Philosophy (Greek "philo" - love and "sophia" - wisdom) - a theorized form of worldview; the doctrine of the general, universal characteristics of the world and the forms of its development by man.
outlook - a system of generalized views, i.e. knowledge and ideas, assessments and ideals, norms and principles that determine the attitude of a person to the natural and social reality surrounding him and to himself, and thereby determine his behavior and activities in it. In its most general form, this spiritual and practical self-determination of man in the world.
The main characteristics of the worldview:
Public nature (can be formed and function only in society);
Historical character (changes due to changing historical circumstances);
Consistency (interrelation and ordering of elements).
The structure of the worldview is very complex and includes a number of blocks (according to the orientation of the worldview attitude towards a particular area of reality) and levels (according to the predominant form of the worldview attitude).
The main worldview blocks:
- naturological(forms and expresses attitude to nature);
- sociological(forms and expresses attitude to society and its history);
- humanitarian(forms and expresses a person's attitude towards himself - self-knowledge and self-esteem);
- philosophical(integrates the previously named blocks into integrity, making the worldview systemic).
Main worldview levels:
E emotional and rational(world view) is formed on the basis, first of all, of individual life experience and the so-called "dissenting opinions", is expressed in the form of everyday knowledge and emotional-figurative ideas and assessments;
- conceptual and theoretical(world outlook) is formed by mastering socio-historical experience and scientific knowledge in the process, first of all, of education and self-education, it is expressed in the form of theoretically constructed worldview concepts and ideals;
- spiritual and practical(conviction) is formed on the basis of the previous ones by identifying in them ideas and knowledge that have a high personal significance in terms of a person’s self-determination and the development of life strategies and tactics for their implementation, expressed in the form of principles and norms that determine his goals, behavior and activities.
The main factors in the formation of the worldview:
- external factors: a) historical era; b) a certain socio-economic structure of society; c) features of culture (religious or atheistic, national and ethnic specificity, etc.); d) the social class structure of society and the place a person occupies in it; e) a person's social microenvironment (family and immediate environment - friends, educational and work teams, domestic environment, etc.);
- internal factors: a) self-education; b) self-education; c) self-realization in practical activities.
These factors determine the formation of certain social and historical types of worldview, which can be defined as the manifestation and expression in the individual worldviews of people of common (typical) worldview characteristics. TO social types worldviews include social class, sociocultural, professional, etc. historical types worldview It is customary to attribute systems of typical characteristics of the worldview inherent in the broad masses of people, regardless of their social affiliation. This is, first of all mythological, religious And philosophical types.
Mythological(gr. "myth" - legend, legend) – the most ancient type of worldview orientation of people. It had a general distribution in the conditions of primitive society with the almost complete absence of even elements of scientific knowledge, the absolute dominance of traditions in the life of the tribal community and, in this regard, the complete dependence of man on nature and other members of the tribal team. The main function of the myth is the preservation and maintenance of the tribal traditional way of life, which ensures survival in these harsh conditions. In myth, fantastic and realistic perceptions of reality are still inseparable (syncreted). characteristic features its are:
a) humanization of nature;
b) the presence of many gods (polytheism), living, as it were, among people, interacting with them and "responsible" for certain natural elements, and then the spheres of human activity;
c) practical focus on solving specific life problems;
d) figurative clarity of mythological plots;
e) almost complete absence abstract logical thinking.
Decomposition mythological worldview in connection with the development of production activities, the emergence and growth of elements of scientific knowledge and social class stratification in society, led to the gradual separation of religious and philosophical types of worldview from it.
Religious type of worldview arises and develops on the basis of the separation of the emotionally colored primitive beliefs contained in the myth. It is based on a rationally (logically) inexplicable belief of people in the presence of supernatural forces, most often - in a single and omnipotent creator (God), who determines the fate of the world and man in it.
Characteristic features of the religious worldview are also:
a) the division of the world into this world, in which a person exists during life, and the other world, in which his soul resides before the birth of the body and after his death;
b) the recognition of God's judgment, which determines the location of the soul (heaven or hell) on the basis of the sinfulness or sinlessness of a person's earthly life; c) recognition of a certain ritual, providing indirect contact with God (cult).
The main world religions are Buddhism, Christianity And Islam, the most common national religions - Shintoism, Hinduism And Judaism. The most important functions of religion as a worldview are:
a) compensatory and comforting, (maintaining people's hope for God's protection and help in misfortune, as well as the embodiment of unrealizable desires and ideals during life);
b) unifying (consolidation of people around certain ideas);
c) moral and educational (cultivating moral ideals and principles of behavior in society);
d) cultural (formation and dissemination of a certain culture).
The philosophical type of worldview is characterized by the fact that it:
a) rational (based on knowledge and relies on logical thinking); b) reflexively (there is an inversion of thought into oneself);
c) systemically (has an internal unity of its structure);
d) is based on a clear conceptual (categorical) apparatus. The emergence of the philosophical type of worldview historically coincides with the formation of philosophical and theoretical thought, and therefore their functions in society, which will be discussed in the next section, also largely coincide.
Philosophy (gr. "philo" - love and "sophia" - wisdom) - a theorized form of worldview; the doctrine of the general, universal characteristics of the world and the forms of its development by man.
outlook - a system of generalized views, i.e. knowledge and ideas, assessments and ideals, norms and principles that determine the attitude of a person to the natural and social reality surrounding him and to himself, and thereby determine his behavior and activities in it. In its most general form, this spiritual and practical self-determination of man in the world.
The main characteristics of the worldview:
Public nature (can be formed and function only in society);
Historical character (changes due to changing historical circumstances);
Consistency (interrelation and ordering of elements).
The structure of the worldview is very complex and includes a number of blocks (according to the orientation of the worldview attitude towards a particular area of reality) and levels (according to the predominant form of the worldview attitude).
The main worldview blocks:
- naturological(forms and expresses attitude to nature);
- sociological(forms and expresses attitude to society and its history);
- humanitarian(forms and expresses a person's attitude towards himself - self-knowledge and self-esteem);
- philosophical(integrates the previously named blocks into integrity, making the worldview systemic).
Main worldview levels:
E emotional and rational(world view) is formed primarily on the basis of individual life experience and the so-called "dissenting opinions", expressed in the form of everyday knowledge and emotional-figurative ideas and assessments;
- conceptual and theoretical(world outlook) is formed by mastering socio-historical experience and scientific knowledge in the process, primarily education and self-education, expressed in the form of theoretically built worldview concepts and ideals;
- spiritual and practical(conviction) is formed on the basis of the previous ones by identifying in them ideas and knowledge that have a high personal significance in terms of a person’s self-determination and the development of life strategies and tactics for their implementation, expressed in the form of principles and norms that determine his goals, behavior and activities.
The main factors in the formation of the worldview:
- external factors: A) historical era; b) a certain socio-economic structure of society; V) features of culture (religious or atheistic, national and ethnic specificity, etc.); G) the social class structure of society and the place occupied by man in it; e) the public microenvironment of a person (family and immediate environment - friends, educational and work teams, domestic environment, etc.);
- internal factors: A) self-education; b) self-education; V) self-realization in practice.
These factors determine the formation of certain social and historical types of worldview, which can be defined as the manifestation and expression in the individual worldviews of people of common (typical) worldview characteristics. TO social types worldviews include social class, sociocultural, professional, etc. historical types of worldview It is customary to attribute systems of typical characteristics of the worldview inherent in the broad masses of people, regardless of their social affiliation. This is first of all mythological, religious And philosophical types.
Mythological (gr. "myth" - legend, legend) – the most ancient type of worldview orientation of people. It had a general distribution in the conditions of primitive society with the almost complete absence of even elements of scientific knowledge, the absolute dominance of traditions in the life of the tribal community and, in this regard, the complete dependence of man on nature and other members of the tribal team. The main function of the myth is to preserve and maintain the tribal traditional way of life that ensures survival in these harsh conditions In the myth is still inseparable (syncretized) fantastic and realistic perception of reality. Its characteristic features are: A) humanization of nature; b) the presence of many gods (polytheism), living, as it were, among people, interacting with them and “responsible” for certain natural elements, and then the spheres of human activity; V) practical focus on solving specific life problems; G) figurative visualization of mythological plots; e) almost complete absence of abstract-logical reflections.
The decomposition of the mythological worldview in connection with the development of production activities, the emergence and growth of elements of scientific knowledge and social class stratification in society led to the gradual separation of religious and philosophical types of worldview from it.
Religious type of worldview arises and develops on the basis of the separation of the emotionally colored primitive beliefs contained in the myth. It is based on a rationally (logically) inexplicable faith of people in the presence of supernatural forces, most often in a single and omnipotent creator (God), who determines the fate of the world and man in it. Characteristic features of the religious worldview are also: A) the splitting of the world into this world, in which a person exists during life, and the other world, in which his soul resides before the birth of the body and after his death; b) recognition of God's judgment, which determines the location of the soul (heaven or hell) on the basis of the sinfulness or sinlessness of a person's earthly life; V) recognition of a certain ritual, providing indirect contact with God (cult). The main world religions are Buddhism, Christianity And Islam, the most common national religions - Shintoism, Hinduism And Judaism. The most important functions of religion as a worldview are: A) compensatory and comforting, (maintaining people's hope for God's protection and help in misfortune, as well as for the embodiment of desires and ideals that cannot be realized during life); b) unifying (consolidation of people around certain ideas); V) moral and educational (cultivating moral ideals and principles of behavior in society); G) culturological (formation and dissemination of a certain culture).
The philosophical type of worldview is characterized by the fact that it is: a) rational (based on knowledge and based on logical thinking); b) reflexively (there is an inversion of thought into oneself); c) system-dark (has an internal unity of its structure); d) is based on a clear conceptual apparatus. The emergence of the philosophical type of worldview historically coincides with the formation of philosophical and theoretical thought, and therefore their functions in society, which will be discussed in the next section, also largely coincide.
Each person has personal ideas about the norms of good and evil, own view of the world and the place of man in it, ideals, principles, etc.
In sum, all this information forms a category called and serves for a person as a kind of beacon in the spiritual and material world.
Periods of formation
During what period of a person's life does the formation of his worldview take place?
Worldview formation is dynamic process.
Throughout life, a person's views change depending on the acquired experience and knowledge, external influence and internal searches.
However, the worldview not formed spontaneously and is tied to those associated with education, integration into society as they grow older, a growing level and the ability to analyze the world based on their own experience and its further analysis.
preschool age
First of all, it happens the formation of simple and narrow concepts aimed mainly at ways of being in the world. Malykh learns to single out categories and subcategories, as if tearing off piece by piece from the integral reality.
He begins to think and draw conclusions, find and analyze options behavioral strategies(their own and others).
Through communication with parents, relatives, caregivers and peers, the child learns the social environment and variety of social roles.
Junior school age
During this period, the student forms an idea of the world mostly due to teachers and the school curriculum.
But now the child can independently satisfy the desire for knowledge with the help of the Internet, books or informal communication with adults.
School items introduce children to the phenomena of nature and social life, laying the foundation for the further formation of principles and ideals, and a holistic picture of the world.
Teenage years
Ways
If we consider the formation of a worldview as a learning process, we can distinguish the following methods (methods):
- verbal methods(this includes conversations, dialogues, discussions, disputes, explanations, stories, lectures and other forms of human interaction, during which the listener develops a worldview);
- visual methods(a person becomes an observer in relation to static or dynamic images, films, drawings and entire processes, scientific experiments, experiments, performances, etc.);
- practical methods(mental or practical exercises, independent study processes and situations, etc.).
The outlook is also formed under the influence of authority figures(educators, parents, older siblings, etc.) who use the methods of conversation, persuasion, teaching, assignments, etc.
They also use stimulating techniques through reward and punishment.
Taken together, all these ways of forming a worldview allow the “educator” to fix the given norms of behavior in the mind of a person.
Paths - passive and active
When a person chooses passive way of forming a worldview, it focuses on external conditions. In this version, a person tries to comply with generally accepted standards, adjust his views, principles, ideals and guidelines to the norms of the society in which he lives.
Individual features are erased, giving way to "herd" ones. Only emotions that arise during the observation of certain events remain personal.
But even emotions are often “like everyone else’s,” because other evaluation factors are mixed in with them.
An active way of forming a worldview is a constant search.
A person consciously asks himself questions and looks for answers to them.
It is important to quickly find signs of someone else's influence and attempts to subdue, to fit under a single "norm", so as not to become raw material in the hands.
A person who has chosen an active path must also know the means necessary for the formation of a worldview and the methods of their use.
And it is especially important to imagine and be aware of what the worldview should be.
Factors influencing the formation of a worldview
For that, in order for a worldview to be formed, it is necessary:
- experience;
- metaphors;
- information.
Information and metaphors we get it entirely from external sources ( educational establishments, mass media, communication with people, own search for knowledge).
And here experience we live within as a feeling state.
We experience and accept/deny the veracity of certain knowledge.
outlook is the first step. After all, it is thanks to the formed worldview that a person can say that he is doing the right thing or wrong, since certain guidelines and patterns of behavior have already been formed in his head.
How to start new life and change yourself? will help you.
The worldview of a person and its structure, the worldview of a person - the formation of a worldview:
Many of us have already thought about the fact that not all intentions and plans have been achieved. Analyzing the causes of this phenomenon, we conclude that life depends not only on desires and actions.
It is full of accidents that cannot be predicted. Unfortunately, most of humanity thinks this way, and few people are ready to be responsible for their actions and intentions.
But there are no accidents in the Universe, there is a pattern in everything. Every thought of a person is conditioned by his worldview. And the correctness of decisions depends on how accurately the true state of things is displayed in the mind of a person, that is, his decisions and intentions are influenced by the structure of the worldview, the standards of which not everyone succeeds in rethinking.
Worldview - a set of views, assessments, principles and figurative representations that determine the most general vision, understanding of the world, a person's place in it, as well as his life positions, programs of behavior, actions. It gives its activity an organized, meaningful and purposeful character.
How a person's worldview affects his life
The concept and structure of the worldview are determined by the attitude of a person to the world around him and to himself, which depends on the totality of his views, principles and beliefs. There are more than seven billion of us, and each of us has our own individual and absolutely unique view of the world. Just as there are no identical fingerprints or retinal structures, so general idea about the world, too.
For each object or phenomenon, we form our own image, often accompanied by sound. In our minds, a chain of interconnections of musical figurative files is built, depending on individual thoughts.
All human life is accompanied by an incredible number of concepts and images, especially in the last sixty years, people perceive dozens of times more information in all branches of knowledge.
This phenomenon causes the need to rethink life and compare it with their stereotypes, makes people see the cause-and-effect relationships between the images of the phenomena of the world.
The more successfully and earlier the rethinking comes, the more integral the worldview and its structure, the better life becomes. Based on everything that happens, the worldview is divided into two types.
Types of worldview
- kaleidoscopic view
The first type is the kaleidoscopic worldview. In this form, the images of phenomena do not have stable relationships with each other.
Just as in a child's toy, the beautiful bewitching pictures of which senselessly change in a chaotic order, so in the worldview there is no connection between the images of phenomena, only a small part of them are interconnected for the primitive existence of people.
This may be knowledge in professional activities or the norms of etiquette. A more complete picture, which is the relationship between the factology of various industries and knowledge, is not formed or is in the mind for a short time. The slightest stress can provoke the destruction of an inferior picture of the worldview.
- mosaic view
The second model is the mosaic worldview. In it, all the images and facts are built into a single mosaic canvas. If a person lacks an element to complete the picture, then he, with his imagination of perceiving its integrity, is able to find the missing detail.
A person with this type of worldview perceives the world as ordered and unified, each phenomenon is due to both cause and effect, is explained by the generation of the past that determines the future, and factual knowledge is firmly interconnected.
But these are two extremes of worldview types, which practically do not occur in life. Humans have worldviews that are either more kaleidoscopic or mosaic-like. But, unfortunately, most people have a kaleidoscopic idiotic worldview.
In order not to force the reader's brain with scientific terms and concepts, let's consider the structure of the worldview of most people using the simplest example.
An example of the prevailing kaleidoscopic worldview
Alcohol is used in everyday life as a fat solvent. Most of us have used alcohol to remove grease stains or degrease surfaces. It follows that alcohol breaks down fat. The shell of a cell of a living organism consists of lipids, which means fat in translation. By consuming alcohol, the protective shell of the cells of the body is destroyed, thereby the cell becomes defenseless to the penetration of toxins into it.
The sex cells of a woman responsible for the birth of a child tend to end, since their number is laid down from birth, being spent, they are not updated. This is a known fact. Now let's try to assemble the mosaic. Alcohol destroys the protective shell of the germ cell, which causes its deformation. Conception in such a sex cell does not guarantee a full-fledged child.
This interrelation of facts is confirmed by statistics that are not hidden. Communication is direct! But the kaleidoscopic worldview of most people, ignoring this connection, consumes alcohol with or without reason. And when a child with disabilities is born, they complain about chance, pitying themselves and turning to God. But there is only one reason - a careless attitude towards one's own life. This is how the elements of the human worldview are composed. The connection seems to be visible, but not everyone draws a parallel.
How a worldview is formed
Based on the formed inner world a person is formed by his worldview.
The inner world includes such factors:
- human intelligence, depending on the need for knowledge about oneself, about the world around, about life and its meaning, as well as about professionalism in one or more areas;
- subjective primary emotional attitude to a situation or an image of a phenomenon, expressed in surprise or admiration, in joy or suffering, in anger or fear, in shame or pride, etc.;
- feelings that differ from emotions in a longer state, and are based on a clearly expressed objective character (morality, aesthetics, intelligence, ethics);
- direction and environment of the individual.
It is believed that the elements of the worldview combine all of the above personality traits and are divided into three categories: emotional-psychological, cognitive-intellectual and historical.
The path to the human worldview through historical facts
The average worldview of most people, regardless of religious or ideological systems, scientific or worldly knowledge, is based on an ancient system of concepts.
Teacher V.I. At the end of the 19th century, Vodovozov wrote about the worldview of the ancient Egyptians, where he explained in an accessible way the connection of four systems: substance (matter), the force acting on it (spirit or force fields), the space allotted for it and constantly changing in time. This suggests that generalizing concepts have not been changed since the time of the ancient Egyptians.
Einstein's theory also confirms the fact of the relationship, but three concepts, excluding the spirit. There is no such thing as a spirit in science, these are subtle matters that are perceived by the senses. Now they are called physical fields. But the aspect of meaning and idea, in other words information, was lost by science.
We strive for a mosaic view of the worldview, but we come to abstract spirituality, forgetting about the ultimate generalization of images that reflect the world. Without measure and matter, space and time cannot exist, and vice versa.
As a result, we can come to an understanding of the existence of three generalizing concepts:
- matter in all existing states (from liquid state to vacuum);
- information, which is an image of a material phenomenon, which constitutes the worldview;
- measure, as the ordering of matter and images in numerical terms in the mind of the individual.
Questions arise: “So why have people still not reached the understanding of a generalized system of worldview? Why do most people perceive stereotypes laid down from antiquity? Judging by many facts, such a worldview is deliberately supported in society.
conclusions
The whole history of mankind was accompanied by two groups of knowledge. Some knowledge was available to everyone, while others - for a narrow managerial circle. In order to retain managerial powers, this circle purposefully kept the illiteracy and inadequacy of the worldview of society. Thus society was dependent on a group of people.
Plutarch also described the indignation of Alexander the Great about the publication by Aristotle, his teacher, of some philosophical teachings. Alexander, in a letter to Aristotle, pointed out the mistake of publishing the teachings that were intended for the chosen people.
Aristotle responded with a soothing letter. He promulgated only a part of the teachings, which, without additional explanations, cannot be fully perceived by the people. How many texts cannot be understood by the common people without explanatory keys to them.
Francis Bacon noticed nineteen centuries later that knowledge is power. This suggests that there has always been that group of people who had a more perfect worldview.
Trinity in worldview
Misunderstanding of the trinity excludes the possibility of a person's view of himself from the outside. If someone more understanding tries to convey his point of view to society, then such an attempt is perceived by society and the individual separately as an attack on their personal opinion (stereotype).
As a result, the imperfect worldview of mankind makes all kinds of mistakes, leading the whole world to a catastrophic state and a psychological crisis. Internal social and personal problems are being created, which in the near future will lead to the collapse of the entire system, whether family or state. And only we can decide whether it is necessary to understand the trinity.
The essence of the worldview. Needs, interests, aspirations, ideals, beliefs occupy a large place in the structure of the personality, in the system of its leading motivating forces. The latter in the spiritual structure of the individual has a special role. Determining the relationship of a person to the world, to people, to himself, they really control his behavior and activities.
Beliefs are a structural element of a broader concept - worlds ozz rhenium.
outlook – it is a system of a person's views on the world and on his own place in it, in which his attitude to reality is expressed: to the social environment, to natural phenomena, to the ties between man and society.
A worldview is a more generalized and higher level of a person's attitude to the world around him, it integrates all other (social, moral, aesthetic, etc.) relations and acts as a powerful factor in a person's personal development.
Worldview and morality are the leading characteristics of a person. Examples and facts from the life of famous people (A. Sakharov, General Karbyshev, Archpriest Avvakum, A. Schweitzer, A. Solzhenitsyn, etc.) indicate that the worldview not only has a strong impact on the spiritual and moral development of a person, but also makes his unshakable and persistent in life circumstances, hardships and difficulties.
A worldview is not just a sum of knowledge about the world. It manifests itself as consciousness(knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, ideals), and in emotional(feelings, emotions) and practical areas(behavior, actions, activities). That is, the worldview as a system of views causes a person certain experiences, an emotional response. From this we can draw an important pedagogical conclusion: in the process of forming a worldview, it is necessary to influence the emotions and feelings of students in order to evoke a personal attitude to reality.
Knowledge becomes the property of the individual only when a person enters into real relationships with people. Actions, actions, relationships, the entire sphere of human behavior and activity depend on his worldview. Penetrating into the depths of the volitional qualities of the individual, the worldview is the inner core that organizes actions and deeds into a complex, but unified system of its behavior.
worldview functions. The worldview performs a number of functions: informational, regulatory, evaluative.
Informational the function is associated with a certain way of perceiving the phenomena and events of the surrounding world and their reflection in the mind of a person. Worldview makes the world of nature and society understandable for a person, forms an enlightened consciousness, equips with methods of cognizing reality, enriches with a system of value orientations.
Regulatory the function is connected with the fact that the behavior and activity of a person are determined by his consciousness, his views and beliefs. If a person has formed one or another worldview, has developed stable views and beliefs, then they, as a rule, determine his actions and deeds, are the starting position in practical activities.
Estimated the function of the worldview is related to the fact that a person evaluates all the phenomena of life around him based on his views and beliefs, that is, the worldview acts as a prism through which a person looks at the world and in a certain way evaluates all phenomena and events occurring in it.
Stages of formation of outlook. The formation and development of a worldview is a complex, multi-valued, internally connected process in which several stages can be distinguished.
Worldview as an attitude to the world and perception of oneself in the world begins to take shape quite early. The preschooler has attitude, which determines the well-being of the child in the world around him. The younger student has worldview- a form of direct sensory reflection of reality. The main function of world perception is the accumulation of sensory experience. The perception of the world is not a mirror reflection of reality, it is included in the system of the child's previous experience, in the system of his relations with reality. The perception of the world at this stage occurs at the emotional-figurative level, creating in the mind of the child an “image of the world” (A.N. Leontiev).
Adolescents develop scientific worldview- reflection of the essence of phenomena, cause-and-effect relationships and relationships between them. At this stage, the formation scientific concepts, awareness of laws, patterns.
High school students develop scientific outlook. Its qualitative characteristics are: materialistic and dialectical perception of the world, a meaningful explanation of its development, a humanistic position in relation to social phenomena, an attitude towards science as the most important value that allows a person to be the master of his own destiny.
Types of worldview. Each person has their own ideas and views, their own attitude to what is happening. But the qualitative characteristics of these ideas, views and attitudes are different. Depending on the content of the worldview and its connections with scientific knowledge, faith and life experience of a person, three types of worldview are distinguished: scientific, religious and everyday, or worldly.
Scientific outlook relies on the scientific picture of the world, on the conclusions and generalizations made on the basis of scientific analysis and understanding of cause-and-effect phenomena. The scientific worldview is objectively correct.
Religious worldview relies on the intuitive-emotional, subjective religious experience of the individual. It is based on a person's belief in the existence of God or other supernatural forces, the immortality of the soul, etc. At the same time, religious figures rely not only on otherworldly forces, but also use physical, historical, philosophical knowledge, especially those that are on the border of the known and the unknown, and build their ideology on this basis.
Ordinary (everyday) worldview It is formed under the influence of the immediate conditions of people's lives, passing from generation to generation in the form of spiritual experience, common sense, empirical and not always systematized ideas about the world. Ordinary worldview is based on worldly knowledge and usually reflects external, not always essential signs of things, events, phenomena.
The internal structure of the worldview. The most important structural components of the worldview are: a) knowledge system, b) views, c) beliefs, d) human ideals. In turn, these structural components of the worldview can be divided into two groups: objective(knowledge) and subjective(views, beliefs, ideals). What role do they play in the structure of the worldview?
Knowledge as an objective component of the worldview they represent a system of scientific truths. They are associated with understanding and understanding the objective side of natural and social phenomena.
In order for knowledge to contribute to the formation and development of a worldview, it must acquire a subjective meaning for a person, i.e. go into his views and beliefs.
views there are judgments, the subjective conclusion of a person, which is associated with the explanation of certain natural and social phenomena, the definition of his attitude to these phenomena.
Beliefs– a qualitatively higher state of mind. This is knowledge that has passed into the internal position of the individual. Determining the relationship of a person to the world, to people, to himself, they really control his behavior and activities. Beliefs are knowledge that induces, this is what a person deeply comprehended and emotionally experienced and that he is ready to defend and defend in any conditions.
The stability of convictions is an undoubted dignity of a person, because thanks to it, a person feels himself and represents a certain integrity, value and individuality for those around him. A person who does not have his own convictions is easy to control.
Ideals are an organic component of the worldview. Ideal(from the Greek idea - idea, concept, representation) - this is the comprehension and emotional acceptance of the highest perfection in something, something that becomes the goal of the activity, the life aspiration of the individual.
The ideal of a person is a mental and emotional anticipation of what he wants and can become.
Psychological and pedagogical conditions for the formation of a worldview.
Worldview is formed in educational, labor and active social activities. Cognition of the world and the formation of views and beliefs occurs mainly in educational activities through the content of educational material. Each academic subject contains leading ideas that, being assimilated by schoolchildren, become the basis of their worldview.
The subjects of the natural-mathematical cycle reveal the ideas of the materiality of the natural world, the dialectical nature of physical phenomena, the interconnection and interdependence of various forms of existence and the movement of matter.
Of particular importance for the formation of a worldview are subjects of the social and humanitarian cycle. History, social science, the foundations of the state and law, like natural objects, have a single philosophical and historical basis. By studying these subjects, schoolchildren learn the basic laws and prospects for the life of human society.
The central place in the formation of the emotional side of the worldview, in the education of moral and aesthetic feelings is occupied by objects of art: literature, music, fine arts and, penetrating into the content of various educational subjects, theater and cinema. These items develop an aesthetic attitude to reality, create a holistic picture of the world.
During childhood, the most active emotional attitude of the child to the world, it is important to organize his own practical creative activity in various types of art as a means of worldview self-expression, self-awareness, self-education, and broadening of horizons.
However, views and beliefs cannot exist without being manifested in vigorous activity. Therefore, the task of teachers is to ensure that the views of schoolchildren on the world are expressed not only in the ability to explain the essence of phenomena, but also in practical social and labor activities.
Labor activity makes it possible to test knowledge in practice, to verify the correctness of one's views, to realize oneself as a person acting in accordance with one's own convictions.
Participation of children in social activities forms an active civic position, prepares the ground for the emergence of stable beliefs. Therefore, it is necessary from childhood to involve children in matters that have a socially significant meaning, a pronounced public benefit.
In order for the process of forming a worldview to be successful, it is necessary to comply with certain psychological and pedagogical conditions, contributing to the translation of knowledge into the views, beliefs, ideals of the individual.
1. Deep understanding of knowledge, analysis of facts, phenomena, events, insight into the essence of scientific concepts, laws, ideas.
2. The active subjective position of the student in mastering this knowledge: independent search, independent work, participation in solving problems, in research, working with sources, maximum mental activity.
3. The assimilation of worldview knowledge should be based on the emotions and feelings of the child, cause deep feelings. Passing through the emotional sphere, knowledge acquires a personal character.
4. It is necessary to form in students a personal attitude to the cognizable phenomena of nature and social life. An active positive (compared to indifferent and negative) attitude of the student to the content of worldview ideas forms confidence in their truth, rightness and justice, and makes them inner truth.
5. To create an objective and holistic picture of the world, it is necessary to establish interdisciplinary connections, and highlight the leading ideas in each academic subject.
6. Close connection of education with life, with active labor and social activities.
7. Of great importance is the personality of the teacher, his views, beliefs, life position.
Features of the formation of the worldview in younger students.
The formation of a worldview is a long process. It is associated with constant and continuous changes in the overall development of students, and therefore the system of ideas, concepts and ideas about the world around them at various stages of their schooling and education will be different.
At the initial stage of education, the school does not set the task of creating in students a coherent and complete system of views on the laws of development of nature and society. This is due the following reasons: small life experience of children, lack of knowledge and underdevelopment of abstract thinking, which is the basis for the formation of a worldview. Therefore, in elementary school, only the formation of initial figurative representations, primary concepts and ideas of a worldview character, which create a “picture of the world” in the mind, is possible.
At the heart of the child's initial perception and comprehension of reality, initial knowledge about the world are two central concepts: "nature" and "society". The essential features of these concepts are revealed through specific ideas that are formed in younger students.
Nature:
- nature around us, living and inanimate nature, their relationships;
- causes of seasonal changes in the life of nature;
- the reasons for the change of day and night;
- the causes of natural phenomena;
- the relationship of the flora and fauna of the Earth, their connection with the conditions of life;
- man as a part of nature, the relationship of man and nature;
- the attitude of man to nature (environmental aspect), etc.
Society:
- motherland as the place where a person was born;
- traditions, customs, customs, history of the motherland;
- national features of people's lives;
- society as a social environment of a person;
- human and society; man among men;
- peace on planet Earth;
- a citizen of the country;
- laws of the country;
– human rights and ways to protect them, etc.
All these representations, concepts and ideas help the formation of a holistic picture of the world of younger students.
