The topic of the video lesson "Society and Public Relations" raises many questions from teachers. At the very beginning of the lesson, you will be able to understand what knowledge you will receive from social studies. Several areas of this science are necessary to understand the processes occurring in modern world. You will learn what society is, how it interacts with people.
Theme: Society
Lesson: Society and public relations
Hello. Today we begin the study of the course of social studies. So it is customary to call a complex of sciences that study society as a whole and social relations.
Among the disciplines studied today at school, it is social science that raises the most questions. This is due both to the ambiguity of the term, and to the long-standing disputes about its necessity.
The course of social science is divided into several sections - two basic ones ("Society" and "Man") and four sections covering politics and law, economics, social and spiritual sphere (Fig. 1).
Rice. 1. The structure of the course "Social Studies"
The last four sections can be studied in any order. But we will start the conversation with the "Society" section.
The term "society" does not have a single correct definition. It can be considered in a narrow and broad sense.
Rice. 2. Society and nature
In a broad sense, society is a part of the world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which includes forms and methods of uniting and interacting people, reflecting their comprehensive dependence on each other (Fig. 2). In the course of social science, society in the broadest sense of the word is studied first of all.
From a formal point of view, we can really separate existing world into two components - nature and society. The only object that belongs to both nature and society at the same time is man.
There is also a narrow understanding of society. It states: "A society is a stable group of people occupying a certain territory, having a common culture, experiencing a sense of unity and considering itself as an independent entity."
If we consider society in the narrow sense of the word, then we can name a number of signs of society. This is a common territory, integrity and stability, self-sufficiency and, finally, the development of common systems of norms and values that underlie social ties.
This understanding of society can be applied to any social group - citizens of one state or members of one family. The crowd does not have integrity and stability and therefore is not a society.
But the definitions of society do not end there. In modern science, there are at least four more options for understanding this term. So, we call society:
1) the historical stage of human development ("primitive society", "feudal society");
2) residents of a particular country, citizens of a particular state (“French society”);
3) association of people for any purpose ("sports society", "society for the protection of nature");
4) a circle of people united by a common position, origin, interests (“noble society”, “high society”).
As you can see, the number of options for understanding the term "society" is very large.
Society is studied by the sciences called social sciences. Some study society in statics, while others study it in dynamics. The only science that considers society in development is history. Philosophy has the status of a metascience.
No matter how we consider the term "society", in any case it is a system. Recall that the system consists of elements and connections between them. In the same way, society consists not just of individuals, but of social statuses, social institutions and public relations.
It is social relations that make society a system. Decisive for society is not the number of its members, but their interconnection, integration.
Consider the system of society (Fig. 3). It has four spheres (subsystems). All of them are interconnected. Consider the system of society (Fig. 3). It has four spheres (subsystems). All of them are interconnected.
Rice. 3. The system of society
Karl Marx sees the system of society in a slightly different way. His scheme contains three spheres of social life (Fig. 4).
Rice. 4. The system of society according to K. Marx
Consider the functions of society. The main ones are the so-called system functions - self-preservation and self-improvement of society as a system.
The functions of society.
1. Production wealth and services.
2. Reproduction (the biological production of a person, as well as the daily renewal of his strength and abilities) and the socialization of a person (the assimilation of social roles by a person).
3. Spiritual production and regulation of people's activity (creation of spiritual values - art, religion, philosophy, morality).
4. Distribution of products of labor (activity) in the process of exchange of produced goods, human resources and spiritual values.
5. Regulation and management of activities and behavior of people (establishment of rules and regulations, as well as enforcement of their implementation).
For at least two and a half thousand years that public knowledge has existed (if we consider it the beginning of the emergence of philosophy in Ancient Greece And Ancient China), many theories of society have emerged. Let's consider some of them.
Mechanistic theories of society.
Biological theories of society.
Psychological theories of society.
Functionalism.
Marxism.
This difference in approaches to society is largely due to the fact that society is changing all the time. Next time we'll talk about how society came into existence. Our lesson for today is over. Thank you for your attention.
Disputes around social science
In the school curriculum, perhaps, there is no other subject that would cause so much controversy as social science. This is caused primarily difficult fate this subject in our country.
Social science first appeared in the school curriculum in the 1920s. Then this was the name of a strange synthesis discipline, which included not political science and sociology (they did not exist yet), but history, geography, the foundations of philosophy and a large amount of propaganda. History was not studied separately at that time.
In 1934, by decision of the leadership of the USSR, history returned to the school curriculum as a separate subject. Knowledge about society has now begun to be studied precisely in the course of history. In the mid-1960s, a separate subject appeared at school again, now called “Social Science” (some school teachers still call social science that way). A separate part of the course was the special subject "The Constitution of the USSR", which was studied in the 8th grade.
In 1998, the subject "Social Studies" reappeared in the school curriculum.
Is Robinson a society?
The question whether Robinson is a society seems quite simple. Of course not. Robinson in itself, of course, is not a society. However, there are such theories that are called Robinsonade.
But is it possible to say that Robinson is completely isolated from society? He keeps a calendar, reads the Bible, wears clothes and even in such conditions remains an Englishman.
Social Darwinism
Among the biological concepts of the 19th and 20th centuries, social Darwinism is especially popular, within which many social processes are considered as analogous to biological ones.
The founder of social Darwinism is the English philosopher and sociologist Herbert Spencer (Fig. 5), who proposed the term “survival of the fittest” (“survival of the fittest”).
Rice. 5. Herbert Spencer
In 1883, the English physician Francis Galton (Fig. 6) introduced the term "eugenics" to refer to the doctrine of improving the innate qualities of a race.
Rice. 6. Francis Galton
Literature for the lesson
1. Textbook: Social studies. Textbook for 10th grade students of educational institutions. A basic level of. Ed. L. N. Bogolyubova. M .: JSC "Moscow textbooks", 2008.
Topic: Society and public relations class
Society as a joint life activity of people. countrystatesociety Part of the world or territory that has certain boundaries and enjoys state sovereignty. The political organization of the country, including a certain type of regime of power, bodies and management structure. ???
SOCIETY IN THE NARROW SENSE: Primitive, bourgeois society - 1. historical stage in the development of mankind French, English society - 2. country, state Noble society, high society - 3. circle of people united by a common position, origin Sports society, fishing society - 4. association of people for a purpose
Let us compare the definitions given by the sciences in a broad sense. Sociology social philosophy Society is a historically developing set of relations between people, which is formed on the basis of a constant change in the forms and conditions of their activity in the process of interaction with organic and inorganic nature. Society ... the sum of connections, the totality or system of relations arising from the joint life of people, reproduced and transformed by their activities.
AND
signs of society. External: territory chronology, i.e. sequence historical events defining the time frame of a particular society. Internal: dynamic (capable of development) stability, the ability to perform certain functions (production, distribution of material goods, reproduction and socialization of a person, spiritual production).
The concept of society SOCIETY: historical stage in the development of mankind (primitive society, feudal society). The historical stage in the development of mankind (primitive society, feudal society). A circle of people united by a common goal, interest, origin (noble society, philatelist society). A circle of people united by a common goal, interest, origin (noble society, philatelist society). Country, state, region (French society, Soviet society). Country, state, region (French society, Soviet society). Humanity as a whole. Humanity as a whole. The totality of all ways of interaction and forms of bringing people together The totality of all ways of interaction and forms of bringing people together
Levels of socio-philosophical analysis of society level-essence-concrete-historical At this level, specific events, peoples, states are analyzed. Along with the description of individual facts, there are generalizing concepts and judgments. historical-typological Generalization related to the typology of society. socio-philosophical Isolation, analysis of the general properties of society.
It is customary to talk about the broad and narrow sense of the concept of "nature". Universe Biosphere
The concept of nature is used to denote not only the natural, but also the material conditions of its existence created by man - the second nature. To some extent, transformed and formed by a person. people act who are gifted with consciousness and have goals blind, unconscious forces act harmonious harmonious conflict conflict society nature nature interconnection interconnection
Ombem: As examples that reveal the relationship between nature and society, we can give: Man is not only a social, BUT also a biological being, and therefore, is a part of living nature. From the natural environment, society draws the necessary material and energy resources for its development. Man is not only a social, BUT also a biological being, and therefore, is a part of living nature. From the natural environment, society draws the necessary material and energy resources for its development. Degradation of the natural environment (pollution of air, water bodies, deforestation, etc.) leads to a deterioration in human health, a decrease in the quality of their life, etc. Degradation of the natural environment (pollution of air, water bodies, deforestation, etc.) leads to deterioration of people's health, to a decrease in their quality of life, etc.
What is the separation of society from nature? In the center community development stands a man with consciousness and will. Nature exists and develops according to objective laws. Unlike nature, society has spatio-temporal boundaries and, in its development, obeys, along with general, special and specific laws. Society is an organized system: social structure, social and political organizations and institutions. Society acts as a creator, culture transformer, i.e. man-made "second", artificial nature.
What unites and what distinguishes society and nature? Society: has the laws of historical development; has the laws of historical development; engaged in creative activities; engaged in creative activities; transforms the world, including nature. transforms the world, including nature. Nature: has its own laws; has its own laws; constant and continuous evolutionary process; constant and continuous evolutionary process; influences the formation of culture, traditions, customs; influences the formation of culture, traditions, customs; can slow down or accelerate the development of countries and peoples; can slow down or accelerate the development of countries and peoples; spontaneous; spontaneous; durable. durable.
The life of society is nothing but a process of joint activity of people. Public relations are stable ties between social groups, classes, nations, as well as within them in the process of economic, social, political, cultural life and activities Socialization is the process of including a person in a certain system of connections and relationships.
Public relations. The scheme is the diverse connections that arise between social groups, classes, nations, as well as within them in the process of economic, social, political, cultural life and activity. Public Relations: Steadily recurring, largely impersonal (formal), affecting important aspects of people Public relations exist in all social institutions and subsystems of society. Man is the connecting link of all elements and subsystems of society
The diverse connections that arise between social groups, classes, nations, as well as within them in the process of economic, social, political, cultural life and activity, are called social relations. In a broad sense, social relations are the entire system of social connections and dependencies of the activity and life of people in society. In a narrow sense - mediated connections between people.
Social relations are subdivided into Social relations are subdivided into unilateral and mutual. unilateral and mutual. One-sided are characterized by the fact that their participants put different meanings into them: love on the part of an individual can stumble upon complete indifference on the part of another. One-sided are characterized by the fact that their participants put different meanings into them: love on the part of an individual can stumble upon complete indifference on the part of another. Mutual social relations imply reciprocity of its manifestation. Mutual social relations imply reciprocity of its manifestation.
Public relations are heterogeneous; primary and secondary levels are distinguished in their system. Public relations are heterogeneous; primary and secondary levels are distinguished in their system. Material relations belong to the primary level, i.e., social relations that develop independently of consciousness and will and are formed in the sphere of material production. They provide society with material opportunities for existence and development. These include relations of production, social relations, and others. Material relations belong to the primary level, that is, social relations that develop independently of consciousness and will and are formed in the sphere of material production. They provide society with material opportunities for existence and development. These include relations of production, social and domestic, etc. The secondary level is formed by relations that arise only passing through consciousness, on the basis of certain ideas and views. These relations permeate the spiritual life of society (ideological, cultural, religious, moral, etc.), they are the result and condition for the interaction of people in the process of creating and disseminating spiritual and cultural values. The secondary level is formed by relationships that arise only passing through consciousness, on the basis of certain ideas and views. These relations permeate the spiritual life of society (ideological, cultural, religious, moral, etc.), they are the result and condition for the interaction of people in the process of creating and disseminating spiritual and cultural values.
Social relations Material relations Spiritual (ideal) relations Arise and develop directly in the course of a person’s practical activity outside his consciousness and independently of him Formed in advance “passing through the consciousness” of people, determined by their spiritual values political, legal, artistic, philosophical, religious relations
All public organizations and enterprises serve three types of public relations socio-cultural political production family Mass media church creative unions cultural institutions parties movements lobby groups (groups of pressure on the authorities) private enterprises joint-stock companies professional societies
Society and culture The concept of "society" is related to the system of relationships between individuals belonging to a common culture
"Second nature" Culture (cultivation, upbringing, education) These are the achievements of mankind in the spiritual field (art, science, etc.) Narrow meaning All types of transformative human activity aimed not only at the external environment, but also at himself. Broad meaning Cannot exist outside of society Characterized by historicity Material Spiritual Culture Characterized by diversity
According to the philosopher Z. Freud, culture is everything in which human life has risen above its biological circumstances and how it differs from animal life. What is culture? Let's try to explore this concept. - Read paragraph 3 of § 9. - Why is culture called "second nature"? What do we mean by culture? - Expand the meaning of this concept in its narrow sense. - Describe the broad meaning of the concept of "culture" - What role does culture play in the life of society? -Name the main features of culture. - Describe the conditional division of culture into separate components. - Why is this division conditional? - What are "cultural universals"? Give examples.
The concepts contained in the language, with the help of which people systematize and generalize the experience of knowing themselves and the world; the concepts contained in the language, with the help of which people systematize and generalize the experience of knowing themselves and the world; relationships with each other in space and time, by meaning, on the basis of causality; relationships with each other in space and time, by meaning, on the basis of causality; values - generally accepted beliefs about the goals to which a person should strive; values - generally accepted beliefs about the goals to which a person should strive; rules and norms that regulate people's behavior in accordance with the values of a particular culture. rules and norms that regulate people's behavior in accordance with the values of a particular culture.
Consistent actions of people aimed at achieving a specific goal are called activities. Activity is a way of being that distinguishes people from nature.
Types of activity types of areas of activity The economic sphere is the economic activity of a society when material goods are created. The social sphere is the emergence and interaction of people with each other. The political sphere is the area of interaction between people about power and subordination. The spiritual sphere is the area of creation and development of spiritual goods. Characteristics of the branch of social science Economics - a system of sciences that study economic relations, the problem of using limited resources in order to meet the unlimited needs of society. Philosophy is the science of the most general laws of the development of society, nature, and consciousness.
Characteristics of the branch of social science Sociology is the science of the community as an integral system and of individual social institutions, processes, social groups and communities, the relationship of the individual and society, the laws of mass behavior of people. Political science is a science that studies politics, political processes and behavior of political subjects, political relations, political consciousness and culture, ways of solving political problems.
Characteristics of the branch of social science Legal science is a social science that studies law as a special system of social norms, individual branches of law, the history of the state and law. Culturology is a single social and humanitarian science about the spiritual culture of the people.
Characteristics of the branch of social science Historical science is a complex of social sciences that study the past of mankind in all its concreteness and diversity. Social Psychology- a science that studies the patterns of formation, functioning and development of socio-psychological phenomena, processes and states, the subjects of which are individuals and social communities. 43
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✪ Society and public relations. Video lesson on social studies Grade 10
✪ Social science grade 10. Social science and public relations
✪ Social science grade 6. Society and public relations
Subtitles
Definitions
This phrase has various definitions, some are presented below:
- Public relations are a set of socially significant connections between members of society.
- Public relations (social relations) - the relations of people to each other, consist in historically defined social forms, in specific conditions of place and time.
- Public relations (social relations) - relations between social subjects regarding their equality and social justice in the distribution of life's benefits, the conditions for the formation and development of the individual, the satisfaction of material, social and spiritual needs.
- Social relations are those relations that are established between large groups of people. Beyond the sphere of manifestation, social relations can be divided into: economic, political, spiritual, social.
Story
Social relations are manifested only in certain types of interactions between people, namely social ones, in the process of which these people bring their social statuses and roles to life, and the statuses and roles themselves have fairly clear boundaries and very strict regulations. Public relations give mutual certainty to social positions and statuses. For example, the relationship in trade between the main factors is the mutual certainty of the seller and the buyer in the process of the transaction (purchase and sale).
Thus, social relations are closely related to social interactions, although these are not identical concepts denoting the same thing. On the one hand, social relations are realized in the social practices (interactions) of people, on the other hand, social relations are a prerequisite for social practices - a stable, normatively fixed social form through which the implementation of social interactions becomes possible. Social relations have a decisive effect on individuals - they direct and shape, suppress or stimulate people's practices and expectations. At the same time, social relations are “yesterday's” social interactions, a “frozen” social form of living human life.
A feature of social relations is that by their nature they are neither object-object, like relations between objects in nature, nor subject-subject, like interpersonal relations - when a person interacts with another integral person, but subject-object, when interaction occurs only with a socially alienated form of his subjectivity (social I) and he himself is represented in them as a partial and incomplete socially acting subject (social agent). Public relations in pure form" does not exist. They are embodied in social practices and are always mediated by objects - social forms (things, ideas, social phenomena, processes).
Social relations can arise between people who do not directly contact and may not even know about the existence of each other, and interactions between them will be carried out through a system of institutions and organizations, but not due to a subjective sense of obligation or intention to maintain these relations.
social relations- this is a system of diverse stable interdependencies that arise between individuals, their groups, organizations and communities, as well as within the latter in the course of their economic, political, cultural, etc. activities and the implementation of their social statuses and social roles.
It can be argued that social relations arise:
- as the relationship of man with society, society with man;
- between individuals as representatives of society;
- between elements, components, subsystems within society;
- between different societies;
- between individuals as representatives of various social groups, social communities and social organizations, as well as between individuals from each and within each of them.
Problems of definition
Despite the fact that the term "social relations" is widely used, scientists have not come to a common conclusion regarding their definition. There are definitions of social relations through the specification of between whom and about what they arise:
- Public relations(social relations) - the relationship of people to each other, developing in historically defined social forms, in specific conditions of place and time.
- Public relations(social relations) - relations between social subjects regarding their social equality and social justice in the distribution of life's goods, the conditions for the formation and development of the individual, the satisfaction of material, social and spiritual needs.
However, in any case, they are understood as sustainable forms of organization of social life. To characterize social life, the term "societal" is often used, which characterizes society as a whole, the entire system of social relations.
Public relations are a set of normatively regulated mores, customs and laws of individual subject-subject and subject-object relations, emerging under the influence of a) mutual struggle of individuals for objects of property, b) joint life activity on a common territory, c) a genetic program for the reproduction of life and d) cooperation with each other on the terms of the social division of labor in the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of the total social product . See: Bobrov VV, Chernenko AK Legal technology. - Novosibirsk: Publishing House of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2014. - p. 157.
LECTURES
Lecture #1
TOPIC: SOCIETY AND PUBLIC RELATIONS.
1. The concept of society and social relations.
2. The structure of society.
3. Two approaches to the development of society.
4. Progress and regression in the development of society.
1. There are many definitions of the term "society". In a narrow sense, society can be understood as a certain group of people united for communication and joint performance of any activity, as well as a specific stage in historical development people or country.
In a broad sense, society is a part of the material world, inextricably linked with nature and including the ways of interaction between people and the forms of their unification.
In any sense, society is understood as a system (a whole made up of parts interacting with each other), subject to constant evolution and change. This can be represented by a logical chain: a society of primitive hunters and gatherers - a society of farmers and pastoralists - a slave society - a feudal society - an industrial society.
Society consists of a huge number of its constituent elements and subsystems.
1. economic (its elements are material production and relations that arise between people in the process of production of material goods, their exchange and distribution);
2. social (consists of such structural formations as classes, social strata, nations, from their relationships and interactions with each other);
3. political (includes politics, state, law, their correlation and functioning);
4. spiritual (covers various forms and levels of social consciousness, which in the real life of society form a phenomenon of spiritual culture).
All four spheres of social life are interconnected and mutually condition each other.
A person enters society through a collective, being a member of several collectives. Society is presented as a collective of collectives. A person also enters into larger communities of people. He belongs to a certain social group, class, nation. The diverse connections that arise between social groups, classes, nations, as well as within them in the process of economic, social, political and cultural life are called social relations. Distinguish between material and spiritual social relations.
2. Society can be viewed from different positions. It can be reduced to the totality of all groups included in it, then we will deal primarily with the population.
Society can be reduced to a set of five fundamental institutions: family, production, state, education and religion.
Social institutions – these are historically established stable forms of organization and regulation of the joint life of people. Marriage, family, moral standards, education, private property, the market, the state, the army, the court - all these are social institutions. With their help, communications and relations between people are streamlined and standardized, their activities and behavior in society are regulated. This ensures a certain organization and stability of public life.
Structure of social institutions represents a complex system and consists of elements.
1. Spiritual - ideological elements(family - love, devotion, family hearth, raising children; business - personal gain, prestige of the company, profitability)
2. Material elements(family - house, apartment, car, furniture; business - plant, equipment, office, transport, warehouse)
3. Behavioral elements(family - sincerity, respect, trust, mutual assistance; business - professionalism, responsibility, diligence, law-abiding)
4. Cultural - symbolic elements(marriage ritual, wedding rings; religion - cross, icons, candles, Religious holidays)
5. Organizational - documentary elements(family - marriage registration, marriage and birth certificates of children; business - statutes, agreements, contracts).
No one "invents" social institutions. They grow gradually, as if by themselves, from this or that specific need of people. For example, from the need to protect public order the institute of police arose. The very process of approval in society of a phenomenon as a social institution is called institutionalization. Institutionalization consists in streamlining, standardizing, organizational design and legislative regulation of those ties and relations in society that “claim” to be transformed into a social institution.
Among the huge variety of institutional forms, depending on their scope, four main groups of social institutions can be distinguished. Each of them, like each institution separately, performs its own specific functions.
1. Economic institutions are called upon to ensure the organization and management of the economy for the purpose of its effective development. For example, property relations secure material and other values for a certain owner and enable the latter to receive income from these values; money is called upon to serve as a universal equivalent in the exchange of goods, and wages are a reward to the worker for his work.
2. Political institutions are associated with the establishment of a certain power and management of society. Political institutions are the state, court, army, political parties.
3. Spiritual institutions are associated with the development of science, education, art, and the maintenance of moral values in society.
4. Institute families is the primary and key element of the entire social system. The family sets the daily tone for all social life.
All institutions of society are closely interconnected. For example, the state operates not only in “its own” political area, but also in all other areas: it is engaged in economic activities, promotes the development of spiritual processes, and regulates family relations.
Formed over the centuries, social institutions do not remain unchanged. They develop and improve along with the movement of society forward.
An important role in science is played by the distinction between formal and informal institutions. Formal institutions are not only institutions that are part of the state, but also some customs that are not formalized (for example, the kinship system is a formal institution). The difference between them lies in the fact that informal institutions presuppose the real freedom of individuals, while formal institutions strictly regulate the behavior of an individual.
3. The greatest interest of scientists is the distinction between societies according to socio-economic characteristics. Two approaches are popular: Marxist (formational approach) and the theory of three stages (civilizational approach)
Formation is a stage in the development of society with its inherent socio-economic structure. Signs - forms of ownership of the means of production and the class structure of society. There are five formations - primitive communal, slaveholding, feudal, capitalist, communist.
Civilization theory was put forward at the turn of the 50-60s of the 20th century by Western sociologists - Daniel Bell, Walt Rostow.
Civilization is a stage of social development, the level of development of the material and spiritual culture of society.
Three types of society:
1. Pre-industrial (agrarian, traditional)
2. Industrial (industrial)
3. Post-industrial (intellectual, informational).
4. Progress is the movement of society forward, development with an upward trend, movement from lower to higher, from less perfect to more perfect. It leads to positive changes in society and is manifested in new achievements of science and culture, in the growth of productivity, and in the improvement of people's living conditions.
Regression - a reverse movement, involves development with a downward trend, reverse movement, a transition from higher to lower, which leads to negative consequences. It manifests itself in a decrease in the efficiency of production and the level of people's well-being, in the spread of drunkenness and drug addiction in society, an increase in mortality, and a drop in the level of people's morality.
LECTURES
in the discipline "Social Science"
Lecture #2
TOPIC: SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE OF SOCIETY.
1. Knowledge of the world around.
2. History of views on society.
3. Civilization and society.
1. Science is based on the process of cognition.
Cognition- this is a reflection and reproduction of reality in the thinking of the subject, the result of which is new knowledge about the world.
The purpose of cognition is the acquisition of not any, namely true knowledge about the objective world.
Knowledge- a practice-tested result of cognition of reality.
Cognition goes through two main stages - sensual and rational cognition. Sensory cognition is carried out in the form of sensations, perceptions and ideas. It involves five sense organs - sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste, connecting a person with the outside world. With rational cognition, the general, essential is revealed with the help of thinking and reason. Both stages of cognition are in unity, pass into each other, complement each other.
The process of cognition also includes such forms of mental activity as foresight, fantasy, hypothesis, imagination, dream, intuition.
The method of obtaining scientific knowledge is scientific research.
Research is the process of scientific study of an object in order to identify its patterns. The result of the research is the acquisition of new scientific knowledge - objective truth. True- reflection in the human mind of objects and phenomena as they exist outside and independently of the cognizing subject.
The criterion of truth-practice.
2. The famous work "State" by the ancient philosopher Plato can be considered the first work on social science. He divided society into three classes: the highest - wise men, the middle - warriors, the lowest - artisans and peasants. Aristotle proclaimed that all people are by nature inclined to knowledge. For Aristotle, the middle class was the backbone of order and the state. After Aristotle and Plato, there was a very long historical pause, when religious views on the origin of man and the world dominated. The turn to truly scientific knowledge occurred only in the 17-18 centuries, when a galaxy of outstanding philosophers appeared in Europe: Rene Descartes, Francis Bacon, John Locke, Immanuel Kant, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Adam Smith and others. In the 19th century, Auguste Comte proclaimed the emergence of a science of society, calling it sociology. In the 19th century, economics, political science, cultural studies, ethnography, and psychology emerged from philosophy.
3. The word civilization appeared in France in the middle of the 18th century.
At first, civilization denoted the comfort and convenience of the material conditions of human habitation. For a long time, culture and civilization were identified, but in the 19th century they were separated. And at the beginning of the 20th century German philosopher Oswald Spengler in his work “The Decline of Europe” he completely opposed them. Civilization appeared to him as the highest stage of culture, on which its final decline takes place.
Modern science has not developed a unified view of the essence of civilization, so there are more than 100 definitions of it in the literature.
Today, two theories compete in science:
The theory of stadial development of civilization;
Theory of local civilizations.
The stadial theory considers civilization as a single process of the progressive development of mankind, where certain stages (stages) are distinguished. The theory of local civilizations considers the world-historical process as a set of historically established communities occupying a certain territory and having their own characteristics of socio-economic and cultural development.
The peoples standing at the preliterate stage of development cannot be considered civilized. Thus, society and culture arose earlier, and civilization later.
LECTURES
in the discipline "Social Science"
Lecture #3
CIVILIZATIONS OF THE PAST.
1. Prerequisites for the emergence of ancient civilizations.
2. Features of the development of ancient civilizations.
3. Causes of the death of ancient civilizations.
1. Approximately in 3-2 millennia BC. part of humanity has made a giant breakthrough - moved from primitive to civilization. The first centers of civilization arose in Egypt, in the Nile River valley, and in Mesopotamia - between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Somewhat later - in 3-2 millennia BC. - In the valley of the Indus River, the Indian civilization was born, and in the 2nd millennium - the Chinese (in the valley of the Yellow River). These civilizations were riverine. In a special geographical situation, Phoenicia, Greece and Rome developed - seaside civilizations.
Prerequisites for the emergence of ancient civilizations:
1. Irrigation farming system and increasing agricultural productivity.
2. Complication of the social structure of society, the emergence of classes, social inequality.
3. Creation of writing and consolidation of customs in laws.
4. Defense from the attack of neighboring tribes and the capture of new territories.
5. The emergence of cities - military and religious centers, which became the central points of states.
6. The high role of religion, which deified the leader-king, gave him tremendous power over society.
2. Table "Features of the development of ancient civilizations."
3. Reasons for the death of civilizations:
1) Internal contradictions in states.
2) The crisis of the slave system.
3) Weak economic and political ties between regions.
4) Aggressive seizures of militant neighboring peoples.
Civilization is not something immovable. It develops, goes through a series of stages: origin, flourishing, decomposition and death.
Analysis historical facts shows that the periods of existence of civilizations are different. The ancient Egyptian civilization existed for more than 3 thousand years, the Chinese for more than 4 thousand years, the Indian one still exists, the Byzantine and Russian civilization has existed for a thousand years.
LECTURES
in the discipline "Social Science"
Lecture #4
LECTURES
in the discipline "Social Science"
Lecture #5
LECTURES
in the discipline "Social Science"
Lecture #6
LECTURES
in the discipline "Social Science"
Lecture No. 7
Individuality is the originality of the psyche and personality of the individual, its uniqueness. The relationship between the individual, personality and individuality can be conveyed by the formula "The individual is born, the personality becomes, the individuality is defended."
Biological and social in a person are not two parallel and independent factors: they affect a person simultaneously and comprehensively, and the intensity and quality of their impact are different and depend on many circumstances.
2. In order to become a personality, an individual goes through the path of socialization necessary for this, that is, the assimilation of the experience accumulated by generations of people, accumulated in skills, abilities, habits, traditions, knowledge, familiarization with the existing system of social ties and relations.
Socialization is carried out through communication, upbringing, education, and the media. It takes place in the family, kindergarten, school, educational institutions, work collective, etc. In the process of socialization, worldly views, work skills, moral standards of behavior, ideals, scientific knowledge, religious values. Socialization begins from the first minutes of the existence of the individual and proceeds throughout his life. Each person goes through his own path of socialization. A person is not born as a person, he becomes a person. A person can be called a personality when he reaches such a level of mental and social development that makes him able to control his behavior and activities, to give an account of his actions. A person becomes a person when he has self-consciousness.
LECTURES
in the discipline "Social Science"
Lecture No. 8
LECTURES
in the discipline "Social Science"
Lecture No. 9
TOPIC: HUMAN SPIRITUAL WORLD AND ACTIVITY.
1. Spiritual-theoretical and spiritual-practical activity.
2. Moral assessment of the individual.
3. Worldview and human activity.
1. Scientists often characterize the spiritual world of a person as an indissoluble unity of mind, feelings, and will. The world of personality is individual and unique.
The spiritual life of man is constantly evolving. Inner world of a person manifests itself and changes in the process of spiritual-theoretical and spiritual-practical activity, depends on the moral foundations of the individual and society, worldview and mentality.
Spiritual and theoretical activity is the production of spiritual values. The product of spiritual production are thoughts, ideas, theories, norms, ideals, images that can take the form of scientific and artistic works. Spiritual production is carried out by special groups of people whose spiritual activity is professional.
Spiritual and practical activity is the preservation, reproduction, distribution, distribution, as well as the development (consumption) of created spiritual values, i.e. activity, the result of which is a change in the consciousness of people. The consequence of spiritual and practical activity is the growth of people's spiritual culture. Museums, libraries and archives are engaged in the preservation and dissemination of spiritual values.
Spiritual production, preservation and dissemination of spiritual values are aimed at meeting the spiritual needs of people. The process of their satisfaction is called spiritual consumption. Spiritual consumption is a special type of activity, it has its own focus, requires certain efforts, the use of appropriate means. The orientation of spiritual consumption is determined by social conditions and spiritual needs of a person. In the process of spiritual consumption, the means to achieve the goal are, on the one hand, material possibilities, on the other hand, the corresponding knowledge and skills. The level of education and general culture of the individual directly affects the consumption of spiritual values.
2.Morality is a form of normative-evaluative orientation of an individual, communities in behavior and spiritual life, mutual perception and self-perception of people. Morality is the norms of consciousness, and morality is the implementation of these norms in life, the practical behavior of people.
The doctrine of morality, morality is ethics- a theory that considers their essence, the problems of moral choice, the moral responsibility of a person, relating to all aspects of his life - communication, work, family, civic orientation, professional duty.
Moral assessment is the approval or condemnation of human activity from the standpoint of those requirements that are contained in the moral consciousness of society, an ethnic group, a social class community of people, certain individuals. Moral self-esteem is expressed in such concepts of morality as conscience, pride, shame, repentance. All the variety of moral assessments of human activity is based on the understanding of what is good and what is evil. Moral in human activity is that which can be assessed as good, and immoral - as evil.
One of the most important moral categories is conscience. This is the ability of a person to learn ethical values and be guided by them in all life situations, independently formulate their moral duties, exercise moral self-control, realize their duty to other people.
3. Worldview - a complex phenomenon of the spiritual world of a person, it is a set of a person's views on the world that surrounds him.
Worldview types:
Mentality is the totality of all the results of knowledge, their assessment on the basis of previous culture and practical activities, national consciousness, personal life experience. The mentality determines the spiritual world of a person as a whole.
LECTURES
in the discipline "Social Science"
Lecture No. 10
LECTURES
in the discipline "Social Science"
Lecture No. 11
Independence, the ability to be yourself.
In a narrow sense, deviant behavior is understood as any negative and unapproved deviations from social norms. Forms of deviant behavior: crime, drunkenness and alcoholism, drug addiction, prostitution, mental disorders, vagrancy, suicide.
Reasons for deviant behavior:
biological reasons.
psychological reasons.
LECTURES
in the discipline "Social Science"
Lecture No. 12
Scientific knowledge.
1. "Knowledge is power" - these words were said by the English philosopher Francis Bacon. They express the idea of the huge role of knowledge in life. individual person and humanity in general. Knowledge about the surrounding world is necessary for a person in all activities. Knowledge does not arise by itself. They are the result of a special process - the cognitive activity of people.
The process of cognition always presupposes the presence of two sides: the cognizing person (the subject of cognition) and the cognized object (the object of cognition). How do they relate to each other?
In the 17th century, the idea was formed and dominated for a long time that the cognizing mind, as it were, contemplates the world from the outside and in this way cognizes it. The purpose of cognition is to describe objects as they really are, outside and independently of a person. Many philosophers counter this view with a different point of view. The cognizing subject is not separated from the objective world, but is located inside it. We can cognize the essence of a thing not as passive observers, but only through its inclusion in our active activity. The results of cognitive activity will reflect not only the properties of the subject being studied, but also how we organize the learning process (means and methods of cognition), and the characteristics of ourselves (our positions, predilections, previously accumulated experience, etc.)
Which of the sources of knowledge - reason or feeling - is decisive in human cognitive activity? This question has become the subject of heated debate among philosophers. Philosophers - rationalists preferred reason, thanks to which humanity acquires true knowledge. They came to the conclusion about the existence of certain innate ideas, or inclinations of thinking, independent of sensory knowledge. Philosophers - sensualists recognized the decisive role of sensory experience. The basic principle of sensationalism is "there is nothing in the mind that would not be in the senses."
2. Truth is the process of moving from ignorance to knowledge, from less profound to deeper knowledge. It cannot be regarded as something frozen, unchanging. Eternal, unchanging truths do not exist. Truth is always relative, since it does not cover the entire content of the subject under study, but only a part of it. As knowledge develops, a person gradually overcomes the relativity of truth, adds new knowledge that rechecks, confirms or discards old knowledge that was previously considered true. Through the relative truth, a person goes to the absolute truth - the truth of the most objective, accurate, complete. The criterion of truth is practice. All scientific truths Based on experience, they are constantly being revised in the light of new evidence.
Truth is opposed in knowledge by falsehood. A lie is a lie, a distortion of the actual state of affairs, with the aim of misleading someone. The source of lies can be logically wrong thinking, wrong facts.
3. Distinguishing feature scientific knowledge is that it is based on verified evidence. By evidence, in this case, we will understand the concrete results of actual observations that other observers have the opportunity to see, weigh, measure, count or check for accuracy.
In science, empirical and theoretical levels of knowledge are distinguished. Empirical knowledge deals primarily with the facts that form the basis of any science, as well as with the laws that are established as a result of generalizations and systematization of the results of observations and experiments.
Theoretical knowledge deals with more abstract theoretical laws covering a very wide class of phenomena, as well as objects that cannot be directly observed, for example, electrons, genes. Among these laws are the law of conservation and transformation of energy, the law of universal gravitation, the laws of heredity.
Methods of scientific knowledge:
1. Observation is the direct perception of phenomena in their natural form. It is possible in two versions: non-included observation, which is carried out from the outside, and included observation, carried out from within, with the participation of the observer himself in the events.
2. Experiment - involves the conduct of an artificial scientific experiment, in which the object under study is placed in specially created and controlled conditions.
3. The modeling method is based on the study of phenomena according to their theoretical model (model). Here, mathematical modeling on computers is especially effective.
LECTURES
in the discipline "Social Science"
Lecture No. 13
TOPIC: SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE.
1. Unscientific knowledge.
2. Social cognition.
1. Most people draw much information about the world not from scientific treatises. Along with science as a way of knowing the world, there are other ways of knowing.
The earliest way of understanding natural and social reality was myth. A myth is always a narrative, and its truth was not subject to doubt, and its content was always connected in one way or another with real life of people. Unlike science, which seeks to explain the world, to establish the relationship between cause and effect, myth replaces explanation with a story about the origin, creation of the universe or its individual manifestations. The myths described the creations of the world, animals, people, the origin natural forces, relief features, various rituals and customs.
A special way of knowing the world is life practice, experience Everyday life. Since ancient times, people have not only sought to explain the world as a whole, but simply worked, suffered failures, and achieved results. At the same time, they also accumulated certain knowledge.
The increase in the volume and complexity of people's activities aimed at meeting their needs led to the need to record knowledge, achievements of practice in the form of descriptions. Moreover, such descriptions contained, as it were, a generalized experience gathered together. different people sometimes even many generations. Such generalized practical knowledge formed the basis of folk wisdom. From the generalization of experience arose peculiar aphorisms, sayings, judgments containing practical conclusions.
Another consequence of the existence of extra-scientific knowledge is the emergence from time to time of such directions, which received the generalized name "parascience". Parascience sins with the nebulosity and mystery of the information with which it operates. It uses information that is not confirmed by experiment, does not fit into accepted theories, or simply contradicts generally accepted and proven scientific knowledge.
2. Social knowledge is the knowledge of society. Through the efforts of scientists studying social phenomena, society cognizes itself, i.e. the subject of knowledge (society) and its object (society) coincide. People are the creators of social life and its changes, they also learn social reality, its history.
Features of social cognition:
1. The inclusion of a person as a social being in the social life that he studies;
2. The complexity of the object under study - society. Various social forces interact in social processes, diverse economic, political, spiritual causes are intertwined, many accidents invade them, the interests, will, and actions of many people intersect bizarrely.
3. In social cognition, the possibilities of observation and experiment are limited.
Some scientists, given the difficulties of social cognition, come to the conclusion that society is not amenable to scientific study. They believe that only a description of social phenomena is possible.
All human knowledge of society begins with the perception real facts. Social facts are events that took place at a certain time under certain conditions.
Types of social facts:
1. Actions, actions of people, individuals or large social groups.
2. Material and spiritual products of human activity.
3. Verbal actions - opinions, judgments, assessments.
LECTURES
in the discipline "Social Science"
Lecture No. 14
LECTURES
in the discipline "Social Science"
Lecture No. 15
LECTURES
in the discipline "Social Science"
Lecture No. 16
Religion is a system of people's ideas about the world around them, associated with the belief that an important or decisive role in all events is played not by material causes, but by mysterious supernatural spiritual forces or beings. In developed religions, everything was explained by the will of God.
2. During the existence of mankind there were many religions. Pantheism is known (from the Greek pan - universal and theos - god) - the identification of God with the whole world, the deification of nature. Such are the religious views of many primitive and modern peoples who, for one reason or another, have been delayed in their historical development.
Polytheism is also known (from the Greek poly - many and theos - god) - polytheism, inherent, for example, in the spiritual life of ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, ancient Slavs, a number of religious movements modern India. These systems also had chief god(Zeus in ancient Greece, Jupiter in ancient Rome, etc.), and numerous gods who took care of certain aspects of human life, embodied various natural and social phenomena.
There is also monotheism (from the Greek mono - one and theos - god) - monotheism, religious system recognizing one God. He is omnipotent, omniscient, omnipotent, all-good (i.e., has all the virtues). Christianity and Islam are monotheistic.
There is also atheism (from the Greek a - negation and theos - god) - the denial of the existence of gods, the denial of the necessity and legitimacy of the existence of religion.
Tribal religions, national (for example, Confucianism in China) and world religions, widespread in different countries and uniting a huge number of believers. The world religions traditionally include Buddhism, Christianity and Islam. According to the latest data, there are about 1,400 million Christians in the modern world, about 900 million adherents of Islam, and about 300 million Buddhists. In total, this is almost half of the inhabitants of the Earth.
Buddhism- the oldest of the world's religions, which received its name from the name, or rather from the honorary title, its founder Buddha, which means "Enlightened". Buddha Shakyamuni (a sage from the Shakya tribe) lived in India in the 5th-4th centuries. BC e. Other world religions - Christianity and Islam - appeared later (respectively five and twelve centuries later).
If we try to imagine this religion as if “from a bird's eye view”, we will see a colorful patchwork quilt of directions, schools, sects, subsects, religious parties and organizations.
Buddhism absorbed many diverse traditions of the peoples of those countries that fell into its sphere of influence, and also determined the way of life and thoughts of millions of people in these countries. Most adherents of Buddhism now live in the South, Southeast, Central and East Asia: Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Mongolia, Korea, Vietnam, Japan, Cambodia, Myanmar (former Burma), Thailand and Laos. In Russia, Buddhism is traditionally practiced by Buryats, Kalmyks and Tuvans.
Buddhists themselves count the time of the existence of their religion from the death of the Buddha, but among them there is no consensus about the years of his life. According to the tradition of the oldest Buddhist school - Theravada, the Buddha lived from b24 to 544 BC. e. According to the scientific version, the life of the founder of Buddhism is from 566 to 486 BC. e. In some branches of Buddhism, later dates are adhered to: 488-368. BC e. The birthplace of Buddhism is India (more precisely, the Ganges valley). Society ancient india It was divided into varnas (classes): brahmins (the highest class of spiritual mentors and priests), kshatriyas (warriors), vaishyas (merchants) and shudras (serving all other classes). Buddhism first addressed a person not as a representative of any class, clan, tribe or a certain gender, but as a person (unlike the followers of Brahmanism, the Buddha believed that women, along with men, are capable of achieving the highest spiritual perfection). For Buddhism, only personal merit was important in a person. So, the word “brahmin” Buddha calls any noble and wise person, regardless of his origin.
The biography of the Buddha reflects the fate real person framed by myths and legends, which over time almost completely pushed aside the historical figure of the founder of Buddhism. More than 25 centuries ago, in one of the small states in the north-east of India, the son of Siddhartha was born to King Shuddhodana and his wife Maya. His family name was Gautama. The prince lived in luxury, knowing no worries, eventually started a family and, probably, would have succeeded his father on the throne, if fate had not decreed otherwise.
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Section 1: Society and public relations.
1. Typology of society; Society and public relations.
2. The structure of society.
3.Osnovnye spheres of society.
- Typology of society; Society and public attitude.
Society is a concept that comes from an ordinary non-scientific language, therefore it does not have an exact definition. The traditional social concept is a set of people or as a set of social relations and this view of society is called social nominalism, however, this does not reveal the full concept, since in this case in addition to people and their relationships, there are relationships that have a significant impact
There is another point of view - social realism. Society - social realism which is not reduced to natural reality, but differs significantly from it.
It is for this reason that in modern society There have been many approaches to otlkovanie society.
The French sociologist Durkheim considered society as really existing outside of people and largely dependent on the so-called social factors.
A social factor is any mode of action that affects the life of people, but at the same time has its own existence independent of people.
In philosophy, society is understood in the narrow and broad sense of the word.
In a narrow sense, this is the definition of a stage in human history, as well as one or another set of people united for social and joint activities.
In a broad sense, society is a part of the material world isolated from nature, representing ways of interaction between people and forms of their unification.
But at the same time, society is not only a part of the material world isolated from nature, but also the result of a purposeful rationally organized life of people. In this regard, three main theories of approach have appeared to explain the concept of society:
1 Naturalistic
2 Idealistic
3 Materialistic
From a naturalistic point of view, society is seen as a natural continuation of the law of nature, the animal world and the cosmos. Montescu believed that society and its development are determined by the peculiarity of the geographic and natural climatic environment.
From the point of view of the idealistic concept of society. Its main is something spiritual.
From the point of view of the matreialist concept of society. It was developed by Karl Marx. The basis for the existence and development of society is one or another way of producing material goods, which develops regardless of people's consciousness
Society is part of the material world, developing according to its own laws, therefore, from the point of view materialistic concept it is something other than a natural and historical process that combines laws in combination with objective factors.
The main features of society.
1 Each society has a history that is stored in its memory. And besides, ideas are also reflected in those iconic cultural phenomena that form the basis of that lily or another society
2 Each has its own culture, which allows it to form and reflect the forms and values that are the basis of the birth of the national social. spheres.
3 Any society is the largest unit of social reality. It is not part of a larger society.
4 Society reproduces itself.
5 Society must have a state
6 Any society is characterized by social differentiation (stratification) into classes and estates.
Society is a rather complex self-developing system and in it certain relations inevitably arise in which people enter into the process of joint activity - social relations.
Public relations are a variety of forms and interactions and relationships and arise in the process of activity between social groups, as well as within them.
All social relations are divided into 2 groups material and spiritual.
Material relations arise and take shape directly at the entrance of people's practical activity and independently of their consciousness.
Spiritual relations are formed under the influence of social consciousness, through the ideal to spiritual values, which act as the root cause.
all the real variety of societies that existed before and now exist are divided into certain types, and several types, united by a similar feature or criteria, form a typology in social science.
There are several types of societies
1 Simple societies (no differentiation, no leader and subordinates)
2 Complex societies (in which there are several strata of the population and corresponding to several levels of government)
3 Historical (economic reform society)
4 Civilizational (traditional industrial and post-industrial)
The most famous typology of society is the typology of the philosopher Morgan, which he outlined in his work "Ancient society or the exclusion of the lines of human progress from savagery, through barbarism to civilization"
Savagery-Barbarism-Civilization (Each of these types is characterized by its own peculiarity of the reproduction of civilization)
Savagery is sociality through the production of such prices as power and mastery.
Mastery - through the value of fame
Civilization is the main value of wealth in the form of money and capitals.
Durkheim divided all societies into mechanical and organic
mechanical type. The highest meaning of the clan and tribe, but without them a person is nothing.
organic type. The highest value is the professionalism of an individual.
The basis of the Marxist typology was the level of development of the production of forces and the correlation or production of relations, therefore, in the typology of the society, they are divided into socio-economic formations.
This is the typology of society proposed by the American philosopher Popper. All societies were divided into closed and open.
In closed societies, they are depleted of a semi-biological connection, i.e. kinship, common life, participation in common affairs, some dangers, common pleasures and troubles, as a rule, such societies are totalitarian societies.
Open societies are democratic societies in which people have independence and are forced to make their own decisions.
- The structure of society.
Structure is a system of relatively stable relations between elements, its unity and order are maintained.
The main elements are:
1 element Social Instinct i.e. a socially accepted model that supports the forms of behavior and actions of people
Element 2 - these are individuals. Social groups differ in their position and role in public life.
3 element. Statuses and Roma i.e. these are the positions that were occupied by social objects that carry out the main social resources (wealth, power, education)
4 element. Functions supporting unity and vitality based on the distribution of responsibilities.
5 element. A body that maintains the unity of society on the basis of the division of labor and the market exchange of the products of its activities.
A social institution means some established generally accepted rule, stereotype, custom or tradition, i.e. is an object that is able to reproduce a stable component of social relations, as well as the disposition of positions relative to each other and regulate them.
A social institution is a means of establishing social relations and maintaining order in society, and it is a social institution that forces a person past personal relationships and protects society from conflicts, therefore, in every society there are 4 main groups of social institutions.
1 Economic Institute - regulates the relation of production and distribution of goods and services
2 A political institution that maintains an administrative relationship function or power relationship.
3 Cultural and spiritual institution, which ensures the succession of legal, artistic, ethical, moral and religious relations.
4 A social institution that reproduces the social positions of people.
Each group of social institutions is closely interconnected with each other and at the same time autonomous and has its own logic of development.
The group structure of society is a hierarchical organization of social space in which a social group or strata differ from each other in the degree of possession of property, power and culture.
For the first time he attempted to divide into groups - Plato, creating his model of an ideal state. The model of an ideal state developed by him included 3 main estates:
1 Philosophers - government
3 Workers (peasants and artisans) - production of material resources.
From the point of view of Marxist theory, society is divided into classes. From the point of view of theory, classes are people who differ:
a) a place in the system of social production
c) attitude to the production environment
c) role in the social organization of labor
d) the method of obtaining and the size of the share of public wealth that they have at their disposal.
There is a theory of technocratic determinism, according to which, in the structure of any society ... the technocratic emergence of which technology innovations
Technocracy is the main driving force social progress.
The theory of technocratic dederminism reduces the social structure of society to two social classes, which ensures the transition to a post-industrial society.
Technocracy refers to the production of a high-performance, high-tech product.
Humanocracy is those who ensure the production and reproduction of man himself as a subject of labor and society of life.
Social classes are usually open and not closed, their basis always corresponds to economic facts and derives 3 main classes:
1 Upper
2 Working
3 Medium
Some allow 4 classes, which include Christianism.
The role structure of society.
Statification is the division of society into certain statuses (positions) that are occupied by its people. Therefore, the status is the position of the social system that defines and supports society as a whole. interacts as a whole.
Functional structure
Functionality - to do or do something.
American sociologist identified 4 main functions
1 Adaptive function - the system must be able to adapt to the external environment (economy)
2 Goal-directed system - must be able to formulate its goals and achieve them (policy)
3 Integrative - inside the unit and emphasis. to be in line with your goals (su3d, prosecutor's office, police)
4 The latent system should preserve and support, within its means, learned by members of society, cultures and writing (family, lyric and, accordingly, education)
The active production structure is the organization as its main element. Organization comes from the ancient Greek word organo-other instrument. In order to produce something human society must be organized. The main features are:
1 Presence of activity goals.
2 Presence of a governing body
3 Coordination
4 Control
The essence of the concept of organization is a socio-cultural community created specifically to achieve goals. Organization-activities for organizing the inclusion of the plan, coordination of communications, motivation and control, management process. An organization is a hierarchical structure of connections and relationships between elements representing the administrative function of hierarchical positions and one-way personal dependencies.
- The main spheres of life of society.
In any society, there are 4 main areas
1 Economic
2 Social
3 Political
4 Spiritual
The economic sphere is the material production, distribution and exchange of material goods, the economic space that limits the economic life of the country, which carries out the economic life of the country and international economic cooperation. The main element of the economic sphere is material production. That is the condition for the existence of people.
The social sphere is the sphere of activity and mutual relations in society, ethnic groups, classes, professional and social democratic strata regarding the social conditions of their lives, therefore the social sphere is the formation of the establishment of class and national relations, working conditions, lifestyle and standard of living of people.
The political sphere is the relationship between classes, social groups, nations, political groups, as well as social groups regarding the correction of their policies as a result of their needs and interests.
The spiritual sphere is the sphere of people's relations regarding the creation, assimilation of people and their values. Forms and equations of social consciousness, which is understood as the ideal of social life relations.
