Why does man treat nature with no respect? Why, instead of protecting her, he only harms? Why does he turn a blind eye to the consequences of his actions? The writer Leonid Maksimovich Leonov poses such questions in his text, forcing us to reflect on the problem of man's relationship to nature.
Leonid Maksimovich tells about the boy Ivan, who is kind to nature. He watches how they cut down the forest, which is very dear to him. The boy cannot endure this, because "the end of his fairy tale" is coming. The author draws our attention to the fact that Knyshev, who cuts down a tree, not only does not think about the consequences of his action, he “slightly delays his pleasure, which simple people they never forgave even real executioners.”
The man Ivan cannot restrain his emotions, and shoots Knyshev with a slingshot, and then calls him names. But the man is not angry with the boy, he thinks that Ivan is the only one who "stands up for the Russian forests with his fists." Other people, even those who see the problem, do not pay attention to it, do not try to do anything to solve it.
Developing his thought, the author leads us to the statement that a person should think about what harm he brings to nature. There are people who do not remain indifferent, ready to protect nature, but there are also those who only enjoy harming it, thinking only about their own benefit.
My point of view on this problem is similar to the opinion of Leonid Maksimovich. I also think that the attitude of people to nature is very different.
But those who cut down forests and engage in poaching must understand what their activities will lead to and not turn a blind eye to these consequences. I will provide proof of my thoughts.
Let us turn to the work of Viktor Petrovich Astafiev "Tsar-fish". One of the problems that the writer considers is the problem of human greed in relation to nature. The protagonist of the work is Ignatich, a poacher fisherman. He is ready to help people in trouble, but he is only trying to show his importance, he tries to do everything himself so as not to share it with anyone. The same happens in fishing: Ignatich tries to catch as much as possible, and one day he almost dies because of his greed, unable to cope with a huge sturgeon. In this work, V.P. Astafiev shows the consumer attitude of man to nature, and then demonstrates that this can lead to his death.
I recall the story of V.G. Rasputin "Farewell to Matyora" In this work, the author is looking for a solution to a variety of problems, one of which is the problem of the relationship between man and nature. A dam for a power plant is being built on one of the Siberian rivers, because of which “the water will rise, flood everything around and, of course, Matera”. It would seem that these are small sacrifices for the benefit of all mankind, but for the inhabitants of Matera, such as the old woman Daria, resettlement from the flooded village, where they spent their whole life, is tantamount to death. Before our eyes goes under the water old village and with it the whole world. The destruction of nature always entails consequences, one of which is the spiritual loss of man. This work is devoted to this topic.
As you can see, L.M. Leonov touches on an important issue and brings us to the idea of how important it is, first of all, to respect nature, and only then think about your own benefit. Many people do not notice the consequences of their actions, but, fortunately, there are those who are not indifferent to nature.
Updated: 2017-04-02
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Passing the Unified State Exam is just a small test that every student will have to go through on the way to adulthood. Already today, many graduates are familiar with the delivery of essays in December, and then with the delivery of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language. Topics that can come across for writing an essay are completely different. And today we will give several examples of what works can be taken as an argument "Nature and Man".
About the topic
Many authors wrote about the relationship between man and nature (arguments can be found in many works of world classical literature).
To properly reveal this topic, you need to correctly understand the meaning of what you are being asked. Most often, students are asked to choose a topic (if we are talking about an essay on literature). Then the choice is given to several statements of famous personalities. The main thing here is to subtract the meaning that the author introduced into his quote. Only then can the role of nature in human life be explained. You can see the arguments from the literature on this topic below.
If we are talking about the second part of the examination paper in the Russian language, then here the student is already given the text. This text usually contains several problems - the student independently chooses the one that seems to him the easiest to solve.
It must be said that few students choose this topic, because they see difficulties in it. Well, everything is very simple, just look at the works from the other side. The main thing is to understand what arguments from the literature about man and nature can be used.
Problem one
Arguments ("The problem of man and nature") can be completely different. Let us take such a problem as man's perception of nature as something alive. Problems of nature and man, arguments from literature - all this can be put together if you think about it.
Arguments
Take Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace. What can be used here? Let us remember Natasha, who, leaving the house one night, was so struck by the beauty of peaceful nature that she was ready to spread her arms like wings and fly away into the night.
Let's remember the same Andrew. Experiencing heavy emotional unrest, the hero sees an old oak tree. What does he feel about it? He perceives the old tree as a powerful, wise being, which makes Andrei think about the right decision in his life.
At the same time, if the beliefs of the heroes of "War and Peace" support the possibility of the existence of a natural soul, then the protagonist of Ivan Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" thinks quite differently. Since Bazarov is a man of science, he denies any manifestation of the spiritual in the world. Nature is no exception. He studies nature from the point of view of biology, physics, chemistry and other natural sciences. However, natural wealth does not inspire any faith in Bazarov - it is only an interest in the world around him, which will not change.
These two works are perfect for revealing the theme "Man and Nature", the arguments are easy to give.
Second problem
The problem of human awareness of the beauty of nature is also often found in classical literature. Let's look at the available examples.
Arguments
For example, the same work by Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace". Recall the first battle in which Andrei Bolkonsky participated. Tired and wounded, he carries the banner and sees clouds in the sky. What emotional excitement Andrey experiences when he sees the gray sky! The beauty that makes him hold his breath, that inspires him with strength!
But in addition to Russian literature, we can also consider works of foreign classics. Take Margaret Mitchell's famous work Gone with the Wind. The episode of the book, when Scarlett, having gone a long way home, sees her native fields, albeit overgrown, but so close, such fertile lands! What does the girl feel? She suddenly ceases to be restless, she ceases to feel tired. A new surge of strength, the emergence of hope for the best, the confidence that tomorrow everything will be better. It is nature, the landscape of the native land that saves the girl from despair.
Third problem
Arguments (“The role of nature in human life” - a topic) are also quite easy to find in the literature. It is enough to recall only a few works that tell us about the impact nature has on us.
Arguments
For example, Ernest Hemingway's "The Old Man and the Sea" is great as an argument for writing. Recall the main features of the plot: the old man goes to sea for a big fish. A few days later, he finally has a catch: he comes across a beautiful shark in his net. Waging a long battle with the animal, the old man pacifies the predator. While the main character is moving towards the house, the shark is slowly dying. All alone, the old man begins to talk to the animal. The way home is very long, and the old man feels how the animal becomes his own. But he understands that if the predator is released into the wild, he will not survive, and the old man himself will be left without food. Other marine animals appear, hungry and smelling the metallic smell of the blood of a wounded shark. By the time the old man arrives home, there is nothing left of the fish he has caught.
This work clearly shows how easy it is for a person to get used to the world around him, how hard it is often to lose some seemingly insignificant connection with nature. In addition, we see that a person is able to resist the elements of nature, which acts solely according to its own laws.
Or let's take Astafiev's work "Tsar-fish". Here we observe how nature is able to revive all the best qualities of man. Inspired by the beauty of the world around them, the heroes of the story understand that they are capable of love, kindness, and generosity. Nature causes in them the manifestation of the best qualities of character.
Fourth problem
The problem of the beauty of the environment is directly related to the problem of the relationship between man and nature. Arguments can also be cited from Russian classical poetry.
Arguments
Let's take as an example the Silver Age poet Sergei Yesenin. We all know from high school that in his lyrics Sergei Alexandrovich sang not only feminine beauty but also natural. Being a native of the village, Yesenin became an absolutely peasant poet. In his poems, Sergei sang of Russian nature, paying attention to those details that go unnoticed by us.
For example, the poem “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry” perfectly draws us the image of a blooming apple tree, the flowers of which are so light that they actually resemble a sweet haze among the greenery. Or the poem “I remember, darling, I remember”, which tells us about unhappy love, with its lines allows you to plunge into a beautiful summer night, when lindens are blooming, the sky is starry, and the moon is shining somewhere in the distance. It creates a feeling of warmth and romance.
Two more poets of the "golden age" of literature, who sang of nature in their poems, can be used as arguments. “Man and nature meet at Tyutchev and Fet. Their love lyrics constantly intersect with descriptions of natural landscapes. They endlessly compared the objects of their love with nature. Afanasy Fet's poem "I came to you with greetings" was just one of these works. Reading the lines, you don’t immediately understand what exactly the author is talking about - about love for nature or love for a woman, because he sees infinitely much in common in the features of a loved one with nature.
Fifth problem
Speaking of arguments ("Man and Nature"), one can meet another problem. It consists of human intervention in environment.
Arguments
As an argument that will reveal the understanding of this problem, we can name the “Heart of a Dog” by Mikhail Bulgakov. The main character is a doctor who decided to create a new man with a dog's soul with his own hands. The experiment did not bring positive results, only created problems and ended in failure. As a result, we can conclude that what we create from a ready-made natural product can never become better than that what was originally, no matter how much we try to improve it.
Despite the fact that the work itself has a slightly different meaning, this work can be considered from this angle of view.
Today, humanity is forced to solve global environmental problems and develop a concept of interaction with nature that would provide a way out of the crisis and further progressive development of mankind. In this regard, there is a rethinking of positions on the most key issues, in particular, on the relationship between Nature and Man.
In Western culture, the opposition between Man and Nature is traditional, a unitary-practical attitude towards it prevails. It is characterized by the dominance of value human personality over the value of nature. In Eastern culture, a person is considered as a special, spiritualized part of nature, while the ideal of minimal interference in natural processes dominates. The value of nature dominates the value of man.
In the same time, modern stage development of human civilization is going through a process of dialogue of cultures, the contact of different philosophies. From this position special attention deserves the philosophy of Russian cosmism, which is represented by the names of N.A. Berdyaeva, I.V. Kireevsky, V.S. Solovyova, K.E. Tsiolkovsky and others. For the ideologists of this trend, nature and man are equal values. The ideal is the harmonious development of man and nature.
So, academician V.I. Vernadsky considered all stages of the development of human culture as a natural process of the development of the planet: "The earth's surface changed by culture is not something alien to nature and superficial in it, but is a natural and inevitable manifestation of life as a natural phenomenon." “Man,” he notes further, “... like all living organisms, like any living substance, is a certain function of the biosphere.” IN AND. Vernadsky comes to the conclusion that humanity, as part of living matter, will have to take responsibility for the future development of the biosphere.
Thus, in contemporary culture the contours of a new view of the world are becoming more and more clearly defined, within the framework of which a new vision of man is being formed as an organic part of nature, and not as its ruler. That's why last years the system of ecological education is considered as a socio-natural phenomenon. This implies not only the unity of the social and biological in the person himself, but also the unity of the child, society and the natural environment, as components of the system of environmental education.
An analysis of philosophical and cultural studies allows us to conclude that environmental issues include all the basic components of culture: a person and the system of his relations with the environment, the ratio of human capabilities and his freedom, momentary and transient values, and the solution of environmental problems lies on the way. creation new culture relationship that allows man to overcome his alienation from nature.
The upbringing of a person “as an organic part of nature”, first of all, is inextricably linked with the category of “attitude”. The general philosophical interpretation of this category sounds like this: “the relationship of elements in a particular system”.
Or, it is “a way of participating in the existence of things as a condition for revealing and realizing the properties hidden in them.”
In some literary sources, the category "attitude" is considered widely, for example, in conjunction with the category "Worldview": "Worldview is, on the one hand, a reflection of the world, on the other hand, a person's value attitude towards it and acts as a method of cognition" . At the same time, the value attitude is the internal position of the individual, reflecting the relationship of personal and social values. The value attitude in philosophy is also interpreted as the significance of this or that object, phenomenon for the subject, determined by his conscious or unconscious needs, expressed in the form of an interest or goal. The value attitude is historically considered as one of the attributes of the socio-cultural existence of a person, the bearer of the value attitude.
In most literary sources, the concept of "relationship" is considered in close connection with the concept of "personality". So, I.F. Kharlamov gives the following definition of the concept of “relationship”: “relationship can be interpreted as an expression of certain connections that are established between a person and other people, as well as various aspects of the surrounding world and which, affecting the scope of its needs, knowledge, beliefs, actions and volitional manifestations, one way or another affect its behavior and development. At the same time, as the author emphasizes, a fixed and habitual attitude that determines the stability of human behavior in any changing conditions is a personal quality.
The concept of "attitude" is considered as a component of the category "personality" in other sources. Thus, the author of the “Pedagogical Psychology of Education” (Lishin O.V.) says that “personality is not so much what a person knows and what he is trained as his attitude to the world, to people, to himself, the sum of desires and goals".
I.D. Zverev, I.G. Suravegina also consider the attitude of schoolchildren to nature as an aspect of the formation of responsibility as a stable personality trait.
A different interpretation of the concept of "relationship" (without the category of "personality") is presented in the works of Shchurkova N.E. “A value relation is a stable, selective, preferential connection of the subject with the object of the surrounding world, when this object, speaking in all its social meaning, acquires a personal meaning for the subject, is regarded as something significant for life and society and individual person» .
An interesting interpretation of the concept of "attitude" in the "Psychology of Relations" (author V.N. Myasishchev) "Relationships of a person is not a part of the personality, but the potential of his mental reactions in connection with any object, process or factor of reality." He identified the following types of human relations to the surrounding reality: to the world of things, natural phenomena, to people, social phenomena, to oneself, singled out the types of a person’s mental relations to the surrounding reality - these are needs, tastes, inclinations, tastes, principles, emotions, interest , beliefs, actions.
Considering the dynamics of the relationship, V.N. Myasishchev defined the levels of his development:
Conditionally reflex. It is characterized by the presence of initial positive or negative reactions to various stimuli.
Specifically emotional. Where reactions are conditionally evoked and expressed as an attitude of love, affection, enmity, fear, etc.
Concrete-personal, arising in activity and reflecting selective attitudes towards the world around.
Self-spiritual, where social norms, moral laws become the internal regulator of behavior.
P.I. Pidkasty in his works emphasizes that a common mistake in the practice of education is the substitution of attitudes towards the values of modern life with a set of personality traits. “The quality of a personality is a consequence of the relationship that a person has to something, and the formation of a desired consequence to something is futile.” Attitude, according to the author, is a connection established in the mind of the subject with the object of the surrounding world, manifested in the form of rational (verbal), emotional (experiences and states), practical (behavior, actions, activities). At the same time, according to the author, value relations are of a generalizing nature, they include the entire amount of what is significant for human life.
Value attitude to nature, according to P.I. and psychological comfort, to feel like a part of nature and a product of nature.
The concept of “relationship” acquired a slightly different sound in the works of Dezhnikova N.S., Yakovleva E.V., Simonova L.P. Scientists consider the quality of a child's relationship to nature, people to himself as indicators of the development of his ecological culture. So, Simonova L.P. considers the value attitude to nature as a component of ecological culture along with such categories as ecological knowledge and skills, ecological thinking and environmentally justified behavior. The author emphasizes that the origins of ecological culture originate in the centuries-old experience of the people - in the traditions of caring for nature, natural wealth native land. “They understood that by destroying nature, a person destroys his future. Thousands of years have evolved folk traditions, folk pedagogy was created, aimed at preserving all life on earth.
This approach in pedagogy has a long tradition (J.A. Komensky, J.-J. Rousseau, etc.). “Call me a barbarian in pedagogy,” wrote K.D. Ushinsky, - but I learned from the impressions of my life a deep conviction that a beautiful landscape has such a huge educational value for the development of a young soul, with which it is difficult to compete with the influence of a teacher.
The concept of "relationship" has, as a rule, two variants of its qualitative content: either "responsible" or "careful" attitude to nature. The formation of a responsible attitude to nature is put forward as a leading educational task in the concept of environmental education of schoolchildren, developed by Simonova-Saleeva L.P., Yuzhakova T.P., Zverev I.D., Suravegina I.T. “The soulless rationalism with which children in elementary school sometimes amaze us is often the result of our own pedagogical efforts. Yes, knowledge is important. Without them, there is no ecological culture of man. They are the foundation for the formation of environmental responsibility... But, you see, responsibility for nature is not equal to love for it.”
The sense of responsibility has a social nature, it is due to the requirements of society for the individual, which allows us to talk about environmental responsibility for the existence of earthly civilization and life on earth, continued human race responsibility to future generations of people. At the same time, if we follow the idea of the harmonious development of the personality, then and only then can a sense of responsibility testify to a high level of environmental education, when it is consonant with other properties and qualities of the personality.
In the mid-90s of the 20th century, a new methodological direction in pedagogical science arose - environmental psychopedagogy, within which criteria for selecting content, as well as approaches to creating principles, methods and forms of environmental education, are developed. The purpose of environmental education is the formation of environmental consciousness of the individual. Education of attitude to nature, according to the authors, acts as one of the main tasks, along with such tasks as the formation of adequate environmental concepts, as well as the formation of a system of skills (technologies) for interaction with nature.
The authors of "Environmental Pedagogy and Psychology" (Deryabo S.D., Yasvin V.A.) propose the term "subjective attitude" as an indicator of the formation of a value attitude towards nature. A subjective attitude in psychology is understood as a subjectively colored reflection by a person of the relationship of his needs with objects and phenomena of the world, which is a factor that determines behavior.
natural objects belong to it to the sphere of “human”, equal to it in its intrinsic value and, accordingly, interaction with them is included in the scope of ethical norms and rules;
natural objects can act as reference persons for her, changing her views, assessments, attitudes towards herself, things, nature, other people;
natural objects can act for her as full partners in communication and joint activities.
Latitude. One person is attracted only by individual animals or plants (a small breadth of objective attitude), the other is attracted by a wide variety of natural objects.
Intensity. The subjective attitude to nature can manifest itself with different strengths.
Awareness. Men in varying degrees can be aware of their attachment to nature.
Aesthetic development of natural objects and their complexes;
Cognitive activity, due to interest in the life of nature, pleasure from the very process of cognition.
Practical interaction with natural objects, which is based not on the desire to get any “useful product”, but on the need to communicate with it.
Participation in environmental protection activities, dictated not by considerations of "far pragmatism" (it is necessary to preserve nature so that future generations can use it), but by the need to take care of nature for its own sake.
The above areas of interaction are a meaningful characteristic of the value attitude to nature, and are determined by S.D. Deryabo as a modality of this relation.
Thus, the concepts of "attitude" and "value attitude" are widely represented in various literary sources. These concepts are considered from the point of view of different sciences (philosophy, pedagogy, psychology) in different ways. In some literary sources, they are interpreted through the category of "personality" (or as "part of the subject's consciousness"), in others - as a "potential of mental reactions", or in others - as part of a person's culture. It seems that for this study, the most appropriate model for educating a value attitude to nature, developed by the authors of "Environmental Pedagogy and Psychology" (Deryabo S.D., Yasvin V.A.). As indicators for determining the level of formation of a value attitude towards nature among younger schoolchildren, we have chosen, on the one hand, the level of subjectification of natural objects, and on the other hand, the modality of attitude towards nature, which implies an attitude towards natural objects, as to:
beauty objects,
objects of protection,
objects of cognitive activity,
objects of practical interaction.
What is the unreasonable attitude of man to nature, you will learn from this article.
What is the relation of man to nature?
Man in the process of his evolution was endowed with reason. But this does not mean that he does only reasonable things. First of all, this is manifested in the attitude of people to nature. A person believes that he is allowed to manage the planet uncontrollably and at his own discretion. Such behavior cannot go unpunished - we and our descendants will pay the price.
But why does a person not protect his natural environment a habitat? Why do we, higher beings, act so stupidly - destroy what has been created for so long before us? You can dream up and imagine that humanity will come up with its own artificial alien or underground world, where all the conditions for existence will be created with the help of technology. But then we will lose much more, we will lose something that will be almost impossible to return - our nature.
Previously, a person treated nature more carefully, sometimes God-fearing and respectful. With the development of the technological process, new mechanisms and robotic technology, we forgot that we are not omnipotent, although we think we are. Excessive use of the planet's resources leads to its depletion. Excessive emissions of waste into water, air and land pollute our environment, making it uninhabitable.
And nature responds to man in return: global warming, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis and earthquakes, storms and hurricanes. And this is only a small part. Needless to say, the unreasonable attitude of man towards nature leads to a decrease in the animal and flora. Perhaps our ancestors will see a titmouse or a fox, a whale or a toad only in the picture. Therefore, a person should think about his attitude to the environment and take measures to preserve nature for our own children.
Writing in the exam is one of the most difficult stages for a future student. As a rule, testing part "A" does not present any problems, however, many people have difficulties with writing an essay. So, one of the most common problems that are covered in the Unified State Examination is the problem of caring for nature. Arguments, their clear selection and explanation is the main task of a student taking an exam in the Russian language.
Turgenev I. S.
Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" is still very popular among both the younger generation and their parents. This is where the problem of caring for nature comes into play. Arguments in favor of the topics covered are as follows.
The main idea of the work in the field of environmental protection sounds like this: “People forget where they were born. They forget that it is nature that is their original home. It was nature that allowed the birth of man. Despite such deep arguments, each person does not pay due attention to the environment. But all efforts should be directed to its preservation in the first place!”
Bazarov's attitude to nature
The main figure here is Evgeny Bazarov, who does not care about respect for nature. The arguments of this man are as follows: "Nature is a workshop, and man is a worker here." It is difficult to argue with such a categorical statement. Here the author shows a renewed mind modern man and, as you can see, he did it very well! Now arguments in favor of protecting the environment are more relevant in society than ever!
Turgenev, in the person of Bazarov, presents to the reader a new man and his mind. He feels complete indifference to generations and all those values that nature can give humanity. He lives in the present moment, does not think about the consequences, he does not care about the careful attitude of man to nature. Bazarov's arguments boil down only to the need to realize his own ambitious desires.
Turgenev. The relationship between nature and man
The above-mentioned work also touches upon the problem of the relationship between man and respect for nature. The arguments given by the author convince the reader of the need to take care of mother nature.
Bazarov completely rejects all judgments about the aesthetic beauty of nature, about its indescribable landscapes and gifts. The hero of the work perceives the environment as a tool for work. The complete opposite is presented in the novel by Bazarov's friend Arkady. He treats with devotion and admiration what nature gives to man.
This work brightly highlights the problem of caring for nature, arguments in favor of a positive or negative attitude to the environment are determined by the behavior of the hero. Arkady, with the help of unity with her, heals spiritual wounds. Eugene, on the contrary, seeks to avoid any contact with the world. Nature does not give positive emotions to a person who does not feel peace of mind, does not consider himself a part of nature. Here the author emphasizes a fruitful spiritual dialogue both with oneself and in relation to nature.
Lermontov M. Yu.
The work "A Hero of Our Time" touches upon the problem of caring for nature. The arguments that the author cites relate to the life of a young man named Pechorin. Lermontov shows a close relationship between the mood of the protagonist and natural phenomena, the weather. One of the paintings is described as follows. Before the duel began, the sky seemed blue, transparent and clear. When Pechorin looked at the dead body of Grushnitsky, then "the rays did not warm," and "the sky became dull." Here the connection of internal psychological states with natural phenomena is clearly traced.
In a completely different way, the problem of caring for nature is touched upon here. The arguments in the work show that natural phenomena depend not only on the emotional state, but also become unwitting participants in events. So, a thunderstorm is the reason for the meeting and a long meeting between Pechorin and Vera. Further, Grigory notes that "the local air promotes love," referring to Kislovodsk. Such techniques show respect for nature. Arguments from the literature once again prove that this sphere is vital not only at the physical level, but also at the spiritual and emotional level.
Evgeny Zamyatin
A vivid dystopian novel by Yevgeny Zamyatin also shows a careful attitude to nature. The essay (arguments, quotes from the work, and so on) must be supported by reliable facts. So, when describing a literary work called "We", it is important to pay attention to the lack of a natural and natural beginning. All people renounce diverse and isolated lives. The beauty of nature is replaced by artificial, decorative elements.
Numerous allegories of the work, as well as the suffering of the "O" number, speak of the importance of nature in human life. After all, it is such a beginning that can make a person happy, give feelings, emotions, help to experience love. It shows the impossibility of the existence of verified happiness and love according to “pink cards”. One of the problems of the work is the inextricable relationship between nature and man, without which the latter will be unhappy for the rest of his life.
Sergey Yesenin
In the work “Goy you, my dear Rus'!” Sergei Yesenin touches on the problem of the nature of his native places. In this poem, the poet refuses the opportunity to visit paradise, just to stay and devote his life to his native land. Eternal bliss, as Yesenin says in the work, can only be found in his native Russian land.
The feeling of patriotism is clearly expressed here, and the Motherland and nature are inextricably linked and exist only in the relationship of concepts. The very realization that the power of nature can weaken leads to the collapse of the natural world and human nature.
Using Arguments in an Essay
If you use arguments from works of fiction, you must comply with several criteria for presenting information and presenting the material:
- Providing reliable data. If you do not know the author or do not remember the exact title of the work, it is better not to indicate such information in the essay at all.
- Present information correctly, without errors.
- The most important requirement is the conciseness of the material presented. This means that sentences should be as concise and short as possible, providing a complete picture of the situation being described.
Only if all the above conditions are met, as well as sufficient and reliable data, you will be able to write an essay that will give you the maximum number of exam points.
