the transfer “Everything Soviet is dangerous, bad” could occur).

In order to strengthen, update the required attitude, but capable of causing an emotional or moral protest of a person, the technique of “combining stereotyped phrases with what they want to introduce” is often used, since stereotyped phrases reduce the attention, emotional attitude of a person for a moment, sufficient for activation of the required installation (this technique is used in military instructions, where they write “Launch a rocket at object B” (and not at city B), since the stereotypical word “object” reduces the emotional attitude of a person and increases his readiness to fulfill the required order, the required installation).

To change the emotional attitude and state of a person to current events, the technique of “remembering a bitter past” is effective - if a person intensively remembers past troubles, “how bad it was before ...”, seeing past life in a black light, there is an involuntary decrease in disharmony, a decrease in human dissatisfaction with today and “pink illusions” are created for the future.

To discharge the negative emotional state of people in the required direction and with the desired effect, since ancient times, the technique of “mood canalization” has been used, when, against the background of increased anxiety and frustration of people’s needs, an outpouring of the anger of the crowd on people who are only indirectly or almost not involved in the occurrence of difficulties is provoked.

If all three factors (both motivation, desires of people, and attitudes, opinions, and emotional states of people) are taken into account, then the impact of information will be most effective both at the level individual person and at the group level.

Based on materials P. Stolyarenko

The means of mass communication include a fairly expanded arsenal of ways to influence the subconscious in order to introduce appropriate attitudes and lay patterns of behavior. The mass media, as we noted earlier, include, in addition to the media (mass media), also cinema, theater, video films, etc., that is, everything through which it is possible to influence a mass audience, which is transmitted through any media (for example, postcards or advertising posters can also be attributed to the mass media).

Communication is information, a message. Means of communication - ways of transmitting messages over large areas. Mass communication means the involvement of the masses in such a process. And even if we combine all this, it turns out that by the strength of their impact on the mental consciousness of the masses, the mass media have a predominant significance. They play an almost paramount role precisely in the factor of involving a mass audience, a mass impact on the psyche. Moreover, many miss the peculiarity of the impact of information on the psyche. The fact is that any information, even if it has not received its “response” from the consciousness, is deposited in the subconscious (in the unconscious of the psyche), and later exerts its influence on the consciousness.

Let's dwell on this in more detail. So, how does the process of influence of information from the outside on the individual or the masses take place? First, information (one or another of its degrees in the significance factor) is any message that enters or passes through an individual. Secondly, the psyche through consciousness can evaluate only

to some of the information received. Such information passes through consciousness, and such a structure of the psyche as censorship participates in its processing (evaluation). Price-

the zura of the psyche stands in the way of information that appears in the zone of perception of it by the individual, and is a kind of protective shield, redistributing information received from the outside world between the conscious and the unconscious (subconscious). That is, it is the censorship of the psyche that is a kind of watershed that affects the flow of this or that information into the consciousness or subconscious. Part of the information as a result of the censorship of the psyche enters consciousness (it passes information into consciousness). And most of it (for one reason or another, "rejected" at that time by the psyche) is not passed by the censorship of the psyche, and such information is deposited in the subconscious. And thirdly, information that passes into the subconscious (moreover, such information can pass both as a result of rejection by consciousness, and immediately, bypassing the censorship of the psyche) after some time begins to influence consciousness, and through consciousness already on any (on all ) the thoughts of the individual and the subsequent appearance of corresponding desires, and hence actions, following these thoughts. This fact is very important and it is necessary to pay special attention to it. Any information that enters the subconscious, over time, begins to influence the thoughts, actions, desires, and in general the behavior of the individual. Moreover, attention should also be paid to the fact that all the information that has ever passed by the individual is deposited in the subconscious. And it doesn’t matter whether we remember it or not (that is, whether such information passed through consciousness or did not pass), there is a single rule: any information that has ever been in the zone of the individual’s stay (that is, information that he could see or hear, information evaluated by the psyche with the involvement of the organs of sight, hearing, smell, touch, even information that is not there, but which only seems to the individual) - such information is certainly deposited in the subconscious, in the unconscious of the psyche, from where it soon begins its impact.

At the same time, such information can enter into a certain correlate with the information already available in the subconscious. After all, the subconscious or unconscious

The main part of the psyche is formed during the life of both the individual and the existence of previous generations in general (the so-called collective unconscious). Such information is mixed with already existing information. Moreover, in each individual case, everything always happens exclusively individually, that is, each individual is different, but united in one thing: always information from the subconscious eventually either passes into consciousness, or - even to an even greater extent - begins to unconsciously affect thoughts, desires and actions of the individual. This is exactly the case when this or that individual says that he did this or that act unconsciously. And indeed it is. If the information is not in the attention spectrum of consciousness, then this does not mean at all that it does not have its impact on the psyche of such an individual. Here, there is no dependent relationship at all between whether such information has entered the consciousness or not. All the same (or even to a greater extent than it is customary to notice), such information, having entered into interaction with the information already available in the psyche of the individual, will begin to have an impact on the behavior of such an individual. And otherwise, as they say, is not given. This must be known and certainly taken into account in predicting various kinds of motivation for behavior. Therefore, when any information passes through the psyche of an individual, when such information enters the spectrum of actions of his psyche, when information passes through the actions of various sense organs of an individual, it should always be said that this information is first deposited in the psyche (in the depths of the psyche ) of an individual, and then begins to exert its influence on the perception of life by such an individual.

And here it is just very important to highlight the role of mass media. Because it is precisely through this kind of influence that a kind of processing of the mental consciousness of the masses takes place, the processing is already

not one separate individual, but individuals united in groups, in masses. And therefore, just in this case, it is necessary to remember that if any information comes from (and with the help of) mass media (television, cinema, glossy magazines, etc.), then such information will certainly settle in the psyche of the individual. It settles all without a trace. It settles completely regardless of whether the consciousness had time to process part of such information or not. Whether the individual remembered the information entering his consciousness or did not remember it. The very fact of the existence of such information, as it were, speaks for itself that such information has already been deposited forever in his subconscious. And such information can have an impact on consciousness both now or tomorrow, and in many years or decades. The time factor does not play a role here. This kind of information never leaves the subconscious. It can, at best, only recede into the background, hide for a while in the depths of the psyche, because the individual's memory is arranged in such a way that it requires constant updating of the available (stored) information in order to memorize new amounts of information. At the same time, it really does not matter whether such information passed through the consciousness or did not pass. Although if it has passed, then this kind of impact can be enhanced if the incoming information involves the emotional component of the psyche. Any emotions, emotional content of the semantic load only enhance the perception of this kind of information by the psyche of the individual. Information like this hits the senses right away. And it is known that if feelings are involved, then the censorship of the psyche can no longer have its full effect, because what concerns feelings, emotions, breaks the defense of the psyche and such information generally immediately passes into the subconscious. Moreover, in order to separate the information that enters the subconscious through the barrier of the psyche called censorship, and the information that immediately enters the subconscious, we note that, probably, in the first case, such information is not deposited very deeply, but in the second it penetrates further. But it cannot be said that in the first case, information will subsequently pass into consciousness (as if already back into consciousness) faster than the information that did not pass through consciousness (and therefore, evaluation) before. You can't say that. The information extracted from the subconscious is influenced by many different factors, including archetypes. Just by using one or another archetype, it is possible to withdraw information from the subconscious - and transfer it to consciousness. And this already means that such information will have an impact on the behavior of the individual.

Having dwelled a little on archetypes, we note that archetypes are understood as the formation in the subconscious of certain images, the subsequent impact on which can cause some positive associations in the psyche of the individual and through this influence the information received by the individual "here and now", that is, the information evaluated individual at present. The archetype is formed through the systematic flow of some information (i.e., through the flow of information over a period of time), and most often it is formed in childhood (early childhood) or adolescence. In general, it should be noted that a significant part of the information that enters the psyche of an individual during early childhood, childhood, or adolescence (youth is already to a lesser extent, although, depending on individual empathy, it may prevail in other cases153). With the help of this or that archetype, the unconscious is able to influence consciousness. Moreover, Jung himself assumed that archetypes are already embedded in human nature from birth. This position is in direct relationship with the theory of C. G. Jung about the collective unconscious.

In addition, since the archetypes that are in the unconscious are themselves unconscious, it becomes understandable that their impact on consciousness is not realized, just as in most cases any form of influence on consciousness of information stored in the subconscious is not realized. (Without any at least minimal analysis, this becomes incomprehensible and inexplicable. But if you disassemble any event that has taken place into details, into parts, much falls into place.)

Introducing the concept of "collective unconscious", Jung wrote: "... the surface layer of the unconscious is to a certain extent personal. We call it the personal unconscious. However, this layer rests on another, deeper one, which has its origin and is no longer acquired from personal experience. This innate deeper layer is the so-called collective unconscious. I have chosen the term "collective" because we are talking about the unconscious, which has not an individual, but a universal nature. This means that it includes, in contrast to the personal soul, the contents and patterns of behavior that. are everywhere and in all individuals the same. In other words, the collective unconscious is identical in all people and thus forms the universal basis of the mental life of everyone, being supra-personal by nature.

Considering the question of the formation of archetypes and their subsequent influence on the psyche of the individual, Professor

VA Medvedev, starting from Freud's psychoanalysis155, gives an example of the dependence of the psyche on the archetypes existing in it. Archetypes formed, including during the life of such an individual.

“Summarizing the case of the Wolf Man,” writes

VA Medvedev156 - Sigmund Freud proposed to single out three levels of organization of mental material in the "boiling cauldron" of the unconscious, each of which carries a specific source and potential of one's desires, flowing into the general reservoir of libido energy. The first level consists of factors derived from repressed individual (and, above all, infantile) experience. Manifestations of the unconscious

This level of active activity is precisely the subject of the analyst's work with the client. It is they that provide the mass of material on the basis of which the base lines of interpretative schemes are formed within the framework of the therapeutic strategy chosen by the analyst. But this strategy can be purely voluntaristic, if we do not take into account the presence of immanent logic of structuring in the factors of the personal (repressed) unconscious, a derivative of the next, second level of organization of the unconscious. Freud designated this level as "phylogenetic inherited schemes", which are "sediments of the history of human culture". And it is precisely applied analysis, the psychoanalysis of the symbolism of the cultural environment, that makes it possible to find echoes of phylogenetic patterns in individual and collective mental reactions. The most important circumstance is that the resulting intervention of this kind of schemas forms those very “phylogenetic pre-fantasies” that, according to Freud, expressed in 1915 in his famous lectures on introduction to psychoanalysis, are the source and secret of human neuroticism (as an individual , and mass). These schemes, in turn, were considered by Freud as mental representations of an even deeper tertiary layer, a kind of "core of the unconscious."

Sergei Pankeev (Freud's patient. S.Z.) absorbed into the structure of his identity almost all the cultural provocations that great Russian literature bestows on its adept. Its potential psychopathology is quite transparent for a researcher who considers it from the standpoint of psychoanalysis, that is, from the neutral point of view of the adaptive (adaptive) standards of Western European civilization. Russian literature is our Old Testament, if we consider it from the point of view of its deep psychological significance. Its main task is to psychologically tear us off

from the mother and prevent slipping to the original symbiosis by instilling fear of the image of the Woman and the formation of strategies to escape from her (Onegin), revenge on her (Pechorin), ignoring her in closed male communities (Chichikov), hatred for her, pushing to self-destruction (Bazarov ), passive-masochistic self-punishment for loving her (Oblomov), horror of her, transforming into her deification (Dostoevsky’s heroes), etc. This vaccination, traditionally received by all representatives of the educated class, allowed and allows to live in Russia, to be involved in the phylogenetic (tribal) power of the Motherland, at least somehow resisting the total dragging of her children into oral-symbiotic forms of mass depersonalization. If not for her, the great Russian literature, created by suffering heroes-mother-killers, truly "superfluous people" of our native culture for the needs of their own kind, Jung's words, once introduced into Russian cultural use by Alexander Etkind, would have been absolutely correct: "In Russia there is no and there can be no psychoanalysis. In it people live like fish in a flock.

Sergey Pankeev (whose life can be regarded as a cultural feat, like a desperate jerk of a fish that wants to go on land and show the way to its fellow flocks) was seriously ill with an archetype awakened in him by the cultural influence of classical Russian literature, and a particularly aggravated course of this disease was determined by a number of incidental circumstances of his personal biography. Just like Onegin, he, being "the heir to all his relatives," eventually fell ill with the "Russian melancholy." With Pechorin (or rather, with Lermontov), ​​he was connected by such deep identification ties, up to emphasizing external similarities, that after the death of his sister, forming in himself the “courage to live”, Pankeev undertook a therapeutic journey to the Caucasus, visiting all the places of action of the “Hero of our time” and ending the trip at the site of the famous duel at the foot of Mashuk. With Chichikov, he was brought together by the status of "Kherson landowner", and from Oblomov he simply borrowed the symptomatic background of his neurosis - the inability to do any activity up to refusal on his own

get dressed and get off the couch. He borrowed the basic symptom of his second neurosis from Gogol, and to the Russian reader of Dr. Ruth Mac Brunswick’s report on the psychotherapy of the strange fear of “losing your nose”, it becomes extremely clear that it is impossible to penetrate into the soul of a client whose cultural foundations of the unconscious are not only not close to the analyst, but also civilizational. they are alien. With the heroes of Dostoevsky, Pankeev had just a “family romance”: his father and brothers were called “the Karamazov brothers” (and not by chance!), And he explicitly or implicitly made his own life from the figure of Prince Myshkin. For a complete set, only Tolstoy is missing, but with him Pankeev got a misfire, which, however, did not harm the analysis in the least. In the words of the patient himself, “the world in which Tolstoy lived and which is described was alien to Freud... As a psychologist, he could not penetrate as deeply as Dostoevsky did...”. Pankeev wrote in his memoirs that from the age of thirteen he revered the great Russian writers and poets "almost like saints."

Speaking of archetypes, one should pay attention to the fact that the formation of archetypes can continue throughout the life of an individual. For example, Soviet films from the times of the USSR participate in the formation of archetypes, since, by splitting, they evoke in the psyche of the individual those images that subsequently form positive patterns of behavior in his psyche. The impact on such images for a while causes in the soul of the individual a feeling of something exceptionally good and positive, which means that the censorship of the psyche weakens for such a time and the information coming from the outside world can not only be deposited in the subconscious, but also deposited with a note of something something important and necessary, positive for the psyche and subsequently influence both the adoption of a decision in general, and the appearance of any thoughts in particular.

At the same time, the role of the subconscious is extremely important for assessing the whole life of an individual in general. For example, it is known that mass media play an important role in laying behavior patterns157 in the psyche of an individual. Speaking about the mass media, we initially take an extended aspect, not connected only with the action of the mass media (media). In addition to the media, the actions of the mass media (MSK) include cinema, theaters, advertising posters and posters on the street, and in general everything that has an impact on the individual through the information transmitted to the masses. At the same time, outlining the role of such an influence on the subconscious, we note that such an impact is really great and must be understood based on the predisposition of the individual's psyche to put into the subconscious any information that has ever passed by him, past his consciousness (consciousness - as a factor in the perception of reality ).

In addition, it is not necessary that such information either pass through consciousness or be directly heard or seen (felt) by the individual himself. The role of the fact that the subconscious still captures any information, regardless of whether it was analyzed by consciousness, is important here. For example, an individual may not read newspapers or watch TV. But this does not mean at all that information received through the mass media (media) will not penetrate into his subconscious. And this becomes possible due to the fact that any individual (with the exception of marginalized fellow citizens158) lives in society. So, willy-nilly, he is placed in a certain information field, which certainly affects him; and quite regardless of his any desire - unwillingness or participation in such a process. His participation is still there. Because

even if someone does not read newspapers or watch TV (and thus believes that he is avoiding the manipulative influence of the media), information transmitted from the media penetrates the subconscious of other individuals (those who read newspapers or watch TV). And then already from them, through their words (words are the essence of thoughts; thoughts are the result of using information from the subconscious) or actions (contagiousness, suggestibility, imitation, etc., consequences of the influence of the behavior of one individual on another) somehow penetrates into consciousness or subconsciousness (subconsciousness - if the psyche builds barriers of protection in the way of such information) of that individual who does not read the press or does not watch TV. And there is nothing else here.

Moreover, it is important to note at least two more facts: 1) information entering the subconscious mind is mixed with the information already available there; 2) information that is in the subconscious does not have a statute of limitations. This means that it can be extracted from the subconscious in a year, and in ten years, as soon as the appropriate opportunity presents itself. Moreover, such a case may present itself as soon as certain patterns of behavior are involved. So everything is connected here. And the new information can be superimposed on the old just because in some way the new information (the effect of it, some emotional part of it, or the part that seemed more significant for the individual at that particular time) turns out to be identical to the effect that was previously is characteristic of the former information, which the psyche placed in the subconscious with the appropriate “mark”, and therefore when it turns out that exactly the same information suddenly arrives, information of almost the same direction (including in the informative-semantic plan, and as a direct emotional effect, i.e. in addition to the semantic load, it is also complemented by an emotional component, and independently - of a positive nature or

negative), then in this case the new incoming information will enter into a certain correlate with the previous information. This means that, according to the strength of its impact, such an association will certainly have an impact on consciousness. As a result, it will already be possible to say that in this way the thoughts, desires and, as a result, the behavior of the individual (his actions) will depend in this case not on some kind of internal viability or insolvency of the individual, or the teenager-violator , but exclusively from what his subconscious mind had previously processed.

Among other things, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that it is precisely the child's psyche that, in terms of the strength of the influence exerted on it, is in a more defenseless position than the psyche of an adult. Weak children's souls simply absorb any information that they receive from the external environment. And the external environment is already one way or another (as we found out) is formed, including by the means of mass communication. And for this, as we noted earlier, it does not matter at all whether this or that individual watches TV or not. Programs on television are sure to be watched by someone (judging by the rating of TV shows). And since any socially-oriented individual is in society, it turns out that he willy-nilly receives all the information from the subconscious of the people around him159. And already, as it were, enriched by it, he is forced to unconsciously adjust his life to the information he has. And even if he himself does not want to do anything, he will, because he unconsciously copies the model of social behavior in society. In society - formed as a result of the impact on the subconscious of individual members, united in a single mass. Moreover, already in the masses, as we remember, the boundary of individuality is erased (an individual is an atom), everyone becomes subordinate to the general idea, which means that the management of such masses is easier and possible. Moreover, if you turn any group, crowd, meeting, etc. first into the masses, and then into the crowd, then managing such crowds is much easier and more efficient. And to turn a group or collection of individuals into a mass,

and then into the crowd, it is necessary to unite them with some common idea, to achieve unquestioning fulfillment of the will of the leader (it is necessary to select a charismatic and even a little fanatically oriented leader), etc. methods well known to us as a result of the analysis of the largest historical mass formations.

“A significant contribution to the theory of the masses and the rules for operating them was made by the Russian Bolsheviks and the German National Socialists,” wrote Academician A. A. Zinoviev. - Using the most grandiose masses in the history of mankind, they then created regimes that excluded the formation of precisely the masses. and giving rise to their imitation. In the Western countries after the Second World War, favorable conditions developed for the formation of masses of the most diverse types. Large-scale mass movements began to emerge. They have become an important component of civil society. And the initiative in this area passed to the secret services of the West and the mass media controlled by them. Their activity. played a major role in the Cold War” and plays an equally important role in the current globalization”160.

Considering the ways of forming the masses, Academician A. A. Zinoviev notes161 that “the mass is formed by a cluster of people at a certain time and in a certain space outside their constant activity, moreover, at a time when they are to some extent left to themselves. The mass in this sense is formed from ordinary citizens of society as simply free people at the given time, able to spend this time at their own discretion, having the opportunity to think about their position, capable of doing some actions without coercion from outside, freely. They are able to do this mainly outside of working hours, when they lose their jobs altogether or for some reason break out of their usual way of life. To form a mass, I repeat and emphasize, it is necessary to accumulate in one place and in

the same time of a relatively large number of people who have free time from work and the strength to use it for non-work activities.

In addition to the spontaneous formation of the masses, Academician A. A. Zinoviev draws attention162 to the fact that in recent times the masses have begun to form intentionally. And the goals of such a meeting in the masses can be supported artificially. From outside people.

“People can accumulate in a mass without a conscious common goal. For the time being, they may not be noticed at all or ignored by the extra-mass forces of society. But they can reach a significant size and attract the attention of society. Naturally, there are those who want to influence people in this state and use them in their own interests. These interested forces bring their ideas, slogans, and organization into the spontaneous process. Some kind of grouping of the cluster members takes place, an active core stands out, their own authorities and leaders appear, joint (namely, mass) actions are performed. External forces that promote the formation of the masses and manipulate them can infiltrate the mass of their agents or turn into such suitable people from the mass itself. A special technology for dealing with the masses is being developed. It is rather primitive from a theoretical point of view. Participants in the process quickly discover it for themselves. But, of course, even here there are difficulties, subtleties and heights. Of course, material resources also play an important role. For example, the “revolutions” in Serbia, Georgia and Ukraine would be unthinkable without monetary expenditures, support in the press and instructions from outside”163.

Tracing the mechanisms of subordination in the masses, acad.

A. A. Zinoviev writes164: “Ideas, said Marx, become a material force when they take possession of the masses. But not any ideas. They must meet the mentality

pits and desires of the masses. They should be extremely simple and verbally understandable to members of the mass without special and long education. They should give the impression of a relatively quick fulfillment of the desires of the masses and the promises of the ideologists. And even ideas that are maximally adequate to the mindset of the masses and the real situation do not crawl into people's heads by themselves. They must hammer into these heads, hammer methodically and special people. This requires an organization that is specially engaged in this matter, having at its disposal the means of indoctrinating the masses, inciting the masses to the desired actions and directing them. All of these have their variations and levels. The ideas and actions of the Nazis, fascists and Bolsheviks can serve as the most significant examples in this respect. Especially the last ones. Both the ideas and the actions of the masses under their influence are not necessarily positive, progressive, constructive, etc. They can be negative, reactionary, destructive, etc. The masses can be misled. The powers that manipulate them can use them against their own interests. The masses can bribe, they can play the role of traitors. The masses can get out of control of their manipulators and provocateurs, even impose on them behavior that was not previously included in their plans. The last decades are full of examples of the phenomena mentioned.

Considering the possibilities of achieving results with the help of such masses, Acad. A. A. Zinoviev draws attention to the fact that “in pre-revolutionary Russia, all the factors considered were present. Huge masses have formed: these are millions of peasants and workers dressed in soldier's overcoats and by the will of circumstances have turned into masses in the above sense. There were organizations of revolutionaries who carried out propaganda work among the population. There were ideas that reached millions of people in the simplest and most common

in an intelligible form: down with the war, down with the land to the peasants, down with the factories to the workers, down with the landowners and capitalists, down with the autocracy, down with the power of the workers, peasants, soldiers! And these ideas corresponded to the interests of the majority of the country's population, including the masses. There were mass media, at that time quite effective in terms of manipulating the masses. Means of direct communication between the leaders and agitators and the masses were quickly developed - rallies, meetings, demonstrations. The period between the February and October revolutions served as a school for the practical activities of the masses and their management of revolutionary organizations. The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, made amazing use of all this. Without this, the revolution could not have been so victorious.

Paying attention to the fact that the masses can also play a negative role in the activities of the state if their ideas are taken up by opportunistic rulers, acad. A. A. Zinoviev gave an example of the destruction of the Soviet system as a result of such circumstances: “In Soviet years the formation of accumulations of a sufficiently large number of people from which masses could be formed (in our sense, that is, outside business collectives, independent of them and not controlled by the authorities), was excluded by the very conditions of life of the population. Large gatherings of people outside their work were created by the authorities themselves and under their control on purpose. These are general meetings, rallies, demonstrations, meetings of important personalities, etc. However, by the end of the Brezhnev period, the living conditions of the population began to change. The principles of Soviet social organization began to be violated. A crisis was brewing, the first specifically communist crisis in history. The possibility of it was denied by the Soviet authorities and ideology in principle. And signs of impending actually crisis were not taken into account at all. And the crisis began to seize the country in the sense that we are talking about here. A comparatively large number of citizens formed who, as it were, fell out of the communist organization of life. Weakened and even at times completely disappeared, the control over these people by the authorities and collectives. Weakened penalties. Lost influence ideology. The influence of Western anti-communist propaganda and internal criticism of the defects of the Soviet way of life increased. The number of people who were hostile to everything communist and ready to rebel was rapidly growing.

With the advent of perestroika, headed by Gorbachev, this process intensified. Masses began to form in the strict (accepted here) sense of the word. This process was superimposed by the deliberate provocative activity of perestroika. The most radical part of them, led by Yeltsin, went especially far in this direction. At first, they did not expect too much of the consequences of their provocation. And when the masses actually rebelled, the perestroika became puppets of a history no longer under their control. Such masses took to the streets and declared themselves to be a significant factor in social evolution. The masses went further than what the perestroika had hoped for. And they forced the perestroika not only into anti-communist demagogy, but into practical activities that led the country to an anti-communist coup.

The peculiarity of the current situation was that the rebellious masses of the population found themselves in a kind of historical trap. A situation has developed in society that could be called revolutionary if in reality the prerequisites for a real revolutionary upheaval were ripe. But there were no such prerequisites. And the masses rushed not forward, not into the future, but back into the past. The pseudo-revolutionary situation could give rise to only one thing: an attempt at a counter-revolution against the revolution, which resulted in the emergence of a communist society. From the point of view of the evolution of communism, the masses appeared as a deeply reactionary force.

It should be understood that the impact on mass consciousness occurs mainly through the means of mass communication. At the same time, the term "mass consciousness" is very arbitrary and rather means something that is understandable to the majority. Or as some last stage of the result of such an impact. Whereas the main (and main) blow is taken by the subconscious. It is the subconscious that, in our opinion, is endowed with the exclusive functions of programming the behavior of the individual and the masses. At the same time, if we consider the psyche of the younger generation, then in this case it should be noted that almost any impact on the psyche of a minor (whether a child or a teenager), including the impact of the mass media and the media, is effective, because that in the child's psyche the mechanisms of opposition to any information have not yet been formed.

At the same time, it should be remembered that an additional force that destroys any barriers to the flow of information is a kind of archetypal formation of the psyche, so this fact cannot be considered in isolation from the phylogenetic features of the psyche, when it is already inherent in the subconscious of any inhabitant that any information from the media is either true or, at least, the official version of any events. The psyche of a child or teenager received a similar attitude "by inheritance" (from the parents, and those, in turn, from their parents).

It should also be remembered that when Soviet power several generations have grown up. Including several generations of those who were born and died under the USSR, or were born and formed under the Soviet Union. This means that the experience of the past, the experience of the existence of the USSR, the experience of the system of norms and prohibitions (checks and balances), the system of values ​​that existed under the Soviet Union must be taken into account at the present time, because they are embedded in the archetypes of memory, in the collective and personal unconscious. Therefore, it is extremely wrong not to pay attention to this, and to pay attention only in advertising165 or before elections166 is ugly.

Considering the masses from the position of depth psychology, Z. Freud draws attention to such characteristics of the formation and control of the masses as love relationships or emotional ties that have a significant (if not predominant) value for the masses (when influencing the masses). Freud notes167 that, " love relationship(impersonally speaking, emotional ties) are. essence of the mass soul. Tracing the question of what unites individuals in

mass, Freud writes168: “Firstly, the mass is united by some force. But to what force can this action most likely be attributed, if not to eros, which unites everything in the world? Secondly, when an individual loses his originality and allows others to influence him, the mass gives the impression that he does this, because there is a need in him to be more in agreement with others, and not in confrontation, i.e., maybe, all the same, “out of love” for them. Freud points out169 that there are simple masses and complex, highly organized ones. In the first case, such masses are not controlled by leaders; in the second, they are led by a leader, a leader. Freud considers such (highly organized) masses using the example catholic church and armies. “In the church,” writes Freud,170 “..as in the army—however different they may be in other respects—one and the same deceptive idea (illusion) is cultivated, namely, that there is a supreme ruler. each individual member of the mass loving with equal love. Everything rests on this illusion; if it is discarded, both the church and the army will immediately disintegrate, since external coercion would allow it. in these two artificial masses, each individual person is libidinally connected, on the one hand, with the leader (Christ, the commander), and on the other hand, with other mass individuals.

The essence of the mass is its libidinal connections, this is also indicated by the phenomenon of panic, which is best studied in the military masses. Panic arises as the mass decomposes. The characteristic of panic is that not a single order of the boss receives more attention, and everyone takes care of himself, regardless of others. Mutual ties have ceased, and a gigantic senseless fear is unleashed uncontrollably.

We have examined two artificial masses (the army and the church. S. Z.) and found that two types of emotional ties operate in them, of which the first - connection with the leader - plays, at least for these masses, a more determining role than the second is the connection of mass individuals with each other.

According to the evidence of psychoanalysis, almost every long-term intimate emotional relationship between two people, such as marriage, friendship, relations between parents and children, contains a residue of rejecting hostile feelings that do not come to consciousness only due to repression. This is more overt in cases where a companion is at odds with other companions, where each subordinate grumbles at his superior. The same thing happens when people combine into large units.

All this intolerance, however, disappears, for a short time or for a long time, in the formation of a mass and in a mass. As long as the union into a mass continues and to the limits of its action, individuals behave as homogeneous, tolerate the originality of the other, equal themselves and do not experience a feeling of repulsion towards him.

Speaking about the relationship of the mass (representatives of the mass) to the leader, Freud proceeds from the premise of the existence of the Oedipus complex, when the boy, identifying himself with his father, tries to be like him.

“Identification is known to psychoanalysis as the earliest manifestation of an emotional connection with another person,” notes Freud. - She plays a role in the backstory of the Oedipus complex. A young boy takes a special interest in his father. He wants to become and be like his father, he wants to be decisively in his place in everything. You can safely say: he makes his father his ideal. His behavior has nothing to do with a passive or feminine attitude towards his father (and towards a man in general), it is, on the contrary, exclusively masculine. It fits perfectly with the Oedipus complex.”177

Simultaneously with this identification with his father, perhaps even before that, the boy begins to relate to his mother as an object of a support type. So, he has two psychologically different connections: with his mother - a purely sexual capture of the object, with his father - identification by the type of assimilation. Both connections coexist for some time, without affecting each other and without interfering with each other. Owing to the unceasing unification of mental life, they finally meet, and as a result of this combination, a normal Oedipus complex arises. The kid notices that his father is blocking his way to his mother; his identification with his father now takes on a hostile coloring and becomes identical with the desire to replace his father in his mother. For identification is inherently ambivalent, it can become an expression of endearment just as easily as a desire for elimination. It is like the offspring of the first oral phase of the libidinal organization, when the connection with the desired and valued object was effected by eating it, and when this object as such was destroyed in doing so. The ogre, as you know, retained this point of view: he loves his enemies so much that he “wants to eat,” and he does not eat those whom, for whatever reason, he cannot love. identification seeks to form one's own "I" in the likeness of another, taken as a "sample".

Let us note that by means of identification, a grown up boy associates himself not only with his father, but also with the leader. After all, everything in the understanding of adult psychology came out of childhood, and the clues to the behavior of adult individuals lie in the spectrum of their children's behavior, their children's perception of reality. And the emotions that were then, in childhood, enriched the content of the unconscious psyche of the individual, which means that this is no longer “dry” information, not depersonalized, which in turn means that such information is not hidden too far into the depths of memory (into the subconscious) and on occasion, it can not only always be fished up (manifesting itself in the unconscious desires of an individual of any age), but also somehow influences the consciousness of the individual, shaping his actions (actions - as a result of thoughts and desires that have arisen). Analyzing the question of such a feature of mass psychology as the impact on the masses, Freud cited the example of his predecessors, their works on mass psychology, noting those of their thoughts about relationships among the masses that we would like to note.

When asked what mass is, Freud answers with the words of Le Bon, quoting from scientific works Professor G. Lebon171: “In the psychological mass, the strangest thing is the following: no matter what kind the individuals that make it up, no matter how similar or dissimilar their lifestyle, occupation, their character and degree of intelligence, but by the mere fact of their transformation into a mass, they acquire a collective soul, by virtue of which they feel, think and act in a completely different way than each of them individually felt, thought and acted. There are ideas and feelings that manifest or turn into action only in individuals united in masses. The psychological mass is a provisional being, which consists of heterogeneous elements, united for a moment, in the same way

how the cells of an organism, by their combination, create a new being with qualities quite different from those of individual cells”172.

Freud, following Lebon, notes the characteristics of personality transformations that occur with an individual in a crowd, and gives his comments from the position of depth psychology (applied psychoanalysis)173.

“In the mass, according to Le Bon,” writes Freud, “the individual achievements of individual people are erased and, thereby, their originality disappears. Lebon. finds that these individuals also have new qualities that they did not possess, and looks for the reasons for this in three different moments. “The first of these reasons is,” Freud cites a quotation from Le Bon, “that in the mass, by virtue of the mere fact of his multitude, the individual experiences a feeling of irresistible power, which allows him to indulge in the primary impulses that he, being

one, would be forced to curb174. All the less reason for curbing them, since with the anonymity and thus irresponsibility of the masses, the sense of responsibility that always restrains the individual completely disappears.

In the mass, the individual finds himself in conditions that allow him to eliminate the repression of unconscious primary impulses, notes Freud. - These. the new qualities he now discovers are. revealing this unconscious, in which. all the evil of the human soul is enclosed; the extinction under these conditions of conscience or a sense of responsibility does not hinder our understanding. We have long argued that the seeds of the so-called conscience - "social fear".

“The second reason - infection - also contributes to the manifestation of special features in the masses and the determination of their direction,” Freud quotes from Le Bon. - Contagiousness is an easily ascertainable, but inexplicable phenomenon, which should be ranked among the phenomena of a hypnotic kind .... Tol-

every action, every feeling is not contagious, and, moreover, to such a strong degree that the individual very easily sacrifices his personal interest in favor of the interest of society. The ego is a property quite opposite to its nature, which a person is capable of only as an integral part of the mass.

The third and, moreover, the most important reason causes in individuals united in a mass special qualities that are completely opposite to the qualities of an isolated individual. I have in mind suggestibility, writes Lebon,175 and the above-mentioned contagiousness is only its consequence. We. We know that, by means of certain procedures, a person can be brought to such a state that, after losing all his conscious personality, he obeys all the suggestions of the person who has deprived him of consciousness of his personality, and that he performs actions that are most sharply contrary to his character and habits. And so, the most careful observations have shown that an individual who has been in the bosom of an active mass for some time soon falls, due to the radiations emanating from it, or for some other unknown reason, into a special state very close to "enchantment" that seizes the hypnotized under the influence of a hypnotist. The conscious personality is completely lost, the will and the faculty of discrimination are absent, all feelings and thoughts are oriented in the direction indicated by the hypnotist. Such, approximately, is the state of the individual belonging to the psychological mass. He is no longer conscious of his actions. As in a person under hypnosis, so in him certain abilities can be withdrawn, and others brought to a degree of the greatest intensity. Under the influence of suggestion, in an irresistible impulse, he will begin to perform certain actions. And this frenzy among the masses is even more irresistible than that of the hypnotized, for the suggestion, which is equal for all individuals, increases by virtue of interaction.

Consequently, the main distinguishing features of the individual in the mass are as follows: the disappearance of the conscious personality, the predominance of the unconscious personality, the orientation of thoughts and feelings in the same direction due to suggestion and charging, the tendency to immediately implement the suggested ideas. The individual is no longer himself, he has become a weak-willed automaton.

In addition, by the mere fact of belonging to an organized mass, a person descends several rungs down the ladder of civilization. Being single, he was, perhaps, an educated individual, in the mass he is a barbarian, that is, a being conditioned by primary impulses. He has the spontaneity, impetuosity, savagery, as well as the enthusiasm and heroism of primitive beings."

Freud complements Le Bon by singling out a separate figure who stands at the head of the mass and who performs the role of such a hypnotist.

“The mass is impulsive, changeable and excitable. It is controlled almost exclusively by the unconscious, writes Freud,177 quoting Le Bon. - The impulses obeyed by the mass may be noble or cruel, heroic or cowardly, depending on the circumstances, but in all cases they are so commanding that they do not allow not only personal interest, but even the instinct of self-preservation to manifest itself. Nothing about her is intentional. If she passionately desires something, it is always not for long, she is incapable of constancy of will. She cannot bear the delay between the desire and the realization of the desired. It feels itself omnipotent, the concept of the impossible disappears from the individual in the mass.

The mass is gullible and extremely easily influenced, it is uncritical, there is nothing improbable for it. She thinks in images that give rise to each other associatively - as happens with an individual when he freely fantasizes - not verified by the mind for correspondence with reality. The feelings of the masses are always simple and highly hyperbolic. The mass thus knows neither doubt nor uncertainty.

The crowd immediately goes to the extreme, the expressed suspicion immediately turns into an unshakable certainty, the grain of antipathy into wild hatred.

The mass prone to all extremes is also excited only by excessive irritations. Anyone who wants to influence her does not need a logical verification of his argument, he should paint in the brightest colors, exaggerate and always repeat the same thing.

Since the mass does not doubt the truth or falsity of anything and at the same time is aware of its enormous power, it is as intolerant as it is subject to authority. She respects strength, but kindness, which seems to her just a kind of weakness, is guided only to an insignificant extent. From her hero, she demands strength, even violence. She wants to be possessed and repressed, she wants to be afraid of her master. Being fundamentally quite conservative, she has a deep aversion to all innovation and progress and an unbounded reverence for tradition.

For a correct judgment about the morality of the masses, it should be taken into account that when individuals stay together in a mass, all individual inhibitory moments disappear from them and all cruel, rude, destructive instincts that dormant in an individual as remnants of primitive times wake up to freely satisfy the primary impulses.

But, under the influence of suggestion, the masses are capable of pain as well. its self-denial, disinterestedness and devotion to the ideal. I While in an isolated individual almost I

the only motivating stimulus is personal benefit, in the mass this stimulus very rarely prevails. One can speak of an increase in the moral level of an individual under the influence of the masses. Although the intellectual achievements of the masses are always much lower than the achievements of an individual, their behavior can either greatly exceed the level of the individual, or be much inferior to him.

Freud gives an example of the ambivalent feeling that manifests itself in a child, comparing like with a similar feeling characteristic of the masses and neurotics, noting that: “With the masses, the most opposite ideas can coexist and agree without conflict arising from their logical contradiction. We find the same thing in the unconscious mental life of individuals, children and neurotics, as psychoanalysis has long proved. Ambivalent emotional experiences of a small child with people close to him can coexist for a long time, and the expression of one of them does not interfere with the expression of the opposite. If, finally, a conflict nevertheless arises, then it is resolved by the fact that the child changes the object and transfers one of the ambivalent mental movements to another person. From the history of the development of a neurosis in an adult, we can also learn that a repressed emotional experience often continues to live for a long time in unconscious and even conscious fantasies, the content of which, of course, is directly opposite to the dominant striving, and this opposition does not, however, cause active opposition from the "I ' to what was discarded by him. This "I" often indulges fantasy for quite some time. But then suddenly, usually as a result of the increase in the affective character of the phantasy, the conflict between the phantasy and the ego breaks out with all its consequences.

the most terrible storms, or to tame these storms. You can't fight against certain words and formulas with reason and evidence. As soon as they are pronounced with reverence, the physiognomies immediately express respect and heads bow. Many see in them elemental forces or supernatural forces. Let us only remember the taboo of names among primitive peoples, oh magical powers, which are for them in names and words. And finally: the masses never knew the thirst for truth. They demand illusions, without which they cannot live. The unreal for them always takes precedence over the real, the unreal affects them almost as much as the real. The masses have a clear tendency to see no difference between them. This preponderance of the fantasy life, and also of the illusion created by unfulfilled desire, determines, we argue, the psychology of the neuroses. We have found that what is essential for neurotics is not ordinary objective reality, but psychic reality. The hysterical symptom is based on a fantasy and not on a repetition of an actual experience, the neurotic obsession with guilt consciousness is based on an evil intention that never came to fruition. Yes, as in a dream and under hypnosis, the reality check in the psychic activity of the mass recedes before the intensity of affective, desire-generated impulses.

Speaking of the leaders of the masses in Le Bon, Freud draws attention179 to the fact that the masses have needs for a leader, i.e. their personal needs are captured and implemented by the leaders. And at the same time, the opportunity for any criticism of the leader disappears for the masses, because respect for the leader paralyzes the will of the individual. And at the same time, Freud notes the important fact that “great decisions of mental work, fraught with the consequences of discovery, and the solution of problems are possible only for an individual working in solitude”180. At the same time, Freud notes the role of such discoveries and the masses, citing folk song, folklore, and so on as an example.

In addition, Freud quotes McDougall's mass psychology statement, noting that McDougall

paid attention to the fact that “the masses have no or almost no organization at all. He calls such a mass a crowd. However, he admits that a human crowd can hardly be formed without at least the first signs of organization appearing in it, and that it is precisely among these simplest masses that it is especially easy to notice certain basic facts of collective psychology. In order for something like a mass in the psychological sense to be formed from the randomly crowded members of a human crowd, the condition is necessary that these individual units have something in common with each other: a common interest in one volume, a mental orientation similar in a certain situation, and, as a result, a certain degree of ability to influence each other. The stronger this spiritual unity, the easier it is for individual people to form a psychological mass, and the more obvious are the manifestations of the “mass soul”.

The most amazing and at the same time important phenomenon of the mass is the increase in affectivity caused in each of its individual members. It can be said, according to McDougall, that a person’s affects hardly grow to such strength as they do in a mass, and, moreover, it is a pleasure for the participants to indulge in their passions so unrestrainedly, while dissolving in the mass, losing the sense of their individual isolation. . Mac Dougall explains this capture of individuals in the general stream. emotional contagion. observable signs of a state of affect are capable of automatically evoking the same affect in the observer. This automatic coercion is the stronger, the greater the number of persons in whom the manifestation of the same affect is simultaneously observed. Then the critical ability of the personality falls silent, and the person surrenders to the affect. But at the same time it increases the excitement of those who have influenced it, and thus the affective charge of individuals is increased by mutual induction. At

this arises. something like a compulsion to imitate others, to remain in tune with the “multitude”. The coarser and more elementary feelings have the greatest prospects for spreading among the masses in this way.

This mechanism of increasing affect is also favored by certain other influences emanating from the masses. The mass gives the individual the impression of unlimited power and irresistible danger. For a moment, it replaces the entire human society, which is the bearer of authority, the punishments of which were feared and in the name of which they so limited themselves. The danger of contradicting the masses is quite obvious, and you can protect yourself by following the example that surrounds you, that is, sometimes even “howling like a wolf.” Obedient to the new authority, the individual can turn off his former "conscience", while indulging in the temptation of pleasure, which is certainly experienced when the inhibition is dropped. Therefore, it is not so surprising if we observe a person in mass doing or welcoming actions that he would turn away from in his usual conditions. We have every right to hope that through these observations we will dispel the darkness that usually surrounds the enigmatic word "suggestion".

Mac Dougall, writes Freud, says that the lower intellects lower the higher ones to their level. The activity of the latter is hindered, since the growth of efficiency in general creates unfavorable conditions for correct spiritual work; the fact that the individual is intimidated by the masses and his mental work is not free also has an influence; and, in addition, the consciousness of the responsibility of an individual for his actions is lowered in the mass.

The mass is extremely excitable, impulsive, passionate, unstable, inconsistent and indecisive, and, moreover, in its actions is always ready for extremes, only coarser passions and more elementary feelings are available to it, it is extremely suggestible, reasons frivolously, rashly in judgments and is able to perceive only the simplest and the least perfect conclusions and arguments;

its own power to push it to such atrocities, which we can only expect from an absolute and irresponsible power. She behaves more like an ill-mannered child or like a passionate savage left without supervision, in the worst cases her behavior is more like that of a pack of wild animals than the behavior of human beings.

Considering the mechanisms of control and subordination characteristic of mass psychology, Freud introduces such a term as libido. “... I will make an attempt,” writes Freud182, “to apply to the understanding of mass psychology the concept of libido, which has served us so well in the study of psychoneuroses. Libido is a term from the field of the doctrine of affectivity. This is what we call the energy of those instincts that deal with everything that can be generalized by the concept of love. However, Freud proposes to understand by this term something more than just being reduced to the concept of sexual love. Therefore, Professor Freud also uses the term libido to designate such variants of love as “self-love. love of parents, love of children, friendship and universal love - and also introduces this term to denote - devotion to concrete objects or abstract ideas. And this should, in our opinion, be understood very correctly. Because, as you know, there is in some cases a rather distorted idea about Freud's teachings. At the same time, as if assuming attacks on psychoanalysis by those who for some reason did not know it well enough, Freud cites facts from history, when “the Apostle Paul in the famous Epistle to the Corinthians glorifies love above all else, he understands it, of course, precisely in this "extended" sense.

“Whoever sees in sexual something shameful and humiliating for human nature, writes Freud,185 is free. enjoy. expressions - eros and erotica. I myself could have done so from the very beginning, thus avoiding many reproaches. But I didn't want it. You never know where you'll end up this way. At first you will yield in words, but gradually in substance.

And yet, Freud, sometimes, for better understanding, replaces the phrase "love relationship" with emotional ties. It is the essence of the same thing. And this, according to Freud, is the essence of the mass soul.

Above, we mentioned the analogies that Freud cited, considering such highly organized (artificial) masses as the church (Catholic) and the army (army, armed forces of the country). Let us now turn our attention to this feature falling in love (following Freud, drawing an analogy between falling in love with an object in interpersonal relations and falling in love with a mass in its leader), as an uncritical attitude towards the object of falling in love. If someone loves someone, he does not notice (and does not pay attention to) the shortcomings of the beloved face. And even if the whole society rebels against such love, individuals in love will go against society (think of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet).

“.Favorite object. freed from criticism. all his qualities are valued higher than the qualities of unloved persons, or than at a time when this person was not yet loved, writes Freud186. -. The striving by which the judgment is falsified here is idealization. But this also makes orientation easier for us, we see that the object is treated as if it were our own “I”, which means that when falling in love, most of the narcissistic libido flows to the object. In some forms of love choice, even the fact that the object serves as a substitute for something never achieved is obvious.

own "ideal self". He is loved for the perfections that he wanted to achieve in his own "I" and which they want to acquire in this roundabout way to satisfy their own narcissism.

Freud points out that in other cases (in relations between two individuals) a loving overestimation of the object of love can even supplant the desire for sexual intimacy. This is especially characteristic of the “dreamy love of a young man”, when the “I” becomes more and more undemanding and modest, and the object is more and more magnificent and valuable; in the end it becomes part of the general self-love of the "I", and the self-sacrifice of this "I" seems to be a natural consequence. The object, so to speak, absorbed the "I". Traits of humility, restraint of narcissism, self-harm are present in all cases of falling in love; in extreme cases they only rise and, as a result of the receding of sensual claims, remain the only ones, but dominating”188.

Freud draws an analogy between falling in love and hypnosis, finding similarities in compliance, submission, uncriticality, the absence of doubts about the significance of both the hypnotist and the object of love, and in the same way

no one else is taken into account. In addition, Freud draws attention to the important characteristic as the absence of reality testing190. Freud, however, makes arguments that he thinks might be controversial when applied to mass psychology, such as the fact that hypnosis, according to Freud,191 is identical with the masses, with the formation of the masses. And besides, hypnosis, according to Freud,192 “isolates. behavior of the mass individual in relation to the leader.

Summing up the features inherent in the mass, Freud notes193 that “... the features of the weakening of intellectual activity, the unrestrained passions, the inability to moderate and delay, the tendency to go beyond all limits in the expression of feelings and to the complete removal of emotional energy through actions - this and much more, which is so Le Bon vividly expounds, gives an undoubted picture of the regression of mental activity to an earlier stage, which we are accustomed to find in savages or children. Such a regression is characteristic especially of essence. mass.".

In addition, Freud compares the mass with the primitive horde, finding that "just as in each individual individual the primitive man is actually preserved, so the primitive horde can again arise from any human crowd."

We should pay attention to the fact that the characteristics of the masses considered above, the specifics of such a formation as the masses (mass, group, youth movement, in this case we do not make differences in the issue of accessibility and elaboration of the mechanisms of influence on the psyche) are key in understanding

the influence of mass media on a child, adolescent or youth (as well as on an adult), that is, the influence on the psyche of the younger generation. Since the most effective control of the masses (the psyche of the masses, mass consciousness) becomes possible when, first, a mass is made from individuals, and then this mass is turned into a crowd. And such a transformation takes place just by provoking in the psyche of the individual base instincts (sex, violence), as well as all those characteristics of the soul of a primitive man, which, as we have noticed, have been preserved unchanged in the unconscious of the psyche of the individual, and can be extracted to the surface ( into consciousness) by provoking (involving) certain archetypes of the personal and collective unconscious. Such involvement occurs by demonstrating programmed TV programs in a certain way or information destructive to the psyche from glossy magazines that promote all the disgrace that was previously reliably hidden in the psyche due to the evolution and development of civilization.

It is civilization, culture that leaves an invisible imprint on the psyche, allowing you to keep archaic instincts in check, which, among other things, are also supplanted by norms and prohibitions (moral norms and the Criminal Code) that exist in any civilized state.

At the same time, it should also be remembered that in the unconscious of the psyche of a modern individual there are archetypes of respect and reverence for authority. Any means of mass communication in Russia has historically been perceived as a kind of mouthpiece of power. Therefore, when any information is received by means of transmission with the help of the mass media or the media (TV, press), it is almost unambiguously perceived by the individual's psyche as correct information, approved by the "policy of the party and government."

In addition, if you pay attention to such a property

psyche, as imitation and contagiousness, then these two characteristics will play a very important role in understanding the behavior of children, adolescents and youth, since if adults, as we found out, unconsciously take an example from each other, performing the same actions that they noticed during being in a mass or crowd, then children copy adults all the more, unconsciously identifying themselves with them. Moreover, the role of parents must be singled out in the first place (because, first of all, for a boy, he identifies himself with his father, and for a girl - with his mother), but it is necessary, in our opinion, to pay attention in general to the role of older children in relation to children, because children, adolescents and young people (especially children) unconsciously copy the behavior of adults, even if these adults are only a few years older than them.

We should also pay attention to those features of mass behavior that various researchers have paid attention to (Lebon, Freud, Mac Dougall and others). Therefore, already proceeding from this, we should be aware that in the crowd there are such features of the behavior of the psyche of an individual as a decrease in his intellectual level - through an increase in affective interconnection with the rest of the participants in this mass formation. And this means that any ideas that appear in this or that movement (especially teenage or youth) will certainly be picked up by other individuals if such ideas are correctly framed, that is, in the key of mass mental consciousness. And this means that such ideas should be simplified as much as possible and, at the same time, be based on the involvement of the unconscious desires of both an individual and individuals converted to the masses. Moreover, in the latter case, a very important role is also played by the fact that among the masses consciousness is significantly dulled due to a violation of the criticality of the information received by the psyche. In addition, the psychology of an individual individual does not actually differ from the psychology of similar individuals united in masses, with the exception of one significant exception, which, in its entirety, is capable of greatly facilitating management.

similar masses (moreover, by controlling the masses, we also understand the ideologically verified formation of the thinking of such masses in the key of manipulators, that is, the leaders of the masses194). And such an exception is that important detail (which we have already spoken about) that the level of criticality is significantly reduced among the masses. This is a really important feature that allows us to manipulate the masses with sufficient ease, because if, when processing the consciousness of an individual, we will sooner or later stumble upon the barriers that his psyche builds in the way of obtaining new information (barriers, first of all, in order to evaluate such information ), then already in the case of finding such an individual in the composition of the mass (mass, crowd, formation, especially the youth formation, because the barriers of the psyche have not yet been properly formed in children, adolescents and youth, and most of the new information freely penetrates the brain) this kind of barrier of criticality (censorship of the psyche) is greatly weakened precisely due to the fact that next to such an individual there are other individuals who represent a personality at best, each separately and far from the crowd. And in the crowd - this is a bunch of medieval barbarians. And where to direct all this primitive force depends on the leader (leader, ringleader, authority, manager, etc. 195).

With the development of mass media, we must pay attention to the extremely negative role of the modern impact of mass communication, propaganda and information on the psyche of a child, adolescent, and youth. Doctor of pedagogical sciences, professor A.

V. Fedorov196 cites such data on the negative impact of mass media on the psyche of the younger generation, noting, first of all, the growth of violence among adolescents. “A sharp change in the socio-cultural situation at the turn of the 90s of the last century,” writes prof. A. V. Fedorov, - discovered so many "blank spots" in the humanities that the problem of the rights of the child in relation to audiovisual information at first also fell out of sight of Russian scientists, remaining mainly an occasion for superficial newspaper notes. Only in last years publications of the research results of a few Russian authors began to appear. who attempted, to varying degrees, to investigate the phenomenon of the impact of screen violence on the younger generation.

The increased attention to the problem cannot be called accidental, since Russia currently has one of the highest crime rates in the world. For example, the annual number of murders (per 100,000 people) in Russia is 20.5 people. In the US, this figure is 6.3 people. in the Czech Republic - 2.8. in Poland - 2. According to this indicator, our country, alas, shares the first place with Colombia. In 2001, 33.6 thousand murders and attempted murders, 55.7 thousand cases of grievous bodily harm, 148.8 thousand robberies, 44.8 thousand robberies were committed in Russia ... At the same time, juvenile crime in Russia is gaining momentum. national disaster, and among other important social causes, "many lawyers cite low-level militants as its catalyst."

After the abolition of censorship in the media, which happened in Russia, as you know, at the turn of the 90s of the twentieth century, on film / television / video / computer

Thousands of domestic and foreign works containing episodes of violence began to be shown on black screens (practically without observing the officially accepted age restrictions)”215.

A. V. Fedorov notes that the violence shown on TV screens is associated with the commercialization of television and the abolition of state censorship. Scenes of violence sometimes replace the weak plot of a particular picture, and, in addition, we note that scenes of violence immediately affect the subconscious, because there is an effect on feelings, and not on the mind (mind - consciousness). In a similar way (demonstration of sex, violence), manipulators from the authorities through the mass media actually destroy the gene pool of the nation. There is an even greater degradation of society through the degradation of the younger generation, whose representatives are impaired in their ability to adequately perceive reality. Such a person begins to live in his fictional world. Moreover, television and cinema (and indeed all mass media in general) form certain stable mechanisms (patterns of behavior) in the psyche of a teenager, in accordance with which he will already react to a particular life situation in accordance with the attitudes that turned out to be formed in him. by watching TV shows and movies. Moreover, it is television and cinema that we bring to the fore, because, unlike print or electronic media, in these types of influence on the psyche, the greatest manipulative effect is also achieved from a combination of music, picture, image, voice of the announcer or film characters, and that’s all. significantly enhances the semantic load that was laid by the manipulators of mass consciousness from the creators of the TV or movie.

In addition, another (additional) effect also becomes possible due to the fact that the audience is involved in what is happening on the screen. On the-

a kind of identification of the viewer with the characters of the film or TV show takes place. And this is one of the most serious features of the popularity of various programs. Moreover, the effect of this kind of demonstration is very significant and is based on the mechanism of influence (intentional or unconscious) of what is happening on the screen on the subconscious with a special kind of involvement of the archetypes of the personal and collective (mass) unconscious.

At the same time, we must also remember about such a category of influence on the psyche as connection to information sources. That is, if you watch any TV show, it means that regardless of whether you are alone in a room or with someone, you are already entering a certain informational biofield of the masses - you are already, as it were, connecting to consciousness ( to the psyche) of those who also watch the same program, and in this way you and others form a single mass with all the ensuing consequences (with the effective activity of the existing mechanisms of behavior among the masses, the rules of mass psychology).

Doctor of Sociological Sciences K. A. Tarasov197 cites very important facts: “Commercial cinema consciously and methodically, with diabolical sophistication, sets traps for the viewer on the screen. Curious, for example, is this fact: in 1949-1952. The creators of the world's first crime television series Man Against Crime (USA) received instructions from their management as follows: “It has been found that the interest of the audience can be best maintained when the plot revolves around a murder. Therefore, someone must be killed, preferably at the very beginning, even if other types of crimes are committed during the course of the film. The threat of violence must hang over the rest of the heroes at all times. The protagonist "from the very beginning and throughout the film must be in danger."

Showing violence in commercial films is often justified by the fact that good triumphs in the final picture. This implies a qualified reading of the idea of ​​the film. But there is another reality of perception, especially in adolescence and youth. “Socially significant is the meaning that the audience ascribes to the film, and not the personal intentions of the author himself.” In light of these notions, the impact of violence in films must be judged by their interpretation. And it is often such that the scenes of the punishment of evil from the perception and emotional experience of the viewer simply fall out.

K. A. Tarasov gives “five types of consequences of the perception of screen violence and four concepts that explain them.

The first type is catharsis. It is based on the idea that the individual's failures in everyday life cause him a state of frustration and the resulting aggressive behavior. If it is not realized through the perception of the corresponding heroes of popular culture, then it can manifest itself in antisocial behavior.

The second type of consequences is the formation of readiness for aggressive actions. Such a connection was reflected in the "stimulating effect theory". This refers to the setting for aggressive behavior, which occurs as a result, on the one hand, of excitation of the viewer from scenes of violence, and on the other hand, the performance

about the permissibility of violence in interpersonal relationships under the influence of scenes in which it appears as something completely justified.

The third type and related theory is learning by observation. This means that in the process of identifying with a movie character, the viewer voluntarily or involuntarily learns certain patterns of behavior. The information received from the screen can later be used by him in a real life situation. The conclusion from this theory is quite pessimistic: appealing to a popular culture rife with violent characters increases the likelihood of antisocial behavior.

The fourth type of consequences is the consolidation of the viewers' attitudes and patterns of behavior. The fifth type is not so much violent behavior as emotions - fears, anxiety, alienation. This theory is based on the idea that the mass media, primarily TV, create a kind of symbolic environment where people are immersed from childhood. The environment forms ideas about reality, cultivates a certain picture of the world. She also has one feature. As the content analysis showed, the symbolic world of TV is "unfriendly", violence is present everywhere in it. The leading positions in this world are occupied by young men who, having successfully used force, subjugate others to their will, primarily women, representatives of various minorities and the elderly. Viewers in varying degrees, it seems that the real world is the same as on the TV screen. To the extent that this happens, viewers in everyday life show fear, anxiety and alienation from others.

Considering the role of demonstration of violence from television and movies, and the impact of this generation on adolescents, K. A. Tarasov comes to the conclusion that: “images of violence affect the general identity in three directions. This is, firstly, the formation of readiness for aggressive actions as a result of the consolidation or emergence of the idea of ​​the permissibility of physical violence in interpersonal relations. Second, learning through observation. This means that in the process of identifying with the movie character, the viewer voluntarily or involuntarily learns certain patterns of aggressive behavior. The information obtained can then be used in a real life situation. Finally, the third direction of the negative impact of social role identity on the general personality is the consolidation of existing attitudes and patterns of behavior among viewers.

From the foregoing, we can conclude that even in the early phases of childhood and adolescence, modern screen art, with its hypertrophied interest in depicting violence, nurtures negative aspects in the social role of the audience's identity, and through it also contributes to the formation of intolerance and aggressiveness as components of a person's general personal identity. »198.

“The efforts of four American universities (University of California, University of North Carolina, University of Texas, University of Wisconsin) in 1994-1997 carried out a large-scale study on the impact of television on children and youth audiences,” writes prof. A.V. Fedorov. - Researchers analyzed in detail the content of television shows and films of the main US channels, determined the time when programs with scenes of violence are most often aired, identified the types of attitudes of children and adolescents to scenes of violence on television, developed practical recommendations for the management of media agencies and parents . Similar work was carried out by a group of Norwegian scientists in a research program against audiovisual violence. by most scientists. there is no disagreement about the negative impact of the uncontrolled flow of scenes of on-screen violence on the children's audience and the need to create a well-thought-out state policy in relation to the protection of the rights of the child in the field of

media"199.

Returning to the issue of the influence of mass media on the mental consciousness of the masses, let us once again pay attention to the fact that the child's psyche, the psyche of a child, adolescent, and youth is experiencing the most severe load. This is connected, as we have already noted, with the fact that such a structure of the psyche as censorship or a kind of barrier of criticality on the way of information coming from the outside world has not yet been fully formed. And therefore, almost any information from the outside world, from society, enters the psyche of the individual, flavored with the same "diplomatic immunity passport", because the information presented by the mass media (its various components, such as: glossy magazines (especially teenage; although they actually duplicate the models set by adult magazines of a similar orientation), television (various talk shows, or "Dom-2", for example, which is an exclusively hostile program, because it lays negative behavior patterns in the subconscious of the audience: adolescents and youth 208). And we can say for sure that in the future, if similar situations arise already in the life of the individual who has watched such programs, he will unconsciously think and act in line with the settings previously laid down in his subconscious. subconsciousness in the programming of an individual (both an individual of any age and the masses), that he may not even understand all the information that he sees from the screen and which is a set of funny stories with a scandalous tint (increasing the suggestive effect, because any provocation of emotions destroys the barrier criticality of the psyche), and outwardly, as if there is no obvious negative. Such negativity becomes noticeable after, when in life a teenager begins to demonstrate behavior that was modeled earlier as a result of watching TV, or is noticeable as a result of subsequent analysis (including psychological analysis), when the negative information that is embedded in the unconscious of the individual is clearly drawn .

“The cult of cruelty, violence, pornography, promoted in the media, printed publications is unlimited

sale, as well as in computer games, etc., leads to an sometimes unconscious desire in adolescents and young people to imitate this, helps to consolidate such stereotypes of behavior in their own habits and lifestyle, reduces the level of threshold restrictions and legal prohibitions, which, along with other conditions, opens the way for many of them to delinquency,” notes V. N. Lopatin200.

The influence on the psyche of a teenager and young people becomes dangerous also because the psyche of the younger generation, the children's psyche, is very prone to dependence on the archetypes of that common phylogenetic heritage that is in the psyche of any individual. As we have already noted, now the collective unconscious of a teenager and youth (and indeed an individual of any age) is partially filled with those positive attitudes that were received by such an individual (including the individual as a representative of the masses) during the Soviet period of the country's development. Then the subconsciousness received ideologically verified information that contributed to the formation of the individual as a person, as a socially active representative of society. Whereas after perestroika and the subsequent destruction of the country, information began to be methodically hammered into the subconscious of the same individual, imposing the advantages of the Western way of life on him. And, accordingly, already as a consequence - all the negativism that has always been associated with the West and was the result of building a democratic model of society that brings any individual more trouble than good201.

By the way, one of the topics of a large-scale study can be a detailed analysis (with calculations in the form of the results of social surveys and comments) of tracing the influence of, for example, television series and TV programs on the psyche of a teenager and youth, taking into account the factors that influence such information on the subconscious. One of the options for this can be: 1) a review (general and detailed) of the content of television and films and other programs, incl. on TV for some years; 2)

a survey of adolescents and young people a few years later, after watching such television programs. This, in our opinion, is capable of proving that the patterns of behavior laid down in the subconscious several years ago as a result of such views have built to some extent the behavior of the individual over the past few years.

In the same place, a separate line of research could also reveal the result in the experimental group, with which teachers specifically dealt with in order to prevent the factor negative impact from the media and the media, and later compare both indicators. (More details about the experiment - in our subsequent studies.)

Tracing the negative role of the impact of the mass media and the media on the subconscious of a child, adolescent and youth, one should pay attention to such an important detail as the presentation of media materials in the form of ready-made schemes, templates. As a result, the brain of an individual of any age is unlearned to think once again. And such an individual unconsciously expects that ready-made information will be presented to him without the need to perform any analysis on such information. Such an analysis becomes unnecessary precisely because the media representatives themselves (the board of directors or other media owners, editors, the censorship department) will show the individual (the masses) how to react; the journalist or announcer himself will add or remove something; the announcer can “play” with intonation and, depending on this, achieve an emphasis on some information, or smooth out other information, etc.) The main declared goal of the media is to present information to the masses. To the masses, because any media is a communicant with individuals enclosed in a mass. Circulation is often directly dependent on the number of subscribers or audience. And the increase in the number of the latter - from the ratings of the transfer.

And the rating of the channel - from the total rating of the TV programs that make up the channel. And already the number of advertisers depends on the rating in a capitalist (democratic) society. No channel just exists. Always viewed any, and someone else's goal. Whether it is the state (Culture TV channel, for example) or private owners. From this it becomes clear that if advertisers are the profit of a television company (or a newspaper, a magazine), then, consequently, the main activity of such a television company (the media as a whole) should be aimed at making a profit. And after, in fact, there is a submission of some information. Moreover, the specifics of the information itself, as well as the general specifics of the channel’s activity, should be aimed primarily at introducing into the mass mental consciousness (through preliminary work with the subconscious) the attitudes of the ruling elite or common ideology parties and governments (if we are talking about control over state channels, especially under the so-called totalitarian regimes, which, as we know, in reality pure form does not exist, because violence, one of the signs of such regimes, is quite present in the so-called. democratic regimes in the same, for example, Europe or the USA). And this must be understood when we talk about the activities of the media in particular and the media in general. Let's repeat once again - the activity of any mass media is subordinated primarily to making a profit by acquiring advertisers. Since money in any state is held by representatives of business or the state itself (in the case of the state, such money is obtained through tax collection; money from oil and gas is also the result of taxation of oil and gas companies), they, as they say, they order music202, which means they form public opinion by launching into the mass mental consciousness the corresponding ideological attitudes, the attitudes of the ruling elite.

Speaking of attitudes, we mean those attitudes in the form of stable mechanisms (patterns of behavior) that are formed in the subconscious, subsequently exerting their influence on consciousness. Such attitudes are expressed in programmed behaviors, the beginning of which at one time (a week, a month, a year, ten years ago) was 1) the individual receiving information from the outside world; 2) storing such information in the subconscious.

“The possibilities of controlling mass consciousness and behavior are associated with the action of a number of elements that lie in the sphere of the unconscious,” notes the candidate of historical sciences, professor at the Department of Political Psychology of Moscow State University. Lomonosov, T. V. Evgenieva.203

Highlighting one of the characteristics of such control of the “set”, T. V. Evgenyeva notes204 that the set is the state of the individual's internal readiness to react in a programmed way to objects of reality or to information about them.

“In social psychology, it is customary to single out several functions of the attitude in the process of cognition and motivation of behavior,” notes prof. T. V. Evgenyeva214. - Cognitive (regulates the process of cognition), affective (channels emotions), evaluative (predetermines assessments) and behavioral (directs behavior).

Considering such functions, Evgenieva gives an example of understanding the differences between attitudes, known as the “Lapierre paradox”. Briefly, the gist is this. In 1934, psychologist R. Lapierre conducted an experiment. He decided to visit many different hotels in small American towns, taking two Chinese students with him. Wherever the company stayed for the night, the owners of the hotels met them very cordially. After Lapierre returned to base with the Chinese, he wrote a letter to all hotel owners asking if he could come to them with a company that would include Chinese. Almost all hotel owners (93%) refused. “In this example, we can see,” notes prof. T. V. Evgenyeva205, - that the evaluative attitude towards representatives of a particular racial group in a situation requiring a behavioral response was supplanted by the behavioral attitudes of the owner of the hotel or restaurant in relation to the client. In addition, prof. T. V. Evgen’eva supplements the given installations with one more: installation of a barrier206. At the same time, we note that such an attitude lies in the plane of psychoanalysis and means the fact that information coming from the outside world that does not encounter archetypes or patterns of behavior previously embedded in the subconscious mind will not be perceived by the consciousness of the individual, which means that it is sent to the subconscious before the deadline. . But it doesn't disappear. This must be remembered. Because any information from the outside world that was not perceived by consciousness and forced out by it into the subconscious (into the unconscious), in fact, after a certain time passes, begins to have its effect on consciousness. And it passes into consciousness as soon as the consciousness of the individual receives from the external environment (no matter how, with the help of the mass media, the media or in some other way) any information of a similar orientation to the information that has already arrived earlier and was deposited in the subconscious as a result of that did not pass the barrier of criticality (censorship of the psyche).

At the same time, it should be noted that the emergence of such a barrier of criticality against this or that information can be played by the role and factors of the personal nature of this or that individual. For example, when such an individual unconsciously sees in another person the features of a person he hates (similar to the one who is hated by him), then he unconsciously does not perceive the words of such a person. At the same time, it does not matter at all that now these people could meet for the first time. The words of the person who said something to him (similar to the image of the enemy), our individual will perceive with initial skepticism. And at least some time must pass before the positive image of this person displaces the negative similarity to someone else from the subconscious of our individual.

Considering the issue of the influence on the individual's behavior of the attitudes obtained as a result of a preliminary impact on his consciousness, for example, the mass media, we should pay attention to the fact that in fact such a theory is confirmed by the well-known Soviet psychologist, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor A. N. Leontiev207. Considering the image of the world, the image of formation and the influence of this image (the image of the world, the image of the environment) on consciousness, prof. A. N. Leontiev wrote: “We are really building. image, actively “scooping” it, as I usually say, from objective reality. The process of perception is the process, the means of this "scooping out."

Prof. T. V. Evgenyeva notes209 that in addition to the media, the stability of the world can also be brought up by the school, paying attention to the fact that: “…the activity of the Russian mass media seems rather chaotic. Other media, including state media, focusing on ratings and attracting advertisers, apparently do not see a particular need to support an image of the world that could help preserve the national-state identity and integrity of the Russian state. At the same time, it should be emphasized that the task of developing a strategy for shaping the image of the world should be implemented not by journalists, but by ideologists”220.

We can notice that the attitudes introduced into the subconscious and aimed at the formation of the corresponding thoughts, desires, actions of both the individual and the individuals included in the masses are in fact very stable in time; and dissolving in the unconscious (both personal and collective) in the form of the formation of the corresponding archetypes, subsequently affect the life of such an individual (mass). Moreover, we have already paid attention to the increased perception of any kind of information received from an external source by the psyche of the younger generation. Their psyche has not yet had time to acquire such stable reactions that model the behavior of an individual in a given situation, like stereotypes. And in fact, almost any information that enters the psyche at this age (the age of the still unformed psyche) is deposited in the subconscious, which means that after some time it begins to affect the consciousness of the individual in particular and the mental consciousness of the masses as a whole. And, as we noted earlier, it forms such a consciousness in line with ideological attitudes, initiated earlier by manipulators from business or government, programming the consciousness of the masses for many years to come, because any child will someday become an adult. And if his psyche is formed in the “correct” (necessary for manipulators) key, then the reaction is great (considering that in adulthood an individual lives with the attitudes received in childhood), that having programmed the child’s psyche in this way, the manipulators will receive in ten to twenty - forty years of a kind of “robots”, when exposed to the archetypal component of the unconscious, it will be possible to obtain the initially specified result.

In conclusion of this topic on the impact of mass communication, information and propaganda on the mass mental consciousness (subconscious) of the younger generation, we outline the points of opposition of this kind of manipulative expansion against the psyche of the individual and individuals united in the masses.

Ways of confrontation -

Formation of critical thinking (in relation to obtaining information from the outside world and through the media and mass media system), content analysis skills, the ability to work with information, etc. -

The formation of the individual as a person (he must respect himself as a person and give an account of his actions at least to himself, and even more preferably, an account to the team). -

The development of a super-idea (for example, about elitism, one's own chosenness, or the chosenness of the team (movement) in which one is located. -

Joint discussions (as part of groups, teams, school classes, etc.) of the negative influence of the media (examples and consequences, substantiation of the findings) in order to acquire the skills (education) of the ability to analyze various media texts, to highlight the orientation of the interests of the creators of such texts (texts of various content). -

Lectures on manipulating the individual and the masses by means of mass communication, information and propaganda (through the methodical hammering into the subconscious of the necessary attitudes, unconscious reactions of positive perception of the material presented can be achieved; in addition, in this way, stable patterns of behavior and archetypes of the unconscious are formed in the unconscious of the individual, the subsequent impact on which (e.g. by repeating what has been

material with the presentation of new facts of negative influence, etc.), it is possible to achieve a change in the audience's target settings). -

Special cycles of courses (in the form of lectures and practical exercises) on information security (the role and impact of information on the subconscious). -

A wider introduction in pedagogical universities and faculties of retraining of personnel in pedagogy is a discipline, the spectrum of attention of which will be given to the topic of the influence of mass media (mass media) on the psyche, on the mass mental consciousness, with a mandatory (invariant part) deciphering knowledge about the unconscious psyche ( about the subconscious) and the resulting role of the subconscious in providing such processes, and, in a variable part, in choosing the means of mass communication. (At the same time, it is possible to use a holistic approach, considering various variants of the QMS as a whole, perhaps with only a slight specification of ways to influence the psyche through the press and television, introducing clarifying specific characteristics similar types of media, although it can be considered in an expanded aspect, revealing, for example, the features of the influence on the mass mental consciousness of such areas of mass media as billboards and posters, popular and other areas of music, videos, the Internet, the press, television, cinema, popular radio broadcasts, etc. vector of QMS components. A single and mandatory block still remains the decoding of the mechanisms of influence on the subconscious, the consequences of such influence, examples of such influence, and preferably, if possible, with statistical calculations.). -

A brief study of the theory of mass media (without going into the specific processes that are characteristic of studying at the faculties of journalism and necessary for professional work in the systems of mass media and the media), with mandatory scientific and practical classes in the field of applying the acquired knowledge in the field of work in the media system and practice under the guidance of experienced professionals: journalists, TV commentators, etc. In this block, an important part is occupied by

the opportunity to show by example the mechanisms of activity of a particular media with the consolidation of the theoretical base by independent execution (under the guidance of a specialist in a particular area of ​​the media) of the task of creating a media text, etc. projections of acquired knowledge into life. For example, several individuals can be combined into a single staff of an imaginary editorial office, where each one will sequentially perform the role of a correspondent, editor, etc.). -

Joint viewing by team members (groups, communities, movements, etc.) of individual (at the discretion of the teacher or previously recommended) films of the Soviet period - followed by discussion and comparison (with a preview) with films created in Russia in perestroika, post-perestroika and modern periods time. Analysis, comparison, discussion. -

Conducting lectures and practical classes on the topic - "Opposition to mass culture." The negative role of mass culture in the upbringing of a new generation in modern Russia.

The thematic variability of such courses for educating the younger generation in order to counteract the negative influence of mass media on the mental processes taking place among the masses also includes many additional areas of work with children, youth and youth audiences and is by no means limited to those listed by us. The most important task of such education is the education of media literacy of the mass audience. All the efforts and knowledge of specialist teachers, parents and other persons working with the younger generation should be directed to this. To resist the negative influence of means of mass-

Social communication and information can only be achieved jointly, only by mobilizing all forces to prevent further programming of children in the consumer-capitalist aspect. And all the efforts of modern Russian society, which is implementing the plan of V. V. Putin and the national project "Education", initiated by D. A. Medvedev, should really be directed to this.

Individual consciousness is the consciousness of a separate individual, reflecting his individual being and through it, to one degree or another, social being. Public consciousness is a combination of individual consciousness. Along with the peculiarities of the consciousness of individual individuals, it carries the general content inherent in the entire mass of individual consciousness. As the total consciousness of individuals, developed by them in the process of their joint activity, communication, social consciousness can be decisive only in relation to the consciousness of a given individual. This does not exclude the possibility of individual consciousness going beyond the limits of the existing social consciousness.

Individual consciousness is determined by individual being, arises under the influence of the consciousness of all mankind. 2 main levels of individual consciousness:

• initial (primary) - "passive", "mirror". It is formed under the influence of the external environment, external consciousness on a person. Main forms: concepts and knowledge in general. The main factors in the formation of individual consciousness: the educational activity of the environment, the educational activity of society, the cognitive activity of the person himself.
• secondary - "active", "creative". Man transforms and organizes the world. The concept of intellect is connected with this level. The end product of this level and consciousness in general are ideal objects that appear in human heads. Basic forms: goals, ideals, faith. The main factors: will, thinking - the core and backbone element.

Consciousness in the life of an individual is a wide sphere of life experience, covering vast areas of human existence. Thanks to consciousness, a person adapts to a constantly changing world and changes both it and himself in order to achieve happiness.

Consciousness would be an unnecessary luxury if it did not have some kind of foresight, goal-setting, that is, the ability to mentally look beyond the horizon of the present, to transform the world of nature and society in accordance with the laws of its development, with the needs and spiritual interests of the individual himself. At the heart of the conscious goal-setting activity of a person lies his dissatisfaction with the world and society and the desire to change them for the better, giving them such characteristics that would meet the growing needs of each member of society. Human consciousness is able not only to ideally reflect the real existence, to set goals for its change, but also to break away from it.

Before the gaze of a rational person appears the infinite being of nature and society. If we consider the consciousness of the individual as a socio-psychological phenomenon rooted in the spiritual world of the individual, then three specific functional-content directions can be distinguished in it.

They are called specific because they are inherent only in consciousness as the highest level of the human psyche; Without them, it basically cannot exist.

The first such direction in consciousness is a worldview, which is a person's conscious view of the world as such. Worldview is formed as a result of education and upbringing or under the influence of the social environment.

The second direction is ideology in the mind of the individual. This is a manifestation of a person's interested look at social ties and relationships in which he objectively enters.

And the third direction in the consciousness of the individual is his own view of himself and his potentialities, or self-consciousness. It is what distinguishes a person from the environment. Only by being aware of themselves, people take responsibility for the transformation of the natural world and society.

“Everyone has a definite goal before his eyes,” wrote K. Marx, “which, at least to himself, seems great and which in reality is such if it is recognized as great by the deepest conviction, the most penetrating voice of the heart” Marx, K. and Engels , F. Soch., 2nd ed. - Vol. 20 - S. 490.

Man is not born with a developed consciousness. He improves it, mastering the spiritual culture and saturating his memory with a variety of information. It has long been known that a child deprived of communication with adults until a certain age is no longer able to humanly perceive the world and adequately build his behavior (the Hauser effect). By inheritance, only a certain predisposition of the human body to the formation of consciousness is transmitted. Ch. Darwin established that innate qualities are the lowest level of human mental activity.

Modern medical scientists and philosophers no longer need to be convinced that any human individual is able to acquire his substantial "self" - consciousness, only "plunging into the socio-cultural environment", actively interacting with his own kind. The status of a person with consciousness, the ability to create, is realized only as a result of the vigorous activity of society in the range of cultural socialization of each individual.

If the way and nature of animal behavior is fixed in DNA molecules, then the “program” that defines the statue of a person is a cultural, professional, scientific, philosophical orientation. Enlightenment and education, patterns of personal behavior of parents and teachers are the sources of consciousness development. In addition to "genetic instructions", moral, ethical and legal norms, historical continuity have been formed.

We are talking about a fundamentally new qualitative phenomenon on Earth - culture, that is, about a certain supernatural normative-value system for regulating meaningful human behavior. F.N. Leontiev wrote: “Culture is a form in which the interconnections of human individuals develop and are transmitted from generation to generation, but not at all the reason by which they are formed and reproduced” Leontiev, A.N. Individual and Personality - In the book: Personality Psychology in works of domestic psychologists. - St. Petersburg, 2002. - S. 40--41. .

The human individual, having the natural ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions (both natural and social), mainly relies on his mind, consciousness, developed by society. Wherever the fate of man throws - into the jungle or tundra, to the South Pole or to the desert, from the world of civilization to the world untouched by culture - he, unlike animals, is able to show the necessary plasticity of physiological reactions in response to changes in external circumstances by force. of your consciousness. However, for all their breadth and mobility, the adaptive capabilities of the human body are not unlimited. When the dynamics and nature of changes in the natural environment exceed its ability to adapt, pathological phenomena take place, leading ultimately to death. In this regard, there is a need to correlate the pace of environmental change with the adaptive capabilities of the human population, to determine by the consciousness of the individual the permissible limits of impact on the sphere of inanimate nature and the biosphere.

The consciousness of the human individual is of great importance for the life and activity of not only himself, but also those people with whom he communicates. And since individual consciousness is formed under the direct influence of social relations, it acts as a set of social meanings in different types and forms of social consciousness.

Philosophical understanding of the phenomenon of personality consciousness as a social factor made it possible to understand and evaluate it in dialectical unity with natural (mental) and social conditions as forming components. Conditionally physical (biological) nature modern man can be considered radically transformed by public consciousness. More precisely, biology is now not so much transformed as culturally and physiologically "rebooted". Philosophy assesses the transition of a person from the animal world to the world of consciousness and socio-cultural formation only as a revolutionary leap, comparable, perhaps, only with the emergence of living matter. This, in essence, is about the emergence of a fundamentally new biological species, about the beginning of a historical movement - the spiritual self-development of man, creating diverse forms of social consciousness.

Thus, consciousness is the highest function of the brain, peculiar only to man and associated with speech, consisting in a generalized and purposeful reflection of reality, in a preliminary mental construction of actions and anticipation of their results, in reasonable regulation and self-control of human behavior. Dremov, S.V. Altered States of Consciousness: Psychological and philosophical problems in psychiatry / S.V. Dremov-Novosibirsk, 2001 - P. 176

It was in the process of evolution of the animal world that the conditions and prerequisites for a new leap were prepared - from the animal state and the psyche of animals to man and human consciousness.

7. Philosophy of the 17th-18th centuries, its features, connection with the development of science. Solution of the problem of knowledge in the philosophy of modern times: empiricism and rationalism (Fr. Bacon, R. Descartes).

8. The doctrine of substance and its attributes in the philosophy of modern times (R. Descartes, former Spinoza, Mr. Leibniz).

Rationalist philosophy of Descartes. The doctrine of substance

9. The doctrine of the "primary" and "secondary" qualities of J. Locke. The subjective idealism of J. Berkeley and the philosophical skepticism of D. Hume.

10. French Enlightenment and philosophical materialism of the 111th century.

11. Classical German philosophy, its originality. Philosophy Im. Kant: the doctrine of knowledge and ethics.

12. Hegel's absolute idealism. System and method of Hegel's philosophy. History as a process of self-development of the "absolute spirit".

13. Anthropological philosophy l. Feuerbach: criticism of religion, the doctrine of man and society.

14. The unity of materialism and dialectics in the philosophy of Marxism. Marxist philosophy in Russia. The development of the philosophy of Marxism in the twentieth century.

15. The peculiarity of Russian philosophy, the stages of its development. Russian philosophy of the 111th century: M.V. Lomonosov, A.N. Radishchev.

16. Historiosophy p.Ya. Chaadaeva. Slavophiles (A.S. Khomyakov, I.V. Kireevsky) and Westerners: philosophical and socio-political views.

17. Russian materialistic philosophy of the 19th century: A.I. Herzen, N.G. Chernyshevsky.

18. Russian religious philosophy: the philosophy of unity V.S. Solovyov.

19. Religious existentialism and social philosophy of N.A. Berdyaev.

20. Positivism, its historical forms. Neopositivism.

21. The main ideas of the philosophy of postpositivism (Popper, Kuhn, Feyerabend).

22. Philosophy of A. Schopenhauer. Its development in the philosophy of life (F. Nietzsche).

23. Freud's doctrine of the unconscious. Neo-Freudianism.

24. The problem of man in the philosophy of existentialism.

25. Hermeneutics

26. Postmodernism in philosophy

1. Being, its main forms

2. The problem of the unity of the world and its solution in philosophy: pluralism, dualism, monism.

5. Basic properties of being: movement, space, time, consistency

1. Spiritual forms of movement. They represent the processes of the human psyche and consciousness.

6. The problem of man in philosophy. Natural and social in man. The problem of man and his freedom in philosophy.

8. The concept of consciousness, its origin, essence and structure. The role of labor, language and communication in the formation of consciousness.

2. Truth and error: objective and subjective, absolute and relative, abstract and concrete in truth. The problem of criteria of truth.

3. Philosophical understanding of knowledge

4. Scientific knowledge and its specificity. Empirical and theoretical levels of scientific knowledge.

5. The concept of the method of cognition. Classification of methods. Empirical and theoretical methods of knowledge.

6. Metaphysics and dialectics as philosophical methods of knowledge. Basic principles and laws of dialectics.

7. Categories of the individual, general and special, their role in cognition.

8. System, structure, element, their relationship. The essence of a systematic approach.

9. Categories of content and form. Content and form in law.

11. Necessity and chance. The significance of these categories for establishing legal liability.

1. The concept of nature. Nature and society, stages of their interaction. Natural and artificial habitat.

4. The concept of personality. Personality as a subject and object of social relations.

5. The problem of preserving human individuality

6. The purpose of a person, the meaning of his life

7. Public, individual, mass consciousness

9. Moral consciousness. The contradictory unity of morality and law, moral and legal consciousness.

8 . Specificity of political and legal consciousness, their interdependence and social determination.

10. Aesthetic consciousness, its relationship with other forms of social consciousness. The role of art in society.

11. Religion and religious consciousness. Freedom of conscience.

13. Civilization. types of civilizations.

The most famous approaches Formational approach

Civilization approach

16. The concept of culture, its structure and functions. Culture and civilization.

17. Values ​​and value orientations. Values ​​and evaluations. Reassessment of values ​​in modern conditions.

18. Law and values

Moral value of law (morality) of law

19. The concept of legal culture. Features of the legal culture of Russia.

20. Problems of the formation of a legal society in Russia.

Problems and ways of formation of the legal state in Russia.

7. Public, individual, mass consciousness

Common consciousness(in width cm) - ideas, views, theories, ideas, feelings, moods, a warehouse in society, a reflection and service of general being. (In a narrow cm) - a defined spirit system, including socially significant ones, is fixed and used in practical activities of people, resulting in an ideal reflection of action, general being.

The general consciousness is related to the society as a whole, but it should be considered as a total characteristic of the entire social system as a whole. The general consciousness has its own laws of development. It depends on other subsystems and instinctively affects all subsystems.

Within the limits of the common consciousness, I singled out the clan consciousness groups. Durkheim: A group thinks very differently than its members would if they were separated.

Structure of common consciousness: ordinary (the existence of ideas, ideas, feelings, received in everyday life) and the theory (systematization of knowledge, aimed at revealing the essence of the world, general being). They include sublevels in the order of dominance 1 of 2 aspects: the cognizant aspect (the desire of people to know and reflect things) and the value aspect (assessment from the point of view of needs and ideals).

At the ordinary level, there are: empirical knowledge (an element of knowledge obtained as a result of superficial contact with action) and general psychology (the existence of feelings, habits, traditions, the cat forms in the conditions of everyday life. People who have a warehouse of these representations -I, introduced the ODA class).

On the theory of ur vyd: ideology (value aspect) and science (cognition). Science is the object of true knowledge about the world, here in 1st place is knowledge about the world. Ideology is a system of ideas and theories that reflects the action from the standpoint of the interests of certain social groups or society as a whole. Realized needs and there are interests.

public consciousness Consciousness is not only individual, personal, but also includes a social function. The structure of social consciousness is complex and multifaceted, and is in dialectical interaction with the consciousness of the individual. In the structure of social consciousness, such levels as theoretical and everyday consciousness are distinguished. The first forms social psychology, the second - ideology. Ordinary consciousness is formed spontaneously in the daily life of people. Theoretical consciousness reflects the essence, patterns of the surrounding natural and social world. Public consciousness appears in various forms: socio-political views and theories, legal views, science, philosophy, morality, art, religion. The differentiation of social consciousness in its modern form is the result of a long development. Primitive society corresponded to a primitive, undifferentiated consciousness. Mental labor was not separated from physical labor, and mental labor was directly woven into labor relations, in everyday life. First in historical development Man, such forms of social consciousness arose as morality, art, religion. Then, as human society develops, the whole spectrum of forms of social consciousness arises, which is singled out as a special sphere of social activity. Consider the individual forms of social consciousness: - political consciousness is a systematic, theoretical expression of public views on the political organization of society, on the forms of the state, on relations between various social groups, classes, parties, on relations with other states and nations; - legal consciousness in theoretical form it expresses the legal consciousness of society, the nature and purpose of legal relations, norms and institutions, issues of legislation, courts, prosecutors. Sets as its goal the approval of a legal order corresponding to the interests of a particular society; - morality- a system of views and assessments that regulate the behavior of individuals, a means of educating and strengthening certain moral principles and relationships; - art- a special form of human activity associated with the development of reality through artistic images; - religion and philosophy - the forms of social consciousness most remote from material conditions. Religion is older than philosophy and is a necessary stage in the development of mankind. Expresses the surrounding world through a system of worldview based on faith and religious postulates. Public and individual consciousness are in close unity. Social consciousness is interindividual in nature and does not depend on the individual. For specific people, it is objective. Every individual throughout his life, through relationships with other people, through training and education, is influenced by social consciousness, although he does not treat this influence passively, but selectively, actively. Social norms of consciousness spiritually influence the individual, form his worldview, moral attitudes, aesthetic ideas. Public consciousness can be defined as a public mind that develops and functions according to its own laws. The views of the individual, which most fully meet the interests of the era and time, after the completion of individual existence, become the property of society. For example, the work of outstanding writers, thinkers, scientists, etc. In this case, individual consciousness, manifested in the work of a particular person, acquires the status of social consciousness, replenishes and develops it, giving it the features of a certain era. Consciousness cannot be derived from the process of reflection of the objects of the natural world alone: ​​the “subject-object” relation cannot give rise to consciousness. To do this, the subject must be included in a more complex system of social practice, in the context of social life. Each of us, coming into this world, inherits a spiritual culture, which we must master in order to acquire a proper human essence and be able to think like a human being. We enter into a dialogue with the public consciousness, and this consciousness that opposes us is a reality, the same as, for example, the state or the law. We can rebel against this spiritual force, but just as in the case of the state, our rebellion can turn out to be not only senseless, but also tragic if we do not take into account those forms and methods of spiritual life that objectively oppose us. In order to transform the historically established system of spiritual life, one must first master it. Social consciousness arose simultaneously and in unity with the emergence of social being. Nature as a whole is indifferent to the existence of the human mind, and society could not only arise and develop without it, but even exist for a single day and hour. Due to the fact that society is an objective-subjective reality, social being and social consciousness are, as it were, “loaded” with each other: without the energy of consciousness, social being is static and even dead. But, while emphasizing the unity of social being and social consciousness, one must not forget their difference, their specific disunity. The historical interconnection of social being and social consciousness in their relative independence is realized in such a way that if in the early stages of the development of society social consciousness was formed under the direct influence of being, then in the future this influence acquired an increasingly indirect character - through the state, political, legal relations, etc. , and the reverse effect of social consciousness on being, on the contrary, acquires an increasingly direct character. The very possibility of such a direct impact of social consciousness on social being lies in the ability of consciousness to correctly reflect being. Consciousness as a reflection and as an active-creative activity is the unity of two inseparable sides of the same process: in its influence on being, it can both evaluate it, revealing its hidden meaning, predict, and transform it through the practical activity of people. And so the public consciousness of the era can not only reflect being, but actively contribute to its restructuring. This is the historically established function of social consciousness, which makes it an objectively necessary and really existing element of any social structure. Possessing an objective nature and immanent laws of development, social consciousness can both lag behind and ahead of being within the framework of the evolutionary process that is natural for a given society. In this regard, public consciousness can play the role of an active stimulator of the social process, or a mechanism for its inhibition. The powerful transformative power of social consciousness is capable of influencing all being as a whole, revealing the meaning of its evolution and predicting prospects. In this regard, it differs from the subjective (in the sense of subjective reality) finite and limited by an individual individual consciousness. The power of the social whole over the individual is expressed here in the obligatory acceptance by the individual of the historically established forms of spiritual assimilation of reality, those methods and means by which the production of spiritual values ​​is carried out, that semantic content that has been accumulated by mankind for centuries and without which the formation of personality is impossible.

individual consciousness - this is the consciousness of an individual, reflecting his individual being and through it, to one degree or another, social being. Public consciousness is a combination of individual consciousness. Along with the peculiarities of the consciousness of individual individuals, it carries the general content inherent in the entire mass of individual consciousness. As the total consciousness of individuals, developed by them in the process of their joint activity, communication, social consciousness can be decisive only in relation to the consciousness of a given individual. This does not exclude the possibility of individual consciousness going beyond the limits of the existing social consciousness. 1. Each individual consciousness is formed under the influence of individual being, lifestyle and social consciousness. At the same time, the individual way of life of a person plays the most important role, through which the content of social life is refracted. Another factor in the formation of individual consciousness is the process of assimilation by the individual of social consciousness. This process is called internalization in psychology and sociology. In the mechanism of the formation of individual consciousness, it is necessary, therefore, to distinguish between two unequal sides: the subject's independent awareness of being and the assimilation of the existing system of views by him. The main thing in this process is not the internalization of society's views; but the individual's awareness of his own and society's material life. The recognition of internalization as the main mechanism for the formation of individual consciousness leads to an exaggeration of the determination of the internal by the external, to an underestimation of the internal conditioning of this determination, to ignoring the ability of the individual to create himself, his being. Individual consciousness - consciousness of the human individual (primary). It is defined in philosophy as subjective consciousness because it is limited in time and space. Individual consciousness is determined by individual being, arises under the influence of the consciousness of all mankind. 2 main levels of individual consciousness: 1. Initial (primary) - "passive", "mirror". It is formed under the influence of the external environment, external consciousness on a person. Main forms: concepts and knowledge in general. The main factors in the formation of individual consciousness: the educational activity of the environment, the educational activity of society, the cognitive activity of the person himself. 2. Secondary - "active", "creative". Man transforms and organizes the world. The concept of intellect is connected with this level. The end product of this level and consciousness in general are ideal objects that appear in human heads. Basic forms: goals, ideals, faith. The main factors: will, thinking - the core and backbone element. Between the first and second levels there is an intermediate "semi-active" level. The main forms: the phenomenon of consciousness - memory, which is selective, it is always in demand; opinions; doubts.

MASS CONSCIOUSNESS - a specific kind of social consciousness, which has become widespread and very important in modern societies. Like class, national, professional and other group forms of social consciousness, mass consciousness is distinguished not by its epistemological properties (in content, level and quality of reflection of reality, etc.), but primarily by the specific properties of its carrier, the subject. At the same time, in contrast to the named forms of social consciousness, the carriers of which are certain groups of society ( classes, nation, etc.), in the case of mass consciousness, such a subject is a special set ( a bunch of, commonality) of individuals, called the mass. Typical (multi-scale) examples of the masses: participants in broad political, sociocultural and other movements of our time; audiences of various media and media channels; consumers of certain socially “colored” (for example, prestigious, fashionable) goods and services; members of various amateur (interest) associations and clubs; “fans” of football and other sports teams, etc.

The most significant features of any mass include: 1) the statistical nature of this community, which is expressed in the fact that it coincides with a multitude of discrete “units”, without representing any independent, integral formation that is different from its constituent elements; 2) the stochastic (probabilistic) nature of this community, which consists in the fact that the “entry” of individuals into it is disordered, random, is carried out according to the formula “may or may not be”, as a result of which such a community is always distinguished by “fuzzy ”, open borders, indefinite quantitative and qualitative composition; 3) the situational nature of the existence of this community, expressed in the fact that it is formed and functions exclusively on the basis and within the boundaries of a particular activity, is impossible outside of it, as a result of which it always turns out to be an unstable formation that changes from case to case, from one specific situation to another; 4) a clearly expressed heterogeneity (heterogeneity, “mixing”) of the composition of this community, its frankly out-of-group (or inter-group) nature, manifested in the fact that the boundaries between all existing social, demographic, political, regional and other groups.

The listed properties of the mass completely determine the type of consciousness inherent in it, the features of its content and structure, the methods of formation and functioning. In terms of content, mass consciousness is a wide collection of ideas, judgments, ideas, illusions, feelings, moods, in one form or another, reflecting all aspects of society's life without exception. At the same time, in terms of its content, mass consciousness is much narrower than public consciousness as a whole, since beyond its borders there remains a great many “plots” that are not accessible to the understanding of the masses and / or do not affect their interests (cf., for example, the content of science, law, etc.). d.).

In its structure, mass consciousness is an extremely complex, conglomerative formation that arises at the “crossing” of all known types of social consciousness - sensual and rational, everyday and theoretical, abstract and artistic, contemplative and associated with volitional actions, etc. this connection) into the eyes of the properties of the structure of mass consciousness - its fragmentation, porosity, inconsistency, ability to rapid, unexpected changes.

Like the masses themselves, mass consciousness in modern societies arises and is formed primarily in the process of massification of the basic conditions and forms of people's life (in the areas of production, consumption, communication, socio-political participation, leisure), generating the same or similar aspirations, interests , needs, skills, inclinations, etc. The action of these conditions and forms of being is consolidated and completed in the production and dissemination of the corresponding types of mass culture, primarily associated with the functioning of the media and propaganda. With their help, the specified interests, needs, aspirations of the general population are formed in the form of a series of standard images of reality, ways of cognizing it and behavior patterns.

Being a spiritual product of the objective processes of massification of human practices, mass consciousness itself exerts the most active influence on many aspects of society's life, acting as a powerful regulator of mass forms of people's behavior. At the same time, the main forms of expression and functioning of mass consciousness are public opinion and public mood.

In Western philosophy and sociology, mass consciousness was illuminated from various positions - frankly anti-democratic, identifying the masses with the “crowd”, “mob” (J. Burkhard, G. Lebon, X. Ortega y Gasset); socio-critical, considering the mass as a negative product of modern inhumane types of societies (E. Fromm, D. Riesman, R. C. Mills, G. Marcuse); positivist, linking the emergence of the masses with scientific and technological progress, the activities of modern media (G. Bloomer, E. Shils, D. Martindale). In Russian science, for decades, a positive study of mass consciousness was essentially prohibited due to the complete incompatibility of this problem with the ideological attitudes prevailing in society. At the same time, the first works on this subject appeared in the USSR already in the 1960s.