Patriarchs of All Rus' in order. Patriarchs of Moscow and All Rus'. His Holiness Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' Alexy II

In his primatial service, Patriarch Pimen (1971-1990) was the successor of the church work of Patriarchs Tikhon, Sergius, Alexy I. One of the most important aspects of Patriarch Pimen's activity was the strengthening of relations between the Orthodox Churches of different countries, the development of inter-Orthodox relations. In June 1988, Patriarch Pimen led the celebrations dedicated to the Millennium of the Baptism of Rus' and the Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Orthodoxy- one of the directions of Christianity, isolated and organizationally formed in the XI century as a result of the division of churches. In 1054 there was a split in a single christian church on Catholicism and the Eastern Church. The Eastern Church, in turn, split into many churches, where the Orthodox Church is the largest today.

Orthodoxy arose on the territory of the Byzantine Empire. Initially, it did not have a church center, since the church power of Byzantium was concentrated in the hands of four patriarchs: Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem. As the Byzantine Empire collapsed, each of the ruling patriarchs headed an independent (autocephalous) Orthodox Church. Subsequently, autocephalous and autonomous churches arose in other countries, mainly in the Middle East and Eastern Europe.

The Russian Orthodox Church has more than a thousand years of history. According to legend, the holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called, with the preaching of the Gospel, stopped at the Kyiv mountains and blessed the future city of Kyiv. The spread of Christianity in Rus' was facilitated by its proximity to the mighty Christian power - the Byzantine Empire. The south of Rus' was consecrated by the activity of the holy Equal-to-the-Apostles brothers Cyril and Methodius, the apostles and enlighteners of the Slavs. In IX, Cyril created the Slavic alphabet (Cyrillic) and, together with his brother, translated into Slavonic books, without which divine services could not be performed: the Gospel, the Psalter and selected services. On the basis of the translations of Cyril and Methodius, the first written and literary language of the Slavs, the so-called Old Church Slavonic, was formed.

In 954 Princess Olga of Kiev was baptized. All this prepared the greatest events in the history of the Russian people - the baptism of Prince Vladimir. At the end of the summer of 988, St. Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich gathered all the people of Kiev on the banks of the Dnieper, in the waters of which they were baptized by Byzantine priests. This event went down in history as the "baptism of Rus'", becoming the beginning of a long process of establishing Christianity in the Russian lands. In 988, under St. Prince Vladimir I, the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) was founded as the Russian Metropolis of the Patriarchate of Constantinople with its center in Kyiv. The Metropolitan who headed the Church was appointed by the Greek Patriarch of Constantinople, but in 1051 the Russian Metropolitan Hilarion, the most educated man of his time, a remarkable church writer, was placed on the primatial throne for the first time.

Majestic temples have been built since the 10th century. Since the 11th century, monasteries began to develop in Rus'. In 1051, St. Anthony of the Caves brought the traditions of Athos monasticism to Rus', founding the famous Kiev Caves Monastery, which became the center of the religious life of Ancient Rus'. The role of monasteries in Rus' was enormous. And their main merit to the Russian people - not to mention their purely spiritual role - is that they were the largest centers of education. In the monasteries, in particular, chronicles were kept that brought to our days information about all the significant events in the history of the Russian people. Icon painting and the art of book writing flourished in the monasteries, and theological, historical, and literary works were translated into Russian. The extensive charitable activities of the monastic cloisters contributed to the education of the people in the spirit of mercy and compassion.

In the 12th century, during the period of feudal fragmentation, the Russian Church remained the only bearer of the idea of ​​the unity of the Russian people, which opposed the centrifugal aspirations and civil strife of the princes. The Tatar-Mongol invasion - the greatest disaster that befell Rus' in the thirteenth century - did not break the Russian Church. She survived as a real force and was the comforter of the people in this difficult test. Spiritually, materially and morally, it contributed to the restoration of the political unity of Rus' - the key to future victory over the enslavers. In the difficult years of the Tatar-Mongol yoke and Western influences, the monasteries contributed a lot to the preservation of the national identity and culture of the Russian people. In the 13th century, the foundation of the Pochaev Lavra was laid. This monastery did a lot to establish Orthodoxy in the Western Russian lands.

Emperor of Byzantium Michael VIII Palaiologos, back in the 13th century, tried to make an alliance with Rome, subordinating the Byzantine Church to him in exchange for political and military support against the Turks. In 1274, in Lyon, the representatives of the emperor signed a document on an alliance with Rome - the Union of Lyons. The emperor was opposed by his subjects and the Church: Michael was excommunicated from the Church and deprived of a church burial. Only a small number of "latinophones" - adherents of Western culture - converted to Catholicism.

After the Tatar-Mongol invasion, the department of the metropolis was moved to Vladimir in 1299, and to Moscow in 1325. The unification of scattered Russian principalities around Moscow began in the 14th century. And the Russian Church continued to play an important role in the revival of united Rus'. Outstanding Russian saints were spiritual leaders and assistants to the Moscow princes. Saint Metropolitan Alexy (1354-1378) brought up the holy noble prince Dimitry Donskoy. By the power of his authority, he helped the Moscow prince in putting an end to feudal unrest and maintaining state unity. The great ascetic of the Russian Church, St. Sergius of Radonezh, blessed Demetrius of Donskoy for the greatest feat of arms - the Battle of Kulikovo, which served as the beginning of the liberation of Rus' from the Mongol yoke. In total, from the 14th to the middle of the 15th century, up to 180 new monastic cloisters were founded in Rus'. The largest event in the history of ancient Russian monasticism was the founding by St. Sergius of Radonezh of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery (about 1334). Here, in this later glorified monastery, the marvelous talent of the icon painter St. Andrei Rublev flourished.

The unification of Lithuania with the Catholic Kingdom of Poland, proclaimed in 1385, led to legal, economic and political pressure on Orthodoxy in Western Rus'. A significant part of the Orthodox bishops could not resist this pressure.

In 1439, in Florence, under pressure from the emperor, on the one hand, and Rome, on the other, the Greek hierarchs again signed a document on their submission to the Roman throne.
The Union of Florence was the straw that the empire tried to grasp when it was overwhelmed by the Turkish invasion. Historically, this act brought Byzantium no more benefit than a straw for a drowning man. The empire has fallen. Very soon, Constantinople terminated the union. But she gave Rome legal arguments in a dispute with the Orthodox churches, helped create a network of schools for teaching "Eastern Rite Catholics", train cadres of preachers and missionaries, and create preaching literature intended for distribution in the Orthodox environment. The Union of Florence, adopted by Byzantium in 1439, was a heavy blow to the canonical consciousness of Russians. Church canons prescribed obedience to the Ecumenical Patriarch in Constantinople. Religious conscience did not allow the recognition of an apostate patriarch. Unia provided the Russian Church with solid grounds for gaining independence. The Greek Metropolitan of All Rus' Isidore, an ardent supporter of the union, was arrested and later fled from Moscow. The Russians made an extremely painful decision for them: in 1448, not by the Patriarch of Constantinople, as before, but by the Council of Russian Bishops, the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Rus' was appointed. It was the Archbishop of Ryazan, Jonah, who was elected to the metropolitanate as early as 1441, but was not approved by Constantinople at that time. The era of autocephaly began - the complete independence of the Russian Church. In area political ideology this epoch was marked by the establishment of an original version of the Byzantine theocratic idea (i.e., the idea of ​​universal autocracy).

In the second half of the 15th century, the Western Russian (Kiev, Lithuanian) metropolis was formed. In 1458, the Western Russian Metropolis separated from the Moscow Metropolis. In addition to the Kyiv Metropolis, it includes 9 Orthodox dioceses in Lithuania (Polotsk, Smolensk, Chernihiv, Turov, Lutsk, Vladimir) and Poland (Galician, Peremyshl, Kholm).

Grand Duke Ivan III (1462-1505) married Sophia (Zoya) Palaiologos, the niece of the last Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI, who was killed by the Turks. Ivan III was the first in Rus' to take the title of autocrat (a similarity to the Greek imperial title "autocrator") and made the Byzantine double-headed eagle the Russian coat of arms: Rus' directly declared that it was accepting the legacy of the Orthodox "Roman Empire". During the reign of Ivan III, the formula "by the grace of God the king and the great prince" was sometimes added to his title. Under his son Vasily III, the idea of ​​a "third Rome" took on a complete form in the prophecy of the elder of the Pskov Spaso-Eleazarov monastery Philotheus: "...two Romes fell, and the third stands, and the fourth will not happen." Ivan IV Vasilievich, who went down in history as Ivan the Terrible, in 1547, in the image of the Byzantine emperors, was married to the kingdom. It is noteworthy that this ceremony was performed on the advice of Metropolitan Macarius, who placed the royal crown on the head of young Ivan IV. To complete the Byzantine theocratic ideal - a church-state body with "two heads" (a tsar and a patriarch) - only the title of patriarch for the primate of the Russian Church was missing. In January 1589, under Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich (son of Ivan the Terrible), Patriarch Jeremiah of Constantinople, who arrived in Moscow, installed Metropolitan Job as the first Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus'. In the future, the growing power of the Russian state also contributed to the growth of the authority of the Autocephalous Russian Church. The Eastern Patriarchs recognized the Russian Patriarch as the fifth place in honor.

After the fall of Byzantium (1553) and until now, the ROC claims to be the "third Rome".

In 1596, a significant number of Orthodox hierarchs in the territories of the former Russian principalities that became part of Lithuania and Poland accepted the Union of Brest with Rome.
The higher hierarchs accepted the Catholic confession of faith on the condition that their political and property rights would be expanded and the former Eastern rite preserved.
The stronghold of Orthodoxy in these lands became the Orthodox brotherhoods, which consisted mainly of the laity, and the Cossacks. Brotherhoods, among which the most powerful were Lviv and Vilna, and later - Kiev, created their own schools, printing houses. Russian early printers headed by Ivan Fedorov, who arrived from Moscow, worked in Lvov. They made a huge contribution to the development of Orthodox education in Belarus and Ukraine.
A bright trace was left in the history of the Church by Prince Konstantin Ostrozhsky, who created an Orthodox educational center in Ostrog, and his comrade-in-arms, Prince Andrey Kurbsky, who fled to Lithuania under Ivan the Terrible. He urged the local Russian nobility to defend Orthodoxy in every possible way.

The 17th century began hard for Russia. Polish-Swedish interventionists invaded the Russian Land from the west. During this time of unrest, the Russian Church, as before, honorably fulfilled its patriotic duty to the people. An ardent patriot, Patriarch Hermogenes (1606-1612), tortured to death by the interventionists, was the spiritual leader of the militia of Minin and Pozharsky. The heroic defense of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra from the Swedes and Poles in 1608-1610 is forever inscribed in the annals of the history of the Russian state and the Russian Church.

In the period that followed the expulsion of the interventionists from Russia, the Russian Church dealt with one of its very important internal problems - the correction of liturgical books and rites. Great merit in this belonged to Patriarch Nikon. Since 1667, the Russian Orthodox Church has been greatly weakened by the Old Believer schism. As a result of the split, the Russian Orthodox Church separated from the Old Believers. The reason for the split was the Reform of Patriarch Nikon, carried out on the initiative of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, aimed at correcting liturgical books according to Greek models and establishing uniformity in church services. The reform actually affected only some minor elements of ritualism: the two-fingered sign of the cross was replaced by a three-fingered one, instead of "Jesus" they began to write "Jesus", along with the eight-pointed cross they began to recognize the four-pointed. The reform provoked a protest from a part of the clergy headed by Archpriest Avvakum. The protest found support among the peasants, boyars, archers. Opponents of the reform were anathematized at the council of 1666-1667 and subjected to severe repression. Fleeing from persecution, supporters of the Old Believers fled to remote places in the North, the Volga region and Siberia. In the years 1675-1695, 37 self-immolations were recorded, during which at least 20 thousand people died. Archpriest Avvakum was burned in a log house along with like-minded people. Many defenders old faith took part in the peasant war of S. Razin, the Solovetsky uprising, the uprisings of K. Bulavin and E. Pugachev.

IN XVII century The Kiev-Mohyla Academy became the main center of Orthodox education not only in the former lands of the southern and southwestern Russian principalities, but throughout Rus'. Its name included the family nickname of the Metropolitan of Kyiv Peter Mohyla, who founded the academy. In the Orthodox publications in Kyiv, Lvov, Vilnius, a strong influence of the Catholic theological language is noticeable. The fact is that with the destruction of the Byzantine Empire, the education system in the Orthodox East also fell into decay. But in the Catholic West, it developed without hindrance, and many of its achievements were borrowed by the Kyiv theological school. Its "working" language was Latin, which relied primarily on Latin sources. The experience of the Kyiv school and its theologians played a major role in the revival of Orthodox education in Muscovite Rus' in the 17th century, when the wounds of the Time of Troubles were healed. In 1687, Patriarch Dionisy of Constantinople and the eastern patriarchs sent a letter confirming the transfer of the Kyiv Metropolis to Moscow jurisdiction. The reunification of the Kyiv Metropolis with the Moscow Patriarchate takes place.

The beginning of the 18th century was marked for Russia by the radical reforms of Peter I. The reforms also affected the Russian Church: after the death of Patriarch Adrian in 1700, Peter I delayed the election of a new Primate of the Church, and in 1721 established a collegiate higher church administration in the person of the Holy Governing Synod, which remained the highest church organ for almost two hundred years (1721-1917). The duties of the Primate were temporarily performed by Metropolitan Stefan of Ryazan Yavorsky. Tsar Peter deliberately did not hurry with the appointment of the patriarch, waiting until his absence became habitual. The Holy Synod did not just replace the patriarchal government. This body was directly subordinate to the sovereign. The Russian state became an empire, but not of the Byzantine type - with two heads, but of the western one - with one head, secular. In the activities of the Synod, whose members were persons of the clergy, a layman participated - the chief prosecutor, the "eyes and ears" of the secular authorities. In the 18th century, the Church lost almost all of its land holdings, and its property came under state control. The well-being of the hierarchs, especially the members of the Synod, depended on state salaries. The priests were obliged to inform the authorities about everything that could pose a threat to the state system. If this information was received at confession, when the priest stands before God as a witness of a person’s repentance for committed sins, then the confessor had to divulge the secret of confession - to commit what is considered a crime according to church canons. The increased bureaucratic control, coupled with bureaucratic arbitrariness, turned the clergy into a "terrified class." His authority in society began to decline. In the 18th century, with his fashion for freethinking, there were even convinced atheists among the chief prosecutors.

In the 19th century, under the successors of Peter I, the Church became the "Department of the Orthodox Confession" (this name of the Church was on the papers of the Holy Synod). The chief prosecutor became the real head of the Office of the Orthodox Confession.
At the same time, a certain mystery accompanies the life of the Russian Church during the Synodal period of its history (1721-1917): having submitted to the new regulations, the Church in its depths did not accept them. This rejection was not expressed in resistance - active or passive (although there was such a thing, and in the 18th century many hierarchs and laity paid with their heads for it). In opposition to police and bureaucratic pressure, phenomena arose in the Church in which the fullness of inner spiritual freedom was concentrated.
Thus, the Russian Church of the 18th century was consecrated by the wise meekness of St. Tikhon of Zadonsk (1724-1783). As a bishop, he was distinguished by absolute disinterestedness, modesty, a special talent for educating the clergy, and rejection of corporal punishment common at that time. Saint Tikhon became famous as a remarkable church writer, educator and philanthropist. He spent the last 16 years of his life in the Zadonsky Monastery "at rest", but in fact - in continuous work, combining prayer with writing, receiving pilgrims and caring for the sick. It was in this era that the revival of a special monastic feat of silent prayer - "intelligent doing" - began. This tradition, which originated in Byzantium and almost disappeared in Rus' by the 18th century, was preserved on Athos. From there, it was brought to the lands of Moldova by the Russian monk Paisiy Velichkovsky, later - the archimandrite of the Neamtsky monastery in the Carpathians. He is also known for his spiritual and literary works.
The Russian Church paid special attention to the development of spiritual enlightenment and missionary work in the outskirts of the country. Old churches were restored and new ones were built. Russian ecclesiastical scholars have done a lot for the development of such sciences as history, linguistics, and oriental studies.

The beginning of the 19th century was marked by the quiet glory of the Monk Seraphim, the wonderworker of Sarov (1753-1833). His ingenuous conversations with pilgrims are an example of non-bookish enlightenment, which opened up an understanding of the Orthodox faith and ordinary people, and scientists.
The 19th century is the heyday of eldership. There is no rank of elder (teacher and mentor) in the church hierarchy. An elder cannot be appointed, it is impossible to pretend to be; the elder must be recognized by the church people. Few received such recognition. The elders of Optina Pustyn gained special fame, which became a place of real pilgrimage for the common people and the intelligentsia. The elders were mostly monks, representatives of the black clergy. However, elders from the white, married clergy are also known: for example, the Moscow priest Alexy Mechev (d. 1923).
The synodal period in the history of the Russian Church is also the time of the emergence of a whole network of theological educational institutions, including academies. In the 19th century, their professorship could do honor to any university and included famous scientists.
In the same period, in a society that was once ideologically almost unified, various ideological currents appeared, many of which were openly anti-church. The development of capitalism in Russia and changes in living conditions destroyed the usual daily rituals associated with the historical forms of Orthodoxy. The close connection between the state and the Church in Russia has led to the fact that the existing social, administrative and even economic structures for the most part seem to merge in the minds of people with Orthodoxy. Therefore, the defense of these structures and relationships was perceived by many as an upholding of the faith, and rejection of them was often associated with a rejection of the Church. Its protection by the state was often carried out in rude and clumsy ways, which only harmed Orthodoxy in the eyes of non-Christians and people who were not sufficiently familiar with it. For example, for a long time, civil servants were required to submit to their superiors a certificate from a priest stating that they had fasted and taken Orthodox sacraments; there were laws that threatened punishment for the conversion of the Orthodox to another faith, for example, to the Old Believers. Russian saints of the 19th century - Saints Ignatius Brianchaninov, Theophan the Recluse and others - wrote about the troubles in the Russian Church, about the formalism that was fatal for her in observing the church charter, about the corrupting influence of worldly interests and moods on her life. .
Nevertheless, the authorities stubbornly considered the convening of the Local Council and the restoration of the patriarchate in the Russian Church to be untimely. The cathedral was held only after the February Revolution of 1917 (it opened only in August 1917 and lasted until September 1918). Council made decisions on the most important issues church life. The patriarchate was restored in the Russian Church, and Saint Tikhon (1865-1925) was elected Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus'. They allowed the election of bishops by the clergy and laity of the diocese, the use of not only Church Slavonic, but Russian and other languages ​​in worship. The rights of parishes have expanded; outlined measures to strengthen the missionary activity of the Church, to expand the participation of the laity in it. However, the reforms started too late.
The atheistic state launched a systematic struggle against the Church. The 1918 decree on the separation of church and state deprived the Church of the right of a legal entity and the right to own property. At the same time, the Church underwent a series of schisms (the largest of which, the "Karlovatian", still exists).

For the Bolsheviks, the Russian Orthodox Church was a priori an ideological adversary. During the years of the civil war, in the 20-30s. the murders of clerics were massive. A crushing blow to the Church was dealt in the early 1920s. The church was accused of refusing to give away church valuables in order to save people in the Volga region suffering from hunger. In fact, the Church did not refuse such assistance. She protested only against the looting of temples and against the desecration of shrines. Trials of the clergy began everywhere. During this campaign, a large number of hierarchs were condemned, including Patriarch Tikhon. Saint Benjamin, Metropolitan of Petrograd, and many others were executed.

In the 20s. the Church was also attacked from within. Some of the priests hastened to abandon the patriarchal Church, accepted Soviet power and in 1921-1922. started the renewal movement. Activists of the renovationist movement announced the creation of a "Living Church", which sympathizes with the ideals of the Soviet government and is called upon to renew religious life. Some Renovationists really sincerely wanted to believe that evangelical ideals could be achieved through a social revolution. The leader of the movement, Alexander Vvedensky, tried to lull his vigilance with compliments to the new government in order to fight against godlessness. But the authorities were not inclined to put up with "religious propaganda." The time for disputes passed quickly, and the Renovationists eventually began to realize that they were being used as a weapon in the fight against the Church. Crouching before the authorities, the Renovationists emphasized their readiness to "serve the people." For the sake of "drawing closer to the people," arbitrary changes were made to the order of worship, and the church charter was grossly violated. Even those changes in the life of the Church, which were blessed by the Local Council of 1917-1918, took on crudely caricatured forms. Of course, over the two millennia of the existence of the Church, the rite has changed a lot, but innovation has never been an end in itself. Their task was to more fully reveal the unchanging faith of the Church and to convey her teachings. Innovations were more or less successful. But the renovationism of the 20-30s. became such a trial and temptation for the Church that any changes, even those based on tradition, have since become associated with it in the minds of many believers.
The priests, who did not accept the "renovationist" movement and did not have time or did not want to emigrate, went underground and formed the so-called "catacomb church". In 1923, at the local council of the Renovationist communities, programs for the radical renewal of the ROC were considered. At the council, Patriarch Tikhon was deposed and full support for the Soviet government was proclaimed. Patriarch Tikhon anathematized the Renovationists.

In 1924, the Supreme Church Council was transformed into a Renovationist Synod headed by the Metropolitan.

Part of the clergy and believers who found themselves in exile formed the so-called "Russian Orthodox Church Abroad" (ROCOR). Until 1928, ROCOR maintained close contacts with the ROC, but these contacts were subsequently discontinued.

In the Declaration of 1927, the ROC declared its loyalty to the Soviet government in civil terms, without any concessions in the field of faith. But this did not stop the repression. In the 1930s the church was on the verge of extinction. By 1940, only a few dozen functioning churches remained on the territory of the USSR, while on the eve of October 1917, about 80 thousand churches operated in Russia. Orthodox churches. Many of them were destroyed, including the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow, a monument of gratitude to God for deliverance from the enemy and victory in Patriotic war 1812 If in 1917 the Orthodox clergy numbered about 300 thousand people, but by 1940 most of the priests were no longer alive.
Outstanding cultural figures, the best theologians of Russia, either died in dungeons and camps, like the philosopher and theologian Priest Pavel Florensky, or ended up abroad, like S. L. Frank, N. A. Berdyaev, Sergiy Bulgakov and many others.
The authorities of the Soviet Union changed their attitude towards the Church only when the existence of the country was threatened. Stalin mobilized all national reserves for defense, including the Russian Orthodox Church as the people's moral force. In a short time, about 10 thousand new parishes were opened. The clergy, including bishops, were released from the camps. The Russian Church did not limit itself only to spiritual support for the defense of the Fatherland in danger - it also provided material assistance, up to uniforms for the army, funding for the Dimitry Donskoy tank column and the Alexander Nevsky squadron. In 1943 the Russian Church again found a patriarch. They became Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky) (1867-1944). The rapprochement of the state and the Church in "patriotic unity" was the reception by Stalin on September 4, 1943 of the Patriarchal Locum Tenens Metropolitan Sergius and Metropolitans Alexy (Simansky) and Nikolai (Yarushevich). From this historical moment, "thaw" in relations between the Church and the state began, however, the Church was constantly under state control, and any attempts to expand its activities outside the walls of the temple met with a firm rebuff, including administrative sanctions.
The activity of Patriarch Sergius is difficult to characterize unambiguously. On the one hand, his loyalty to the Soviet authorities led to the fact that the authorities practically did not take into account the Church, on the other hand, it was precisely such a policy of the patriarch that allowed not only to preserve the Church, but also made it possible for her subsequent revival.
The position of the Russian Orthodox Church was difficult during the period of the so-called "Khrushchev thaw" (in the early 1960s), when thousands of churches throughout the Soviet Union were closed for the sake of ideological guidelines.

At the Local Council of 1971, reconciliation with the Old Believers took place.

The celebration of the Millennium of the Baptism of Rus' in 1988 marked the decline of the state-atheistic system, gave a new impetus to church-state relations, forced those in power to start a dialogue with the Church and build relationships with her on the principles of recognizing her huge historical role in the fate of the Fatherland and its contribution to the formation of the moral foundations of the nation. The true return of the people to Father's house- people were drawn to Christ and His Holy Church. Archpastors, shepherds, and laity began to work zealously to recreate a full-blooded church life. At the same time, the absolute majority of clergy and believers showed extraordinary wisdom, endurance, steadfastness in faith, devotion to Holy Orthodoxy, despite neither the difficulties that the revival was associated with, nor the attempts of external forces to split the Church, undermine its unity, deprive it of its inner freedom, subjugate worldly interests. The desire to bring the Russian Orthodox Church into a framework Russian Federation and the national diasporas associated with it is still futile.

In 1988, the ROC had 76 dioceses, 6893 parishes, and the total number of clergy was 7397 Human.

However, the consequences of persecution were very, very serious. It was necessary not only to restore thousands of temples and hundreds of monasteries from the ruins, but also to revive the traditions of educational, educational, charitable, missionary, church and public service. Metropolitan Alexy of Leningrad and Novgorod, who was elected by the Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church to the First Hierarch See, widowed after the death of His Holiness Patriarch Pimen, was destined to lead the church revival in these difficult conditions. On June 10, 1990, His Holiness Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow and All Rus' was enthroned. Under his First Hierarchal omophorion, the Russian Orthodox Church undertook the hardest work to restore what had been lost during the years of persecution. The Bishops' Councils of the Russian Orthodox Church became peculiar milestones on this difficult path, at which urgent problems of church revival were freely discussed, decisions were made on canonical, disciplinary and doctrinal issues.

Bishops' Cathedral of the Russian Orthodox Church on March 31 - April 5, 1992, held in Moscow, adopted a number of important decisions regarding church life in Ukraine and the canonical position of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. At the same Council, the glorification was laid in the guise of the holy New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia, who suffered for Christ and His Church during the years of persecution. In addition, the Council adopted an appeal in which it outlined the position of the Russian Orthodox Church on issues that worried society in the countries in which its flock lives.

On June 11, 1992, the Council of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church was convened on an extraordinary basis to consider the case on charges against Metropolitan Philaret of Kyiv in anti-church activities that contributed to the split of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. In a special "Judicial Deed," the Council decided to depose Metropolitan Philaret (Denisenko) of Kyiv for grave moral and canonical crimes committed by him and causing a schism in the Church.

The Council of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church on November 29 - December 2, 1994, in addition to a number of decisions concerning the internal church life, adopted a special definition "On the relationship of the Church with the state and secular society in the canonical territory of the Moscow Patriarchate at the present time", in which it confirmed the "non-preferred" for any church political system, political doctrine, and so on, the inadmissibility of supporting political parties by the Church Plenitude, and also forbade clergy to nominate themselves as candidates for elections to local or federal authorities. The Council also decided to start developing a "comprehensive concept that reflects a general church view on issues of church-state relations and problems modern society in general". The Council especially noted the need to revive the missionary service of the Church and decided to develop a concept for the revival of the missionary activity of the Russian Orthodox Church.

The Council of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church on February 18-23, 1997 continued its work on the general church glorification of the New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia. In addition, the topics discussed at the 1994 Bishops' Council, which outlined the most important tasks and trends in church life, were developed in the council reports and discussions. In particular, the Council confirmed the inviolability of the Church's position on the issue of the inadmissibility of the participation of the Church and its servants in the political struggle. In addition, the prospects for the participation of the Russian Orthodox Church in international Christian organizations, the problems of missionary and social service to the Church, the threats of proselytizing activities of heterodox and heterodox religious associations were discussed.

The Jubilee Council of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church met on August 13-16, 2000 in the Hall of Church Councils of the reconstructed Cathedral of Christ the Savior. The meetings of the Council, which ended with the solemn consecration of the Temple, entered the circle of celebrations dedicated to the great Jubilee - the 2000th anniversary of the Coming into the world of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. The Council became a unique phenomenon in the life of the Russian Orthodox Church in terms of the number and significance of the decisions it made. According to the report of Metropolitan Juvenaly of Krutitsy and Kolomna, chairman of the Synodal Commission for the canonization of saints, a decision was made to glorify for general church veneration in the guise of the saints of the Cathedral of the New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia of the 20th century, known by name and until now unrevealed to the world, but led by God. The Council considered materials on 814 ascetics whose names are known, and on 46 ascetics whose names could not be established, but about whom it is reliably known that they suffered for the faith of Christ. The names of 230 previously glorified locally venerated saints were also included in the Council of New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia for general church veneration. Having considered the issue of the canonization of the Royal Family of Nicholas II, the members of the Council decided to glorify Emperor Nicholas II, Empress Alexandra and their children: Alexy, Olga, Tatiana, Mary and Anastasia as martyrs in the Cathedral of New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia. The council adopted a decision on the general church glorification of the ascetics of faith and piety of other times, whose feat of faith was different from that of the new martyrs and confessors. The members of the Council adopted the Basic principles of the attitude of the Russian Orthodox Church towards heterodoxy, prepared by the Synodal Theological Commission under the leadership of Metropolitan Filaret of Minsk and Slutsk. This document became a guide for the clergy and laity of the Russian Orthodox Church in their contacts with the non-Orthodox.

Of particular importance is the adoption by the Council of the Foundations of the social concept of the Russian Orthodox Church. This document, prepared by the Synodal Working Group under the leadership of Metropolitan Kirill of Smolensk and Kaliningrad, and being the first document of its kind in the Orthodox world, sets out the basic provisions of the Church's teaching on issues of church-state relations and on a number of contemporary socially significant problems. In addition, the Council adopted a new Statute of the Russian Orthodox Church, prepared by the Synodal Commission for Amendments to the Statute on the Administration of the Russian Orthodox Church under the leadership of Metropolitan Kirill of Smolensk and Kaliningrad. The Church is guided by this Charter at the present time. The Council adopted the Epistle to God-loving pastors, honest monastics and all the faithful children of the Russian Orthodox Church, the Determination on the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, the Determination on the position of the Orthodox Church in Estonia and the Determination on the issues of the internal life and external activities of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Today, Orthodoxy unites people of different upbringing and education, representatives different cultures and nationalities, adherents of different ideologies and political doctrines. Disagreements may arise between theologians and individual groups of believers on issues of dogma, the inner life of the Church, and attitudes towards other religions. The world sometimes intrudes into the spiritual life of the Church, imposing its priorities and values ​​on it, and it also happens that the behavior of some Orthodox believers becomes a noticeable obstacle on people's path to Orthodoxy.
History testifies that the Orthodox Church survived in the most difficult historical situations. Legal and economic conditions, ideological doctrines could favor or interfere with her spiritual life and public service. But these conditions have never been entirely favorable and have never had a decisive influence on Orthodoxy. The content of the inner life of the Church was primarily determined by her faith and teaching. Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' Alexy II said: "The Church sees its mission not in the social structure... but in the only ministry commanded by God to save human souls. It fulfilled its mission at all times, under any state formations."

In 2008, according to official statistics, the Moscow Patriarchate unites 156 dioceses, in which 196 bishops serve (of which 148 are diocesan and 48 are vicars). The number of parishes of the Moscow Patriarchate reached 29,141, the total number of clergy - 30,544; there are 769 monasteries (372 male and 392 female). As of December 2009, there were already 159 dioceses, 30,142 parishes, clergy - 32,266 people

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ORGANIZATION OF THE RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH.

Russian Orthodox Church is a multinational Local Autocephalous Church, which is in doctrinal unity and prayer-canonical communion with other Local Orthodox Churches.
Jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox Church extends to persons of the Orthodox confession living in the canonical territory of the Russian Orthodox Church: in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Estonia, as well as to the Orthodox who voluntarily enter it, living in other countries.
In 1988, the Russian Orthodox Church solemnly celebrated the 1000th anniversary of the Baptism of Rus'. In this anniversary year, there were 67 dioceses, 21 monasteries, 6893 parishes, 2 Theological Academies and 3 Theological Seminaries.
Under the Primate's omophorion His Holiness Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' Alexy II, fifteenth Patriarch in the history of the Russian Orthodox Church, elected in 1990, a comprehensive revival of church life is taking place. At present, the Russian Orthodox Church has 132 (136 including the Autonomous Orthodox Church of Japan) dioceses in various states, more than 26,600 parishes (of which 12,665 are in Russia). Pastoral ministry is carried out by 175 bishops, including 132 diocesan and 32 vicars; 11 bishops are at rest. There are 688 monasteries (Russia: 207 male and 226 female, Ukraine: 85 male and 80 female, other CIS countries: 35 male and 50 female, foreign countries: 2 male and 3 female). The education system of the Russian Orthodox Church currently includes 5 Theological Academies, 2 Orthodox Universities, 1 Theological Institute, 34 Theological Seminaries, 36 Theological Schools and pastoral courses in 2 dioceses. Several academies and seminaries have regency and icon-painting schools. There are also parochial Sunday schools in most parishes.

The Russian Orthodox Church has a hierarchical governance structure. the highest organs of church authority and management are the Local Council, the Council of Bishops, the Holy Synod headed by the Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus'.
Local Council consists of bishops, representatives of the clergy, monastics and laity. The Local Council interprets the teaching of the Orthodox Church, preserving doctrinal and canonical unity with the Local Orthodox Churches, resolves internal issues of church life, canonizes saints, elects the Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus', and establishes the procedure for such election.
Bishops' Cathedral consists of diocesan bishops, as well as vicar bishops who head Synodal institutions and Theological Academies or have canonical jurisdiction over parishes under their jurisdiction. The competence of the Council of Bishops, among other things, includes preparing for the convening of the Local Council and monitoring the implementation of its decisions; adoption and amendment of the Charter of the Russian Orthodox Church; solution of fundamental theological, canonical, liturgical and pastoral issues; canonization of saints and approval of liturgical rites; competent interpretation of church laws; an expression of pastoral concern for the problems of the present; determining the nature of the relationship with government bodies; maintaining relations with the Local Orthodox Churches; creation, reorganization and liquidation of self-governing Churches, exarchates, dioceses, Synodal institutions; approval of new church-wide awards and the like.
Holy Synod, headed by the Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus', is the governing body of the Russian Orthodox Church in the period between Bishops' Councils.
His Holiness Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' has the primacy of honor among the episcopate of the Russian Orthodox Church. He takes care of the internal and external welfare of the Russian Orthodox Church and governs it jointly with the Holy Synod, being its Chairman. The patriarch is elected by the Local Council from among the hierarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church who are at least 40 years old, who enjoy a good reputation and the trust of the hierarchs, clergy and people, who have a higher theological education and sufficient experience in diocesan administration, who are distinguished by adherence to the canonical legal order, who have "good evidence from outside" (1 Timothy 3:7). The dignity of the Patriarch is for life.

The executive bodies of the Patriarch and the Holy Synod are synodal institutions. Synodal institutions include the Department for External Church Relations, the Publishing Council, the Educational Committee, the Department of Catechism and Religious Education, the Department of Charity and Social Service, the Missionary Department, the Department for Cooperation with the Armed Forces and Law Enforcement Agencies, and the Department for Youth Affairs. The Moscow Patriarchate, as a Synodal institution, includes the Administration of Affairs. Each of the Synodal institutions is in charge of the circle of general church affairs, which is within the scope of its competence.
Department for External Church Relations of the Moscow Patriarchate represents the Russian Orthodox Church in its relations with the outside world. The Department maintains relations between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Local Orthodox Churches, non-Orthodox churches and Christian associations, non-Christian religions, government, parliamentary, public organizations and institutions, intergovernmental, religious and public international organizations, secular media, cultural, economic, financial and tourism organizations . The DECR MP, within the limits of canonical authority, exercises hierarchical, administrative, financial and economic management of dioceses, missions, monasteries, parishes, representative offices and metochions of the Russian Orthodox Church in the far abroad, and also facilitates the work of the metochions of the Local Orthodox Churches on the canonical territory of the Moscow Patriarchate. Within the framework of the DECR MP there are: the Orthodox Pilgrimage Service, which makes trips of bishops, pastors and children of the Russian Church to the shrines of the far abroad; Communication Service, which maintains church-wide relationships with secular media, monitors publications about the Russian Orthodox Church, maintains the official website of the Moscow Patriarchate on the Internet; Sector of Publications, which publishes the DECR Newsletter and the church-scientific journal "Church and Time". Since 1989, the Department for External Church Relations has been headed by Metropolitan Kirill of Smolensk and Kaliningrad.
Publishing Council of the Moscow Patriarchate - a collegial body consisting of representatives of the Synodal institutions, theological educational institutions, church publishing houses and other institutions of the Russian Orthodox Church. The publishing council at the church level coordinates publishing activities, submits publishing plans for approval by the Holy Synod, and evaluates published manuscripts. The Publishing House of the Moscow Patriarchate publishes the Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate and the newspaper Tserkovny Vestnik, the official printed organs of the Moscow Patriarchate; publishes the collection "Theological Works", the official church calendar, maintains a chronicle of the Patriarchal ministry, publishes official church documents. In addition, the publishing house of the Moscow Patriarchate is responsible for the publication of the Holy Scriptures, liturgical and other books. The Publishing Council of the Moscow Patriarchate and the Publishing House of the Moscow Patriarchate are headed by Archpriest Vladimir Siloviev.
Study Committee manages a network of theological educational institutions that train future clergy and clergymen. Within the framework of the Educational Committee, the coordination of educational programs for theological educational institutions, the development of a single educational standard for theological schools is being carried out. The chairman of the educational committee is Archbishop Eugene of Vereya.
Department of Religious Education and Catechesis coordinates work on the dissemination of religious education among the laity, including secular educational institutions. The forms of religious education and catechization of the laity are very diverse: Sunday schools at churches, circles for adults, groups for preparing adults for baptism, Orthodox kindergartens, Orthodox groups in state kindergartens, Orthodox gymnasiums, schools and lyceums, courses for catechists. Sunday Schools are the most common form of catechesis. The Department is headed by Archimandrite John (Ekonomtsev).
Department of Charity and Social Service carries out a number of socially significant church programs and coordinates social work at the general church level. A number of medical programs are successfully functioning. Among them special attention deserves the work of the Central Clinical Hospital of the Moscow Patriarchate in the name of St. Alexis, Metropolitan of Moscow (5th City Hospital). In the context of the transition of medical care to a commercial basis, this medical institution is one of the few Moscow clinics where examinations and treatment are provided free of charge. In addition, the Department has repeatedly delivered humanitarian aid to areas of natural disasters and conflicts. The Chairman of the Department is Metropolitan Sergiy of Voronezh and Borisoglebsk.
Missionary Department coordinates the missionary activities of the Russian Orthodox Church. Today, this activity includes mainly an internal mission, that is, work to return to the bosom of the Church people who, as a result of persecution of the Church in the 20th century, were cut off from the paternal faith. Another important area of ​​missionary activity is opposition to destructive cults. Chairman of the Missionary Department - Archbishop of Belgorod and Starooskolsky John.
Department for Cooperation with the Armed Forces and Law Enforcement Institutions carries out pastoral work with military personnel, employees of law enforcement agencies. In addition, the pastoral care of prisoners is within the competence of the Department. The Chairman of the Department is Archpriest Dimitry Smirnov.
Youth Department at the general church level, coordinates pastoral work with youth, organizes the interaction of church, public and state organizations in the matter of spiritual and moral education of children and youth. The Department is headed by the Archbishop of Kostroma and Galich Alexander.

The Russian Orthodox Church is divided into Dioceses - local churches headed by a bishop and uniting diocesan institutions, deaneries, parishes, monasteries, metochions, spiritual educational institutions, brotherhoods, sisterhoods and missions.
coming called the community of Orthodox Christians, consisting of clergy and laity, united at the temple. The parish is a canonical division of the Russian Orthodox Church, is under the commanding supervision of its diocesan bishop and under the guidance of the priest-rector appointed by him. A parish is formed by the voluntary consent of believing citizens of the Orthodox faith who have reached the age of majority, with the blessing of the diocesan bishop.
The highest governing body of the parish is the Parish Assembly, headed by the rector of the parish, who ex officio is the chairman of the Parish Assembly. The executive and administrative body of the Parish Assembly is the Parish Council; he is accountable to the rector and the parish assembly.
Brotherhoods and sisterhoods can be created by parishioners with the consent of the rector and with the blessing of the diocesan bishop. Brotherhoods and sisterhoods aim to attract parishioners to participate in the care and work of maintaining churches in proper condition, to charity, mercy, religious and moral education and upbringing. Brotherhoods and sisterhoods at parishes are under the supervision of the rector. They begin their activities after the blessing of the diocesan bishop.
Monastery- this is a church institution in which a male or female community lives and operates, consisting of Orthodox Christians who voluntarily chose the monastic way of life for spiritual and moral perfection and joint confession of the Orthodox faith. The decision on the opening of monasteries belongs to His Holiness the Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' and the Holy Synod on the proposal of the diocesan bishop. Diocesan monasteries are under the supervision and canonical administration of diocesan bishops. Stauropegial monasteries are under the canonical administration of His Holiness the Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' or those Synodal institutions with which the Patriarch blesses such administration.

Dioceses of the Russian Orthodox Church may be united into Exarchates. Such association is based on the national-regional principle. Decisions on the creation or dissolution of the Exarchates, as well as on their name and territorial boundaries, are taken by the Council of Bishops. At present, the Russian Orthodox Church has a Belarusian Exarchate located on the territory of the Republic of Belarus. The head of the Belarusian Exarchate is Metropolitan Filaret of Minsk and Slutsk, Patriarchal Exarch of All Belarus.
The Moscow Patriarchate includes autonomous and self-governing churches . Their creation and determination of their boundaries falls within the competence of the Local or Bishops' Council of the Russian Orthodox Church. Self-governing Churches carry out their activities on the basis and within the limits provided by the Patriarchal Tomos, issued in accordance with the decisions of the Local or Bishops' Council. Currently self-governing are: the Latvian Orthodox Church (Primate - Metropolitan of Riga and All Latvia Alexander), the Orthodox Church of Moldova (Primate - Metropolitan of Chisinau and All Moldova Vladimir), the Estonian Orthodox Church (Primate - Metropolitan of Tallinn and All Estonia Cornelius). The Ukrainian Orthodox Church is self-governing with broad autonomy rights. Its Primate is His Beatitude Metropolitan Vladimir of Kiev and All Ukraine.
The Japanese Autonomous Orthodox Church and the Chinese Autonomous Orthodox Church are independent and free in the affairs of their internal administration and are connected with the Plenitude of Ecumenical Orthodoxy through the Russian Orthodox Church.
The Primate of the Japanese Autonomous Orthodox Church is His Eminence Daniel, Archbishop of Tokyo, Metropolitan of All Japan. The election of the Primate is made by the Local Council of the Japanese Autonomous Orthodox Church, consisting of all its bishops and representatives of the clergy and laity elected to this Council. The candidacy of the Primate is approved by His Holiness the Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus'. The Primate of the Japanese Autonomous Orthodox Church commemorates His Holiness the Patriarch at divine services.
The Chinese Autonomous Orthodox Church currently consists of several communities of Orthodox believers who do not have permanent pastoral care. Until the holding of the Council of the Chinese Autonomous Orthodox Church, the archpastoral care of its parishes is carried out by the Primate of the Russian Orthodox Church in accordance with the canons in force.

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