Do universals really exist? Or are there really only specific things? For realists, only universals, general concepts, and not individual objects, have true reality. The nominalists argued that only single things really exist, and general concepts exist only in our thinking, these are just names that we give to groups of things. According to conceptualism, general concepts do not have an independent existence, but in individual things there is something in common, on the basis of which a concept appears, expressed by a word.
There was a transitional period between medieval philosophy and the philosophy of modern times - the Renaissance (XIV-XVI). Changes in society during this period were accompanied by changes in worldview. In all areas of cultural and social life there was a process of secularization (liberation from the power of religion and church institutions). Independence in relation to the church is acquired not only by economic and political life but also philosophy, science and art.
In the 17th century thanks to the discoveries of 4 great thinkers: Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler and Newton, a scientific revolution is taking place. A new natural science is emerging, a science in modern understanding. It is distinguished by the combination of a theory formulated with the help of mathematics (i.e., in the language of algebra and geometry) with a pre-planned experiment.
The scientific revolution is characterized by the following ideas: (1) it is important to understand how the world works, (2) for this it is necessary to study the world itself, and not read Aristotle or Holy Scripture; (3) the most fruitful way to study the world is experiment (these ideas were most clearly expressed by the English philosopher F. Bacon (1561-1626), (4) the world is a mechanical system that can be explained mathematically - this idea was most clearly expressed by the French philosopher R. Descartes.
In the spotlight new philosophy- the theory of knowledge, the search for the true scientific method. On the question of the nature of knowledge, philosophers are divided into two areas - rationalism (Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz) and empiricism (Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, Hume). Empiricists believed that the only source of knowledge is sensory experience. Rationalists believed that the source of knowledge is the ideas of the mind. (see section "Theory of knowledge")
René Descartes (1596-1650) is considered to be the founder of modern philosophy. Descartes was frustrated with the philosophy that preceded it because it was contradictory and confusing. To find reliable foundations for his philosophy, Descartes uses the method of doubt. Having questioned all his knowledge, Descartes comes to the conclusion that he can doubt everything except one thing: I think, therefore I am. Cogito ergo sum. Thus, he takes his own thoughts, and not the objects of the external world, as the original reality. This manifested the subjectivism and individualism of the philosophy of modern times.
Descartes divides the world created by God into two substances: matter and spirit. The main attribute of matter is extension. The main attribute of spiritual substance is thinking.
Extended matter Descartes identifies with nature. Descartes proposes a radically new ontology, i.e. a radical new concept of what really exists. The medieval scholastics, following Aristotle, expended much energy to classify natural phenomena into genera and to explain the behavior of a thing in terms of the essential features of the natural genus to which the thing belongs.
Expressing the spirit of the scientific revolution of the XVII century. Descartes argues that in order to understand a natural phenomenon, we must instead adopt a new approach. What matters for scientific explanation is not differences in gender, but quantitative analysis, which can be expressed in terms of strict mathematical laws. Hence, instead of the traditional multitude of individual substances belonging to various natural kinds, we find in Descartes only one kind: the whole universe consists of a single extended material, all phenomena must be explained quantitatively, in terms of the size, shape and movement of their parts.
In sharp contradiction to medieval physics, Descartes tries to reduce all the qualitative diversity of natural phenomena to matter (identical with space) and its mechanical motion. This view is called mechanistic. Everything in nature is subject to purely mechanical laws, which can be discovered with the help of the mathematical science of mechanics. From nature, Descartes completely banishes the concept of purpose, on which all Aristotelian physics was based.
Motion arises as a result of a push imparted to a given body by another body. Mechanical motion is transmitted from one body to another and does not disappear from the Universe. Nature is a gigantic mechanical system. God gave her the initial impetus. God created the world and preserves in matter the same amount of movement and rest that he put into it when he created it.
Descartes extended the laws of mechanics to the explanation of living objects. An animal's body is a complex mechanism, a machine, everything that happens in it comes down to the mechanical interaction of its components.
According to Descartes, man is a rational living being, in which two substances are combined. The body belongs to the material substance. Mind is a property of another substance - spiritual. Substances, by definition, cannot affect each other. Descartes still allows the interaction of soul and body. In this case, a problem arises: how can an immaterial mind move a body that is completely subject to physical laws? Descartes failed to solve this problem. Some followers of Descartes proposed a solution to the problem called parallelism. The mind does not actually cause the body to move. When I want to raise my hand, my desire only seems to cause the hand to move. In fact, there are two series of events, one is a series of mental events, the other is a series of material events. My desire to raise my hand and the movement of my hand coincide. Therefore, it seems that my desire caused the hand to move. Why do these two events coincide? Because God coordinates mental and material events.
According to the materialist Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), all things are made up of material particles, and all change comes down to movement. Hence the main principle of Hobbes' metaphysics: everything is a body in motion. Movement is the passage from one place to another. According to Hobbes, there are two main types of bodies: physical bodies and political bodies. Hence the two divisions of philosophy: the philosophy of nature and political philosophy.
The rationalist Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) tries to overcome the contradictions that arose in Descartes' metaphysics. Spinoza combines two substances into one: there is only one substance - God. "God" in the understanding of Spinoza is not a person, as in Judaism and Christianity. God is the sum of all that exists. This is reality, nature. It is no coincidence that Spinoza was considered an atheist. But Spinoza was not an atheist, he was a pantheist. God is everything.
Since there is only one substance, thinking and extension are attributes not of two different substances, as Descartes thought, but of one substance. Spinoza has been called a neutral monist because he tries to create a philosophy based on a substance that is neither matter nor spirit.
Everything that happens necessarily follows from the nature of God. Everything was, is and will be exactly as it should be. Free will according to Spinoza is an illusion.
Questions for self-control:
1. What is creationism?
2. What is secularization?
3. What two traditions served as sources for medieval philosophical thought?
4. What is the essence of the disagreement between nominalism and realism?
5. What is the difference between being and existence of medieval philosophers?
6. What is scholasticism?
7. What is meant by the scientific revolution of the 17th century?
8. What is materialism? Name the representatives.
9. What is dualism? Name the representatives.
10. What is neutral monism? Name the representatives.
11. What is idealism? Name the representatives.
12. What view of the world is called mechanistic?
13. What is the psychophysical problem?
14. How does Descartes solve the psychophysical problem?
15. What solution to the psychophysical problem is called parallelism?
16. Why is Spinoza's doctrine of substance called neutral monism?
Literature
Main literature:
1. Introduction to philosophy: textbook for universities / ed. coll.: I.T. Frolov and others - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Respublika, 2005. - Section 2. Part I. Ch. 3, 4, 5.
Additional literature:
2. History of Philosophy: West - Russia - East. Philosophy of the XV-XIX centuries: a textbook for students. universities. In 4 books. Book. 2. - M., 1996.
3. Reale D., Antiseri D. New time. Western philosophy from origins to the present day. In 4 vols. T.3. - St. Petersburg. 1996.
Sources for the seminar
1. Descartes R. Reflections on the first philosophy // R. Descartes. Works: in 2 vols. T. 2. - M .: Thought, 1994. - The second and sixth reflections.
Source questions:
1. Why does Descartes question all his previous knowledge?
2. What conclusions about what exists does Descartes come to by passing the path of doubt?
3. What is the difference between soul and body, according to Descartes?
4. How are soul and body related, according to Descartes?
Lesson 2.
1. Leibniz's idealism. Leibniz's criticism of mechanism from the standpoint of idealism. The doctrine of monads. preset harmony.
2. Locke's dualism. Locke on primary and secondary qualities.
3. Berkeley's subjective idealism. Denying the distinction between primary and secondary qualities. Denial of matter. The problem of solipsism.
The original idealistic metaphysics was proposed by the German philosopher XVII V. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716). In contrast to Descartes, he argues that extension does not explain all the properties of bodies, it does not explain inertia and the fact that the movement itself can be caused only by some kind of "force". The source of this force, according to Leibniz, are non-material points, spiritual units - monads (from the Greek word monas - unit). Monads are simple indivisible non-material substances that underlie everything that exists.
According to Leibniz, movement and extension are only external definitions of reality that go no further than appearances; behind them lies the true reality - monads. Space is not an independent reality, but a phenomenon derived from the arrangement of things relative to each other. The same is true with time. Time is not an ontological river with a real uniform flow, it is also a derivative phenomenon. Time is a sequence of things.
According to Leibniz, the existence of many worlds (with other physical laws) is logically possible. Why does this world exist, and not any other of the possible ones? This fact is well founded. Such a basis, according to Leibniz, is the optimality, the perfection of this world. From the highest perfection of God, it follows that when creating the universe, he chose the best plan. This world is the best possible world. Things and phenomena are such and not different, because the way they are being is the best possible way of being.
Leibniz treats monads by analogy with our inner mental life, i.e. the life of the human soul. Each monad reflects the entire universe from its point of view. Depending on the degree of clarity of their ideas, monads perceive the world either vaguely and indistinctly, or more clearly, and finally, in the light of consciousness, as a human rational soul.
Each monad is a closed world, monads do not interact. But how to explain that all the states of monads are consistent with each other? Leibniz explains this by the divine pre-established harmony. He gives an example with a couple of hours. To synchronize them, you must either link them to each other, or check them every time, or design such a perfect pair of clocks that later they can always show the same time on their own (pre-established harmony).
According to John Locke (1632-1704) all our ideas come from experience. At birth, the human mind is like a blank slate - tabula rasa. Experience leaves its marks on this board. External objects are imprinted in our sensations.
John Locke distinguishes between primary and secondary qualities of things. Primary qualities are qualities that are inherent in things themselves and exist regardless of who perceives them. This includes such qualities as length, figure, density, movement. Secondary qualities are qualities whose existence depends on the observer, in other words, these qualities do not exist if no one perceives the thing. This includes color, sound, texture, taste, smell. Primary qualities are objective (they actually exist in the thing itself), secondary qualities are subjective (they exist in the perceiving subject), depend on our sense organs and are formed on the basis of various combinations of primary qualities.
According to Locke's theory, we perceive objects not directly, but with the help of representations of these objects in the form of ideas (sensations). Some sensations are reflections of the material things of the external world and their qualities, while others are not.
George Berkeley (1685-1753) argues that there is no distinction between primary and secondary qualities: not only secondary but also primary qualities are subjective. How does he prove it?
1) primary and secondary qualities are inseparable from each other, primary qualities cannot be conceived apart from secondary ones, which means they are also subjective. 2) not only secondary, but also primary qualities are relative, changing from one observer to another.
This implies that all qualities are subjective. A thing is a stable combination of our sensations. Looking at an apple, we see a rounded greenish object on one side and red on the other side. We feel its sweet and sour taste, pleasant smell, heaviness, etc. All these are different sensations. If there is a certain combination of such sensations, we say: this is an apple. All these sensations exist only in the consciousness of the perceiver. From this, Berkeley's expression "to exist is to be perceived" becomes clear.
Description
The course involves the following tasks:
- to give knowledge of the foundations of philosophy, its general structure, the main stages of its historical development, the systems of great philosophers representing various traditions and schools;
- to show the place of philosophy in the structure of knowledge, its role as a general methodology of knowledge;
- to reveal the ideological function of philosophy, to show how the pluralism of worldviews is combined with the ideas of the objectivity of truth and the universal validity of moral and legal norms in society;
- to reveal the value-normative function of philosophy, the unity of theoretical and practical philosophy, the correlation of philosophical categories and ideological meanings of human activity;
- develop a skill that allows you to distinguish scientific knowledge from extra-scientific and anti-scientific;
- to reveal the creative nature of thinking, the inexhaustibility of knowledge, the role of freedom of judgment, discussion and scientific criticism in the cognitive process;
- to form an understanding of the place of their specialty in the overall structure scientific knowledge and the place of one's profession in the life of society;
- to reveal the role of people's conscious activity as a specific form of the natural development of society and the role of individually responsible behavior of the individual in this process;
- show the variability of the historical process;
- develop the ability to reasonably and tolerantly express their understanding of vital philosophical problems;
- educate in the spirit of patriotism, democratic ideals and values.
Content
1. Goals and objectives of the discipline ………………………………………………. 4
2. The volume of discipline and types of educational work ……………………….…… 5
3. Curriculum and thematic plan ……………………………………….……… 5
4. Course program ……………………………………………………….…. 6
5. Plans of seminars ……………………………………..….…… 13
6. Independent work
List of essay topics ………………………………………………………...……... 44
Guidelines for writing an essay ……………………..…... 45
Essay Evaluation Criteria ………………………………………………………. 46
7. Questions for the exam …………………………………………………..….... 48
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus
State Higher Educational Institution "Grodno State Medical University"
Department of Humanities
PHILOSOPHY
Grodno - 2004
annotation
The educational and methodological complex in philosophy is intended for part-time students of the Faculty of Nursing with higher education. It includes a list of educational and reference literature, methodological developments on the topics of the lecture course and seminars, the topics of tests and recommendations for their implementation, questions for exams. The purpose of this educational and methodological complex is to make it as easy as possible for part-time students to study the course of philosophy.
Reviewer: candidate of philosophical sciences Busko I.V.
(Grodno State Agrarian University)
Approved and published by the decision of the Central Scientific and Methodological Council of the Grodno State Medical University (protocol No. 5 dated May 21, 2004)
Responsible for the issue - the first vice-rector of GSMU, Professor I.G. Zhuk
Explanatory note
The educational and methodological complex "Philosophy" is intended for part-time students, although in some of its sections it can also be used by full-time students. Literature on the topics of the course is given in the section "Subjects of examinations", and the author-compiler did not consider it appropriate to repeat it in the sections: "Subjects of the course" and "Seminar classes", since the questions of the sections are practically repeated, and the topics of the examinations are presented in full .
Based on the fact that the content of various teaching aids in philosophy, as a rule, is not consistent with the structural and content model of the curriculum for higher educational institutions, approved by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus in 2000, and there is no single textbook, the author-compiler in the section "Course topics, main issues and categories, without understanding which it is impossible to master the topic" outlines the range of philosophical issues, the volume of which basically corresponds to the specified program, and the assimilation of which is necessary in order to get a positive mark during the exams. Since, in parallel with the course of philosophy, students study political science and cultural studies, the author-compiler included the questions of the topics "Philosophy of politics and law" and "Philosophy of culture" in the general topic "Main problems of social philosophy", condensing them to the maximum, and replaced the topic "Philosophy of technology" with the topic "Philosophy and Medicine", given the profile of the university. The student can get acquainted with the most typical program of the course of philosophy at the department of humanities or in the university library.
IN as a result of mastering the course "Philosophy", the student must know:
- conceptual foundations of the most important trends in the history of philosophical thought;
- main categories of philosophical knowledge;
- leading representatives of the history of philosophy;
be able to analyze:
- the place and role of philosophy in human life;
- the specifics of various philosophical systems in their relationship with the social and cultural parameters of society;
- own worldview position and the grounds for its choice;
acquire skills and qualities:
- analysis and interpretation of philosophical texts;
- culture of philosophical argumentation and polemics;
- philosophical and ideological tolerance.
Educational and reference literature for the course "Philosophy"
1. Anthology of World Philosophy: In 4 vols. - M., 1969-1972.
2. Introduction to philosophy. Textbook for higher educational institutions. Part 1, 2.
- M., 1989.
3. Volchek E.Z. Philosophy. - Mn., 2003.
4. History of Philosophy. Ed. Ch.S. Kirvel. - Mn., 2001.
5. Kanke V.A. Philosophy. Historical and systematic course. M., 1997.
6. The latest philosophical dictionary. - Mn., 2001.
7. Radugin A.A. Philosophy: a course of lectures. - 2nd ed. - M., 2001.
8. Modern Western Philosophy. Dictionary. - M., 1995.
9. Modern Philosophy. Dictionary and reader. - M., 1995.
10. Philosophy. Ed. N.I. Zhukova. - Mn., 1999.
11. Philosophy. Responsible ed. V.P. Kokhanovsky. - Rostov-on-Don, 1997. 12. Philosophy. Ed. Yu.A. Kharin. - Mn., 1998. 13. Philosophical Encyclopedia. In 5 volumes - M., 1960-1970. 14. Anthology on philosophy. - Rostov-on-Don, 1997.
15. Tsaregorodtsev G.I., Erokhin V.G. Dialectical materialism and the theoretical foundations of medicine. - M., 1986.
16. Chueshov V.I. Introduction to modern philosophy. - Mn., 1997. 17. Shapovalov V.F. Fundamentals of philosophy. - M., 1999.
Course topics, main questions and categories,
without understanding which it is impossible to master the topic
Topic 1. Philosophy as a phenomenon of culture
The main questions of the topic:
1. Worldview and its levels. Knowledge and values in the structure of worldview
2. Worldview types. Mythology and religion, their place and functions in culture.
3. The problem of the beginning of philosophy. The language of philosophy.
4. The nature of philosophical problems. The main themes of philosophical reflections. main philosophical directions.
5. The concept of metaphysics. Philosophy as the doctrine of the universal foundations of being. Functions of philosophy.
6. Philosophy and Science. Discussions about the scientific nature of philosophy.
1. Agnosticism is a doctrine that completely or partially denies the possibility of knowing the world.
2. Axiology - (the science of values), a philosophical study of the nature of values.
3. Atheism - a system of views that deny belief in the supernatural; rejection of all religion.
4. Dogmatism - uncritical thinking based on dogmas (dogmas are positions taken on faith as immutable truths, unchanged under all circumstances).
5. Dualism is a philosophical doctrine that, in contrast to monism, considers material and spiritual substances to be equal principles.
6. Spirituality is a person's aspiration to use intellectual, emotional, sensual and physical abilities and forces in accordance with the perceived system of values.
7. Knowledge is a product of the social, labor and mental activity of people, which is an ideal reproduction in the linguistic form of objective connections and relations of the surrounding world.
8. Idealism is a philosophical trend that, in contrast to materialism, affirms the primacy of spirit, consciousness and the secondary nature of matter. It is divided into objective idealism and subjective idealism. Objective idealism takes as the basis of reality the universal spirit, a kind of supra-individual consciousness. Subjective idealism reduces knowledge about the world
To content of individual consciousness.
9. Materialism is a philosophical trend that asserts, on the contrary,
opposite to idealism, the primacy of matter and the secondary nature of consciousness.
10. Metaphysics - 1) philosophy as a doctrine of the universal, of the ultimate problems and principles of all things; 2) the doctrine of being (ontology); 3) philosophizing in general; 4) the philosophical method of cognition and other types of activity that are opposed to the dialectical method.
11. Worldview - a system of views on the objective world and a person's place in it. Diverse "blocks" of knowledge, beliefs, thoughts, feelings, moods, aspirations, hopes, united in a worldview, appear as a more or less holistic understanding of the world and themselves by people.
12. Attitude - the emotional and psychological side of the worldview at the level of moods and feelings.
13. World outlook - the cognitive and intellectual side of the worldview.
14. Mysticism is a religious-idealistic view of reality, which is based on the belief in the existence of supernatural forces.
15. Myth is the earliest form of the spiritual culture of mankind, concentrating in itself the rudiments of knowledge, religious beliefs, political views, different types of art, separate philosophical ideas, united in legends about fantastic creatures, about the deeds of gods and legendary heroes.
16. Monism is a philosophical doctrine that takes one principle (or consciousness, or matter) as the basis of everything that exists.
17. The fundamental question of philosophy- the question of the relation of thought to matter, spirit to nature.
18. Religion is a form of worldview in which the development of the world is carried out through its doubling into this world (material, earthly, perceived by the senses) and otherworldly (“heavenly”, supernatural).
19. Substance - philosophical category to denote the essence, that which underlies the world. According to the definition of B. Spinoza, a substance is that which is the cause of itself.
20. Philosophy is a form of worldview, a solid foundation for which is the position of reason, intellect, and the main form of understanding the world is the concept.
21. Value is the positive significance for the individual of any spiritual phenomenon or real object involved in the sphere of human interests and relations. The most important concepts with which the value consciousness has long been associated were the concepts of good and evil, beautiful and ugly.
Topic 2. Philosophy of ancient civilizations
The main questions of the topic:
1. Cultural and historical prerequisites for the emergence of philosophical thought. Philosophy of the Ancient East.
2. Ancient civilization and its role in the development of European culture.
3. The problems of pre-Socratic philosophy. Main philosophical schools this period.
4. classical period ancient philosophy: Sophists, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle.
5. Greek Philosophy of the Hellenistic Period. Ethical concepts of Cynics, Cyrenaics, Stoics and Epicurus.
When studying the topic, pay special attention to the assimilation of the following questions and categories:
1. The Absolute is a category of idealistic philosophy to designate the eternal, infinite, unconditional, perfect and unchanging subject, which is “self-sufficient”, does not depend on anything else, by itself contains everything that exists and creates it.
2. The main philosophical schools of ancient China were Taoism
(founder - Lao Tzu, VI-V centuries BC) and Confucianism (founder - Confucius, VI-V centuries BC).
3. In ancient India, there were six classical or orthodox darshans, guided by the authority of the Vedas (Vedanta, Samkhya, Nyaya, yoga, Vaisheshika, Mimansa) and unorthodox (Charvaka or Lokayata, Jainism, Buddhism).
4. In the spiritual development of the world ancient Eastern thinkers emphasized the role of a mentor (guru), designed to help the seeker to follow the right path. The emphasis was on the knowledge of the value and meaning of phenomena and the desire for personal self-improvement while observing the traditions of the social group to which the individual belongs. Philosophical searches were aimed primarily at the person and his soul, at the development of ethical issues.
5. Thales was the father of philosophy, the founder of the Milesian school (its representatives, "physicists", were also Anaximander and Anaximenes), and the year of the "birth of philosophy" can be considered 585 BC. - the year of the solar eclipse predicted by Thales.
6. Physis - according to Thales, the fundamental principle of the world, the first fundamental reality.
7. Eleatics: Parmenides, Zeno, Melis (VI-V centuries BC). The Eleatics (along with the Pythagoreans) played an outstanding role in the transition from knowledge burdened with sensual images to intellectual knowledge operating with concepts. Parmenides argued: “Being exists, but there is no non-being”, “One and the same is thought and that about which thought exists”, “Being is one, indivisible”.
8. Heraclitus (VI-V centuries BC) - opposed the teaching of the Eleatics about the immutability of being, the doctrine of universal variability. The fundamental principle of the world considered fire. The essence of his teaching expresses the thesis: "Everything flows, everything changes." He also owns the words: “This cosmos, the same for everyone, was not created by any of the gods or of people, but it has always been, is and will be an ever-living fire, flaring up in measures and extinguishing in measures.” (Anthology of world philosophy. Vol. 1,
9. Pythagoreans - a school founded by Pythagoras (VI century BC). The Pythagoreans made a valuable contribution to the development of mathematics. They explained the essence of all things with the help of numbers and their ratios. The mysticism of numbers was combined in Pythagoras with a belief in the transmigration of souls and was absolutized in the doctrine of the cosmic "harmony of the spheres."
10. Democritus of Abder (c. 460-370 BC) - one of the founders of
mystics (student of Leucippus). The fundamental principle of the world considered atoms (i.e. indivisible)
And emptiness: “... the beginning of the Universe is atoms and emptiness... There are countless worlds and they have a beginning and an end in time. And nothing arises from non-existence... And the atoms are countless in variety of size and in multitude; they rush in the Universe, circling in a whirlwind, and thus everything complex is born: fire, water, air, earth ... Atoms, however, are not subject to any influence and are unchangeable due to hardness ”(Anthology of world philosophy. Vol. 1, part 1 , pp.326-327). Democritus is the founder of the materialistic line in philosophy.
11. Cosmocentrism is a specific feature of early Greek philosophy, consisting in the desire to understand the essence of nature, the cosmos, the world as a whole. Man, in cosmocentrism, was interpreted as a particle of the cosmos, entirely subject to the laws of the latter. The concept of "cosmos" was first introduced into scientific circulation by Pythagoras to denote the unity of the world as opposed to chaos. The main property of the cosmos among the Pythagoreans was considered the harmony of the spheres.
12. Sophists - professional teachers of wisdom in ancient Greece. Man and consciousness - this is the theme that enters Greek philosophy along with the sophists. The most famous among them are Protagoras (490-420 BC), Gorgias (c. 480 - c. 380 BC). The original principle of the sophists, formulated by Protagoras, is this: "Man is the measure of all things: those that exist, that they exist, and those that do not exist, that they do not exist." He wrote: “About the gods, I cannot know either that they exist, or that they do not exist, or what they look like. For many things hinder this knowledge: both the vagueness of the question and the brevity of human life” (Anthology of World Philosophy, Vol. 1, p. 316, 318). Later sophists (4th century BC) turned, according to Aristotle, into teachers of “imaginary wisdom”, since they resorted to techniques in a dispute that later became known as sophistry.
13. Sophistry - the conscious use in a dispute or in evidence of incorrect arguments, all kinds of tricks, disguised by external, formal correctness.
14. Socrates (c. 470-399 BC) - first a student of the sophists, and then their
critic. The main philosophical interest of Socrates focuses on the question of what is a person, what is human consciousness. This understanding of the subject of knowledge Socrates expressed the formula: "Know thyself." He also owns the words: "I know that I know nothing." Socrates considered the goal of the critical work of the mind to obtain a concept based on a strict definition of the subject. The highest task of knowledge, according to Socrates, is not theoretical, but practical - the art of living. He was a supporter of ethical rationalism, considered knowledge to be the basis of virtue, while evil deeds, according to Socrates, are generated only by ignorance and no one is evil of good will.
15. Plato (427-347 BC) - the founder of the idealistic line
V philosophy. Like Parmenides, Plato characterized being as eternal and unchanging, cognizable only by the mind and inaccessible to sensory perception. Being, according to Plato, is the world of supersensible, unchanging and eternal ideas, which he calls "essences". They are opposed by the sphere of sensible things, or the world of "becoming". Here everything arises and annihilates, but never "is." “... It is necessary to turn away with all your soul from everything that is becoming: then the human ability to know will be able to withstand the contemplation of being ...” (Plato. Works in 3 volumes - M., 1971. V.3 (1). P.326). The force that unites ideas is the unity, which is higher than being, i.e. ideas, and is identical with the highest good. For the followers of Plato, the term “transcendental” (that which is on the other side) is fixed to designate the one.
16. Transcendental- a term denoting, as opposed to "immanent", that which is beyond the boundaries of consciousness and cognition (outside the world).
17. Aristotle (384-322 BC) - Plato's student, philosopher and encyclopedic scientist, founder of the science of logic and a number of branches of specialized knowledge. Criticized the Platonic doctrine of ideas. (The saying is attributed to him: “Plato is my friend, but the truth is dearer!”). Aristotle believed that matter exists forever, that it is uncreated and indestructible. But matter contains only the possibility of being. In order for this possibility to turn into reality, it must unite with the form, which has as its root cause the world mind - the Perpetual Motion Machine, i.e. God.
18. Cynics (Greek cynics)- one of the so-called Socratic schools, founded by Antisthenes, a student of Gorgias and Socrates. The Cynics paid the main attention to the problems of ethics. They called for “learning from nature”, “living like animals”, rejecting religion, law, etc., they recognized, like Socrates, that human happiness coincides with virtue, they saw human happiness
V autonomy of the individual from the surrounding social conditions. “Life and health, honor and freedom, wealth and pleasure - all this is by no means good, just like death and illness, slavery and shame, grief and poverty are not evil,” the cynics taught, insisting that “the happiness of a person is in himself” . The Cynics criticized Plato's doctrine of the "world of ideas".
A follower of Antisthenes was Diogenes of Sinope (c. 400-323 BC), who propagated an extremely simplified form of cynicism by personal example (“lived in a barrel”) and, thereby, gave reason to consider cynicism rather
way of life than philosophy. A student of Diogenes, Crates became the tutor of Zeno of Kition, the founder of Stoicism.
19. Cyrenaics are followers of the Socratic philosophical school founded by Aristippus, a student of Protagoras and Socrates. The Cyrenaics developed the ethical side of the teachings of Socrates, preaching hedonism, declaring pleasure the goal of life. Aristipus taught about achieving pleasure through practical activity and mastery over one's desires. Cyrenaica Feodor the Atheist and Euhemerus became famous for their criticism of religion and social institutions of the slave-owning society. Later, the Cyrenaic school merges with Epicureanism.
20. The Stoics are representatives of a philosophical doctrine that arose at the end of the 4th century. BC. in connection with the spread of cosmopolitan and individualistic ideas (Zeno, Chrysippus - 4-3 centuries BC; Annaeus Seneca, Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius - 1-2 centuries AD).
Stoicism first introduced a strict division of philosophy into logic, physics, and ethics. In physics, the Stoics restored the cosmology of Heraclitus and his doctrine of fire as the primary element. In logic, they created the logic of propositions as the doctrine of the formation of complex propositions from simple propositions and developed on this basis the propositional theory of inference. The primary task of philosophy was seen in ethics: knowledge is only a means for acquiring wisdom, the ability to live. The Stoics considered freedom from the power of the outside world over a person to be the main virtue of a sage; its strength lies in the fact that it is not a slave of its own passions. A sage cannot aspire to sense gratification. A real sage is not even afraid of death; It is from the Stoics that the understanding of philosophy as the science of dying comes. Here the model for the Stoics was Socrates. Happiness is in freedom from passions, in peace of mind, in indifference. Everything in life is predetermined by fate. “The obedient fate leads, the recalcitrant drags,” Seneca argued. At the same time, he insisted: “Our main task should be that we do not follow the leaders of the herd like cattle, that we go not where others go, but where duty dictates” (Anthology of World Philosophy. Vol. 1, part 1, p. 509). The “practical wisdom” or “fortitude” of a person lies in the four virtues: prudence, justice, courage, moderation.
21. Epicurus (341-270 BC) - a follower of the atomistic teachings of Leucippus-Democritus. He founded a school in Athens ("Garden"), which lasted more than eight centuries. The philosophical system of Epicurus includes physics (the doctrine of being), canonics (the doctrine of knowledge), ethics (the doctrine of morality). He defended the ideas of the materiality of the world (the doctrine of atoms and emptiness) and its cognizability on the basis of sensory experience. The ethics of Epicurus appears as worldly wisdom. He considered the goal of human life to be happiness, understood as pleasure, the satisfaction of desires. But he saw pleasure not in sensual pleasure, as the Cyrenaics did, but in the absence of suffering. Epicurus, like the Stoics, considered equanimity of spirit (ataraxia), peace of mind and serenity to be the highest pleasure. Health of the body and peace of mind are the most important components happy life. The sage in the understanding of Epicurus is a sign
Department of Vocational Education of the Tomsk Region
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Fundamentals of Philosophy
Toolkit
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Developer: Polyakova T.D. - teacher of history and social studies
Conclusion protocol No. ____________ dated "____" __________ 2017__
Chairman of the PCC ________________
Review of the methodological guide Fundamentals of Philosophy
(for distance learning)
teacher of history and social science Polyakova Tatyana Dmitrievna
The course is designed for 12 hours and is divided into three sections: "History of Western Philosophy", "History of Russian Philosophy", "General Questions of Philosophy". The methodological recommendations of the discipline were developed on the basis of the program of the academic discipline "Fundamentals of Philosophy", the Federal State educational standard for the specialty of secondary vocational education. The introduction to the discipline provides information about the origin of philosophy, the main issues, functions and directions.
Philosophy as a branch of culture, its main problems in their development from Antiquity to the 20th century are presented. The material of the manual helps to orient in modern global and specific life problems and to develop one's own worldview position. The course is divided into
three chapters, the first of which is devoted to historical development, subject, specifics, methods, the internal structure of philosophy and its difference from other branches of culture, and subsequent chapters - ontology, social philosophy, philosophical anthropology, epistemology, philosophical futurology, the result of testing knowledge are tests.
The methodological manual corresponds to the Federal State Educational Standard of SPO.
Deputy Director for UMR N. V. Sharaeva
course "Fundamentals of Philosophy"
The purpose of the course is to form ideas about the main stages in the development of philosophical knowledge about the world and man, which formed the foundation of science.
The course is designed for 12 hours and is divided into three sections: "History of Western Philosophy", "History of Russian Philosophy", "General Questions of Philosophy". The methodological recommendations of the discipline were developed on the basis of the program of the academic discipline "Fundamentals of Philosophy", the Federal State Educational Standard for the specialty of secondary vocational education. The introduction to the discipline provides information about the origin of philosophy, main issues, functions and directions.
Among the main problems of philosophy are the questions of being ( ontology), knowledge ( epistemology), person ( philosophical anthropology) and society ( social philosophy ). It must be remembered that philosophy cannot give unambiguous answers to all these problems. This is evidenced by two main directions - materialism And idealism, the topic of which is the question of the primacy of matter or consciousness as the basis of the universe.
Getting Started with the First Section "History of Western Philosophy", it is necessary to pay attention that the formation of philosophical thought depended on the type of worldview, historical conditions, the development of scientific knowledge and technological progress.
The first stage of philosophy begins in antique period stories. Among the brightest representatives of this era, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Pythagoras, Zeno of Elea, Heraclitus, Diogenes, Seneca, Cicero should be singled out. Each of them considered issues related to the basis of the world, methods of its knowledge, improvement of models of government and the moral character of a person. At the same time, directions of Cynics, Epicureans, Pythagoreans, Stoics, Sophists appeared, developing their own theories on the above problems.
At this stage, philosophy is a synthesis of science, art and religion, which made it possible to form versatile positions and make sure that the questions of the universe are ambiguous.
In contrast to antiquity, philosophical knowledge in the Middle Ages (V-XV centuries) acquires a monotheistic character. The prominent theologians of that time were St. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas. Their work was dominated by the principle theocentrism(the central problem is God). Thus, the basis for the formation of the views of medieval philosophers was the Bible, which, on the one hand, contained answers to the questions of the universe, and on the other hand, contributed to the emergence of scholasticism, the purpose of which was to distinguish between faith and knowledge.
In theological concepts, a person as a value was assigned a secondary role due to his sinfulness, which contributed to the emergence of the Inquisition - a church court that persecuted philosophers with unconventional views.
Philosophical knowledge experienced serious changes in the Renaissance (end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th century). The transition from the Christian interpretation of the world to scientific understanding reality based on empirical knowledge. At the same time, the formation social philosophy, the founder of which was N. Machiavelli. Among the outstanding representatives of this era are: L. Vala, N. Copernicus, D. Bruno, N. Kuzansky, G. Galileo.
In the Age of Enlightenment (XVII-XVIII centuries), philosophers focused on the problems of man, the state and society. The basis of philosophical knowledge was the works of the English and French Enlighteners, who were engaged in the development of the theories of "social contract" and "natural law". Among the outstanding thinkers of this era are J. Locke, T. Hobbes, C. Montesquieu, J.-J. Rousseau, F. Voltaire, P. Holbach.
The era of non-classical philosophy falls on the end of the 19th-20th centuries. Remarkable thinkers of that time enriched philosophy with deep ideas that reflected the achievements of science, as well as aspects of the material and spiritual development of mankind.
Western philosophy of this era is characterized by the emergence of new trends and concepts:
irrationalism (A. Schopenhauer),
philosophy of life (S. Kierkegaard, F. Nietzsche, A. Bergson),
American philosophy of pragmatism (C. Pierce, W. James, J. Dewey),
phenomenology (E. Husserl),
philosophical anthropology (M. Scheler, P. Teilhard de Chardin),
existentialism (K. Jaspers, J.-P. Sartre, M. Heidegger),
positivism and neo-positivism (O. Comte, B. Russell. L. Wittgenstein),
structuralism (K. Levi-Strauss),
critical rationalism (K. Popper).
The twentieth century was marked by a number of global catastrophes, which gave rise to the study of human problems, in particular the meaning of human existence, harmonious unity with the surrounding nature and society, and life after death.
Second section "History of Russian Philosophy" devoted to the problems of national philosophy. It should be noted that before the advent of Soviet power, the Christian idea was dominant in Russian philosophy. From this position, they approached the solution of the problem of man and all the phenomena of his life. Russian philosophers paid special attention to the moral character of a person. One of the first thinkers of ancient Russian philosophy was Prince Vladimir Monomakh, priest Nikifor, Nil Sorsky, Elder Philotheus.
In the 17th century, Russian thinkers, in particular Yuri Krizhanich and Feofan Prokopovich, tried to formulate a scientific explanation for the surrounding processes. In the period of the Petrine era, these issues were dealt with by V.N. Tatishchev, M.V. Lomonosov, G. Skovoroda, N. Novikov.
In the 19th century, Russian philosophy split into two main areas: Westerners And Slavophiles who were arguing about the path of development of Russia. Famous Russian philosophers emerged from these currents and created their own philosophical systems. Among the most prominent are V. Solovyov with his idea of St. Sophia and L. Tolstoy, who formed the principle of non-resistance to evil by violence.
In the Soviet era, domestic philosophy was dominated by materialism. Only since the 1960s, with the onset of the “Khrushchev thaw,” have Russian philosophers been granted the right to travel abroad in order to exchange experience. This circumstance contributed to the emergence of alternative philosophical teachings, the basis of which was not only materialism. This period accounts for the work of K. Tsiolkovsky, M. Umov, V. Vernadsky, A. Chizhevsky, N. Berdyaev, S. Frank.
In the late 80s and early 90s of the 20th century, with the advent of democratic orders, philosophical knowledge was freed from ideological restrictions. Outstanding scientists of this time can be called A.F. Losev and E.V. Ilyenkov.
At the present stage, philosophy as a science has not lost its relevance. Philosophers are trying to convey to a wide circle not only their ideas, but also to “decipher” the messages to modern society left by the philosophers of antiquity. After all, they contain warnings against the consequences that may arise as a result of a person’s unwillingness to strive for comprehensive improvement. Currently over philosophical problems Russian scientists S.N. Zharov, N.A. Meshcheryakova, Yu.N. Tarasov, V.N. Lavrinenko, V.V. Diaghilev, A.G. Spirkin, V.A. Kanke, I.S. Gurevich.
In the third section "General Questions of Philosophy" the problems of being, thinking, cognition, man and society are considered. It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of "being" and "life". Being means the existence of all forms in the universe, combining the spiritual and material reality. Life is a feature Everyday life man, in all its positive and negative manifestations.
Being has certain attributes (characteristics). The main ones are matter(substantial basis of the world), space(coordination value that indicates the location of objects), time(a value that characterizes the state of objects), movement(way of existence of matter), reflection(changing the structure of objects in the process of their interaction).
An integral part of human existence is the desire to comprehend the world around us. Related to this are questions of consciousness, cognition and thinking, the meaning of life, thanks to which a person cognizes not only himself, but also the surrounding society.
In order to successfully master the material and complete the test, you must use the recommended literature presented in the guidelines, show a creative approach to understanding the philosophical questions that great thinkers asked, and argue your conclusions as a sign of rejection or support of the philosophical idea.
Task for control work
The variant of the control work is determined by the number of the record book and corresponds to the last digit. If the last digit is zero, then this corresponds to the tenth option. The control work is carried out in a notebook with margins (3-4 cm) for the teacher's comments, submitted to the correspondence department, registered, checked by the teacher who leads the discipline. Unsatisfactorily performed work is returned to correct the specified shortcomings.
Test work must be submitted before the end of the session . A credited test is the basis for admission to a differentiated test.
Option 1
"Philosophy is knowledge, which is achieved through correct reflection and which elucidates the actions or phenomena of causes known to us, or forming foundations, and vice versa, forming foundations - from actions known to us."
Formulate the main provisions of the theory of Westerners.
A)“God is best known through ignorance” (Blessed Augustine).
B)“Among the many shortcomings of our mortal nature, there is this one: the blindness of the mind is not only the inevitability of delusions, but also the love of mistakes” (Seneca).
materialism, truth, irrationalism, pantheism.
Philosophical riddle: What did Epicurus consider the biggest enemy of pleasure?
Option 2
Give a detailed analysis of the following definition of philosophy:
"Philosophy is the knowledge of the inner world of man, the causes of nature, man's relationship to nature and his connection with it, or since there is no real complete philosophy yet, the desire for such knowledge."
Formulate the main provisions of Russian religious philosophy XIX century on the example of V. Solovyov.
Describe your conclusions on the specified philosophical statements.
A)“People are not tormented by things, but by ideas about them” (Epictetus).
B)“The habit of agreeing seems dangerous to me” (Cicero).
Taking advantage philosophical dictionary, define the following terms: idealism, empiricism, reason, practice.
Philosophical riddle: What do you think is the worst decision the Roman poet Publius Sir called?
Option 3
Which from the above judgments are most acceptable to you ? Explain your choice :
A) Philosophy dominates everything, is the science of sciences.
B) Science itself is philosophy.
IN) Philosophy is the theory of science.
G) Philosophy, without replacing the social sciences, equips them with general methods of cognition, the theory of thought.
Formulate the main provisions of the theories of the Slavophiles about the path of development of Russia, the place of Russia in the course of world history, the distinctive features of the Russian path.
Describe your conclusions on the specified philosophical statements.
A)“It is easier to please the listeners by speaking of the nature of gods than of men” (Plato).
B)“Be wise in moderation” (Apostle Paul).
Using a philosophical dictionary, define the following terms: existentialism, thinking, knowledge, nirvana.
Philosophical riddle: What “the surest way not to be very unhappy” did A. Schopenhauer offer?
Option 4
“The main feature that distinguishes philosophical knowledge from scientific knowledge must be seen in the fact that philosophy cognizes the being of a person, sees the key to meaning in a person, while science cognizes being, as it were, behind a person, it is alienated from a person. For this reason, for philosophy, being is spirit, while for science, being is nature.
Do you share the position of the philosopher? Justify your answer.
Formulate the main features of Russian religious philosophy XIX century on the example of the views of L.N. Tolstoy .
Describe your conclusions on the specified philosophical statements.
A)“Convictions are more dangerous enemies of truth than lies” (F. Nietzsche).
B)“Whoever is less upset, expresses more grief” (Tacitus).
Using a philosophical dictionary, define the following terms: axiology, analysis, deism, dialectics.
Philosophical riddle: What do you think, according to Plotinus, is the “image of eternity”?
Option 5
A number of philosophers express the idea that “... when philosophy does not take possession of the public consciousness, does not turn into a form of real-practical, creative activity of people, when it is not objectified in a specific work and the results of this work, then such a philosophy can be anything. It can be a pleasure, an interesting pastime. But she can't be what she should be."
What should be philosophy, and what role is it called upon to play in society ?
Formulate the main provisions of the theory of N.A. Berdyaev.
Describe your conclusions on the given statements. .
A)“We must not only accumulate wisdom, but also benefit from it” (Cicero).
B)“What was vices, now morals” (Seneca).
Using a philosophical dictionary, define the following terms: deduction, hermeneutics, ontology, paradigm.
Philosophical riddle: What quality of a person, according to Diogenes Laertes, do you think helps to recognize wisdom in other people?
Option 6
French philosopher XVIII century G. Lewis argued:
"It is easier to judge a man by his questions than by his answers."
What property of a person did he mean?
Formulate the main provisions of V.I. Vernadsky.
Describe your conclusions on the specified philosophical statements.
A)“Without logic, there is no perception, no mood, no idea” (F. Nietzsche).
B)“A person is not an angel or an animal, and his misfortune is that the more he strives to become like an angel, the more he turns into an animal” (B. Pascal).
Using a philosophical dictionary, define the following terms : eristic, theosophy, phenomenalism, method.
Philosophical riddle: What do you think H. Lichtenberg understood by “the equality we demand”?
Option 7
Goethe, a German writer and philosopher, believed that “a certain philosophy corresponds to each age of a person ... The child is a realist: he is also convinced of the existence of pears and apples, as well as in his own. A young man, overwhelmed by inner passions, must take care of himself, running ahead with his feelings, he turns into an idealist.
Do you agree with him and why ?
Formulate the main provisions of the theory of "absolute spirit" by G. Hegel.
Describe your conclusions on the specified philosophical statements.
A)“It is better to listen to reproofs from a wise man than to listen to the songs of fools” (Ecclesiastes).
B)“Creation is a mirror: if a monkey looks into it, it will not reflect the apostolic face” (G. Lichtenberg).
Using a philosophical dictionary, define the following terms: being, orthodoxy, positivism, syncretism.
Philosophical riddle: What Solomon says: “Praise her highly, and she will exalt you; she will glorify you if you cling to her; put on your head a beautiful wreath, bring you a glorious crown"?
Option 8
“Wisdom is akin to freedom and rationality. The one who, relying on knowledge, generalized life experience, is able to reasonably correlate what is desired with what is due, subjective aspirations with the objective logic of life, acts wisely (and advises and teaches). Wisdom allows you to avoid gross errors in judgment and action.
What function of philosophy is referred to in the passage?
What do you understand by wisdom?
Is it enough to be wise to be a philosopher?
Briefly formulate the main provisions of Russian cosmists (using the theory of K.E. Tsiolkovsky as an example).
Describe your conclusions on the specified philosophical statements.
A)“The heart of the wise is on the right side, but the heart of the fool is on the left” (Ecclesiastes).
B)“The mind develops very early, although it matures only later” (A. Schopenhauer).
Using a philosophical dictionary, define the following terms: absolute idea, a posteriori, soul, imperative.
Philosophical riddle: Epictetus said that "a man belongs to the crowd, as long as he shifts the blame on others, he is on the path to wisdom when he considers only himself responsible."
When does a person become a sage?
Option 9
“Man does not rule over the existing. Man is the shepherd of being. He acquires the necessary poverty of a shepherd, whose significance is based on the fact that he is called by being itself to preserve the truth. Man in his existential-historical essence is a being whose being, being existence, consists in being close to being. Man is the neighbor of being.
How do you understand what was said? Give your own interpretation.
Formulate the main provisions of the theory of M.V. Lomonosov.
Describe your conclusions on the specified philosophical statements.
A)“The benefit of the system for thinking lies not only in the fact that they begin to think about things in an orderly manner, but also in the fact that they are generally thought about” (G. Lichtenberg).
B)“Grieving does not exist in itself, but in our imagination” (Cicero).
Using a philosophical dictionary, define the following terms: intuitionism, induction, categories, causality.
Philosophical riddle: What was necessary to keep, according to Solomon, in order to “walk safely along the prepared path”, “sleep peacefully”, not experience “sudden fear” and avoid “destruction”?
Option 10
M. Heidegger in the article “What does it mean to think?” writes: “It (science) does not think, because its mode of action and its means will never allow it to think the way scientists think. The fact that science does not know how to think is not its disadvantage, but its advantages. Only this gives her the opportunity to explore the current research area and settle in it.
Do you agree with this statement ? What is the specificity of scientific knowledge ? How does it differ from other forms of social consciousness ?
Briefly formulate and highlight the general and special features of ancient Russian philosophy (on the example of Hilarion, V. Monomakh, Nikifor, Kirill Turovsky).
Describe your conclusions on the specified philosophical statements.
A) “If feelings are not true, then our whole mind will turn out to be false” (Titus Lucretius Carr).
B) “We can talk about everything for and against” (Homer).
Using a philosophical dictionary, define the following terms: philosophical anthropology, monad, metaphysics, concept.
Philosophical riddle: What did Seneca advise to subdue oneself before trying to subdue others?
Balandin R.K. Most famous philosophers Russia / R.K. Balandin. - M. : Veche, 2001. - 480 p.
Gurevich P.S. Introduction to philosophy: textbook. allowance for students in grades 10-11 of secondary school. - M. : Olimp: LLC "Publishing House AST", 1997. - 400 p.
Diaghilev V.V. Entertaining philosophy: experiment. textbook allowance for senior students of gymnasiums, lyceums, colleges and schools of the humanities, as well as students of humanitarian universities. - M .: Ed. center "AZ", 1996. - 176 p.
Kanke V.A. Philosophy: historical and systematic course: textbook. for universities. – Ed. 4th, revised. and additional - M. : Logos, 2002. - 344 p.
Martynov M.I. Philosophy: assignments and exercises: textbook-method. allowance for university students / M.I. Martynov, L.G. Kravchenko, S.A. Kiseleva; ed. V.N. Shkurko. - Minsk: TetraSystems, 200. - 304 p.
Gorelov.A.A. Fundamentals. philosophy: textbook. - 3rd ed. – M. : Academy, 2018.
Tarasov Yu.N. Philosophy: for technical schools and colleges / Yu.N. Tarasov; Voronezh. state tech. un-t. - Voronezh: VSTU, 2000. - 275 p.
1) A test task for conducting midterm control in 1 section of the discipline.
Student instruction: When completing the task, choose one correct answer.
1. C Greek the word "philosophy" is translated as:
A) love of truth
B) love of wisdom
B) the doctrine of the world
D) divine wisdom
2. First used the word "philosophy" and called himself a "philosopher":
A) Socrates
B) Aristotle
B) Pythagoras
D) Cicero
3. Determine the time of the emergence of philosophy:
A) the middle of the III millennium BC
B) VII-VI centuries. BC.
C) XVII-XVIII centuries.
G)V- XVc.c.
4. The foundations of being, the problems of cognition, the purpose of a person and his position in the world studies:
A) philosophy
B) ontology
B) epistemology
5. A worldview form of social consciousness that rationally substantiates the ultimate foundations of being, including society and law:
A) history
B) philosophy
B) sociology
D) cultural studies
6. The ideological function of philosophy is that:
A) philosophy reflects its contemporary culture
B) philosophy directs the activities of people to combat the shortcomings of the existing system
C) philosophy contributes to the improvement of people's characters
D) philosophy helps a person to understand himself, his place in the world
7. Worldview is:
A) the body of knowledge that a person possesses
B) a set of views, assessments, emotions that characterize a person's attitude to the world and to himself
B) reflection human consciousness those public relations that objectively exist in society
D) a system of adequate preferences of a mature personality
8. What is the meaning of G. Hegel in the statement that "philosophy is an era captured by thought"?
A) The course of history depends on the direction of thinking of philosophers
B) Philosophy must solve specific problems facing society at a given time
C) Philosophy is designed to reflect the characteristics of the era, to express the spirit of the times
D) The thinking of philosophers is determined by the socio-economic conditions of the society in which they live
9. Defining feature religious outlook is:
A) belief in a single creator god
B) denial human freedom the belief that all actions are originally ordained by God
C) contemptuous attitude to the achievements of science, denial of their reliability
D) belief in supernatural, otherworldly forces that have the ability to influence the course of events in the world
A) atheism
B) skepticism
B) agnosticism
D) neo-Thomism
11. What is characteristic of the epistemic line in philosophy?
A) understanding of philosophy as a higher science
B) identification of philosophy with theology
C) approval as a substance of only one beginning
D) consideration of reality as a constantly evolving
12. Ontology is:
A) the doctrine of the universal conditionality of phenomena
B) the doctrine of the essence and nature of science
C) the doctrine of being, of its fundamental principles
D) the doctrine of the correct forms of thinking
13. Epistemology is:
A) the doctrine of the development and functioning of science
B) the doctrine of nature, the essence of knowledge
C) the doctrine of logical forms and laws of thought
D) the doctrine of the essence of the world, its structure
14. Anthropology is:
A) the doctrine of development and universal interconnection
B) the doctrine of man
C) the science of animal behavior in natural conditions
D) philosophical doctrine of society
15. Axiology is:
A) teaching about values
B) the doctrine of development
C) the theory of justice
D) the theory of the superiority of some groups of people over others
16. Ethics is:
A) the doctrine of development
B) the doctrine of being
C) the theory of the moral superiority of some people over others
D) the doctrine of morality and moral values
17. Section of philosophy in which the problems of knowledge are developed
A) aesthetics
B) Ontology
D) Gnoseology
18. Idealism is characterized by the statement:
D) consciousness is primary, matter does not exist
19. Dualism is characterized by the thesis:
A) consciousness is primary, matter does not exist independently of consciousness
B) matter and consciousness are two principles that exist independently of each other
C) it is a strict consistent system of judgments about nature
D) primary consciousness , matter does not exist
20. To whom does this statement belong: “I affirm that there are no things. We're just used to talking about things; in fact, there is only my thinking, there is only my "I" with its inherent sensations. The material world only seems to us, it is just a certain way of talking about our feelings”?
A) a materialist
B) an objective idealist
B) dualist
D) subjective idealist
Test task for a differentiated test
Student instruction:
When completing tasks, choose one correct answer
A) J.-P. Sartre
B) E. Fromm
C) K. Jaspers
D) K.-G. Jung
2. First defined man as a "social animal"
A) Descartes
B) Aristotle
B) Augustine
D) Seneca
3. Thought: "Man is the measure of all things" belongs
A) Protagora
B) F. Nietzsche
B) Spinoza
D) Epicurus
4. “It is social in nature, relatively stable and in vivo emerging psychological formation, which is a system of socially significant human traits”
A) individual
B) Self
B) personality
D) Personality
5. Personality is
A) Personality - an innate quality of each individual
B) Not every person is a personality, but only an outstanding one
C) Since the concept of "personality" is inseparable from the concept of "society" - each person is a potential personality
D) Personality is a stable, unchanging property of each individual
6. The totality of unique features that distinguish this individual from all others
A) personality
B) Person
B) man
D) Personality
7. The highest ability of the subject, which directs the activity of the mind
A) conscience
B) Consciousness
B) feelings
8. Individual consciousness is
A) Expressing the daily needs and needs of people
B) Reflection of the individual being of a particular person
C) The system of knowledge inherent in an outstanding personality
D) Psychological education, which is a system of socially significant features of a person
9. The priority of individuals over the public whole affirms
A) individualism
B) Collectivism
B) subjectivism
D) Agnosticism
10. The priority of the interests of society over the interests of the individual is characteristic of
A) collectivism
B) Anarchism
B) individualism
D) liberalism
11. The essence of the problem of the biological and social in man is the question
A) On the priority of material or spiritual needs
B) On the interaction and correlation of genes and upbringing
C) On the forms of the struggle for existence in human society
D) On the correlation of conscious and unconscious factors in the determination of human actions
12. A negative attitude towards earthly life, considering it as a continuous series of suffering is typical for:
A) Marxism
B) positivism
B) Buddhism
D) Confucianism
13. For which of the following thinkers was the problem of the meaning of life not central?
A) L.N. Tolstoy
B) V. Frankl
C) S.L. Frank
D) I. Lakatos
14. The problem of the meaning of life was central to philosophy
A) O. Konta
B) V. Frankl
B) T. Kuna
D) I. Lakatos
15. Who owns the following statements: “There is meaning for everyone and there is a special meaning for everyone”, “Meaning cannot be created artificially, it can only be found”, “Our conscience guides us in search of meaning”?
A) Freud
B) K. Rogers
B) V. Frankl
B) E. Fromm
16. Hedonistic love is a game that does not differ in depth of feelings and manifests itself in the forms of flirting, coquetry, etc. (in ancient Greek culture)
A) pragma
17. The ethical meaning of the problem of euthanasia lies in the question
A) Do doctors have the right to conduct experiments involving a threat to life and health on criminals and terminally ill people
B) Does a seriously ill person have the right to die so as not to experience suffering
C) Is it possible to achieve good goals by violent means?
D) Does a person have the right to commit suicide?
18. “Everything in the world is predetermined, a person is absolutely not free,” representatives say:
A) fatalism
B) voluntarism
B) irrational
D) rationalism
19. According to ... "everything in the world is predetermined, a person is absolutely not free"
A) fatalism
B) voluntarism
B) irrationalism
D) rationalism
20. The most ancient human ancestor (according to modern science)
A) Neanderthal
B) Pithecanthropus
B) Australopithecus
D) Cro-Magnon
21. The main work of K. Marx:
A) Leviathan
B) "Capital"
B) Criticism pure mind»
D) "The structure of the scientific revolution"
22. Identified the socio-economic class as the main element of the social structure of society
A) K. Marx
B) L. Feuerbach
C) M.A. Bakunin
D) N.G. Chernyshevsky
23. The concept of socio-economic formation belongs
A) positivism
B) Marxism
B) Freudianism
D) existentialism
24. Socio-economic formation is
A) Society with its own form of government
B) Society with its inherent economic basis and the political and legal superstructure towering over it
C) Local closed civilization
D) The totality of the relationships of people in a particular space
25. There is ... socio-economic formations
A) ten
26. According to the sociology of Marxism, the main driving force development of society is
A) natural environment
B) class struggle
C) the will of prominent people
D) The struggle for existence
27. A philosopher who understood social progress as the development and change of socio-economic formations
A) G.W.F. Hegel
B) O. Comte
C) K. Marx
D) A. Toynbee
28. Defining relationships between people, in Marxist philosophy
A) production
B) Political
C) Legal
D) Ideological
29. A class capable of rebuilding society, according to K. Marx
A) the proletariat
B) Peasantry
B) intelligentsia
D) bourgeoisie
30. According to G. Hegel, the true engine of history
A) natural selection
B) class struggle
B) World Spirit
D) The will of prominent personalities
31. Anthroposociogenesis is
A) The process of human socialization, introducing the individual to culture
B) The process of formation of a planetary civilization on the basis of reason
C) The ongoing co-evolution of nature and society
D) The process of the formation of man and society, their isolation from the natural world
32. According to Marxism, the main factor of anthropogenesis is
A) power
B) Ownership
D) Morality
33. Gradual changes in society and nature
A) revolution
B) Stagnation
B) inflation
D) Evolution
34. Movement in the direction from more perfect to less perfect
A) Progress
B) Regression
B) revolution
D) Stagnation
35. Social progress is
A) The level of development of society
B) The state of society as a whole at a certain stage of development
C) The progressive movement of society from simple forms to more complex ones
D) Industrial development
36. Deep qualitative changes in the development of any phenomena of nature, society or knowledge, occurring in a relatively short period of time
A) revolution
B) Reform
In motion
D) Evolution
37. Ideology is
A) The science of the most general laws of development of nature and society
B) The system of views on the world as a whole
C) Theoretical expression of the interests of a particular group of people
d) Aggregate individual minds
38. Ideology refers to
A) material and production sphere
B) Social sphere
B) the scientific field
D) Spiritual sphere
39. Formational approach to analysis community development adhered to
A) A. Toynbee
B) P. Sorokin
C) V.I. Lenin
D) O. Spengler
40. There is no single history of mankind, there is only the history of local civilizations according to:
A) formational approach
B) civilizational approach
B) cultural approach
D) Marxist approach
41. According to Spengler, civilization is
A) The final stage in the development of culture
B) The era of "flowering", the highest flowering of culture
C) The period of emergence, the birth of culture
D) Synonym of spiritual culture
42. The problems of war and peace, demographic and environmental in the modern world, are called ... problems.
A) local
B) National
B) global
D) folk
43. Global problems are
A) Problems, the solution of which has not yet been found by science
B) Problems on the solution of which the survival of all mankind depends
C) Inherent only in developing and former socialist countries
D) Environmental problems
44. Which of the following problems is not global?
A) The problem of combating international terrorism
B) The problem of birth control
C) The problem of preserving the environment
D) The problem of nuclear waste disposal
45. Growing interdependence of different regions of the world
A) technology
B) Globalization
B) institutionalization
D) Divergence
Topics of essays for independent work
| German classical philosophy: |
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| The development of philosophical knowledge in Europe |
|
| Slavophilism: A.S., Khomyakov, I.V. Kireevsky. |
|
| Philosophical anthropology of M. Scheler |
|
| Theory of knowledge in the concept of ancient philosophers: Socrates, Aristotle. |
|
| Modern ideas about the origin and essence of consciousness |
|
| Knowledge and its importance in human life |
|
| Philosophy of modern times about knowledge. |
|
| The essence of consciousness. |
|
| Christianity: about the relationship between man and God. |
|
| Interaction of philosophy and science |
|
| The structure of scientific consciousness, its methods and forms. |
|
| Buddhism is about man and his destiny. |
|
| H. Marshall on mass communication as a new type of culture and a new stage social development societies Being of man as a special topic in European philosophy |
|
| Civil society and the state |
|
| Man: individual, personality. |
|
| The problem of man in the philosophy of the XX century. |
|
| Consciousness and knowledge in philosophy |
|
| Philosophical anthropology |
|
| Spiritual life of man |
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
GBOU SPO
"Shumikhinsky Agrarian and Construction College"
Hype, 2011
Foreword
Philosophical problems have invariably occupied minds throughout human history. But in recent years, interest in the study of philosophy in our country has been growing. After all, it is at a young age that a worldview is formed, ideas about basic life values are formed. The philosophy course is designed to help the student find his place in modern life, find the meaning of life, learn great wisdom, goodness and beauty.
This training manual has been compiled in accordance with the State Standard in secondary vocational education for academic discipline"Fundamentals of Philosophy", which provides for the study of the following problems: the nature of man and the meaning of his existence; man and god; man and space; human and society; civilization and culture; freedom and responsibility of the individual; human knowledge and activity; science and its role; humanity in the face of global problems.
This manual consists of a preface, test items, a glossary, sample answers, a list of references.
In the course of studying the course of philosophy, it is proposed to use not only lecture forms of work, but also various types of educational tasks, which are arranged in a sequence corresponding to the course of philosophy provided for by the curriculum. At the same time, the tasks become more complicated, focusing on the increased level of knowledge, new psychological capabilities and mental abilities of students. At the end of the tutorial, there are sample answers to the tests.
Along with the educational tasks of mastering the concepts and problems of the course, philosophy is designed to solve other problems:
- contribute to the formation of personal opinion.
- to form an independent, spiritually free person, capable of a critical assessment of both the surrounding people and events, and their actions.
- promote education with an active civic position, positive attitudes towards life.
Content
I. Preface. ..2
II. Topic quizzes..4
1.Philosophy in the system of culture....4
2.Antique philosophy..6-8
3.Medieval philosophy9-12
4.Marxist philosophy.13
5. Philosophy of the New Age...14-18
6.Philosophy of the twentieth century.19-20
7.Ontology. Development Theory...21-26
8.Consciousness..7
9. Theory of knowledge. Philosophy of Science.28-32
10 people. Society. Personality.33-36
III. Sample answers..37-38
IV. Glossary.39-40
V. Literature..41
Philosophy in the system of culture
1. In this picture of the world, "natural" and "supernatural" do not differ from each other:
a) in science; b) in the religious; c) in the mythological
d) in the philosophical; d) in everyday life.
2. The ratio of philosophy and science is that:
a) philosophy is part of science; b) science is part of philosophy;
c) philosophy and science are partially included in each other;
d) philosophy and science exclude each other;
e) philosophy and science are in no way correlated with each other.
3. Philosophy is (choose the most correct answer):
a) the dynamic process of questioning, the search for a person's lot;
b) a collection of theories, concepts of philosophers; c) the science that studies language;
d) the doctrine of the cognizability of the world; e) the doctrine of the structure of the world.
4. The subject of philosophy reflects in itself:
a) the structure of the world; b) the universality of the world; c) the usefulness of the world;
d) orderliness of the world; e) the beauty of the world.
5. Philosophy is:
a) worldview b) worldview;
c) attitude; d) attitude.
6. The doctrine of being as such. Branch of philosophy that studies the fundamental principles of being:
a) ethics; b) axiology; c) eschatology;
d) ontology e) anthropology; e) sociology.
7. The mode of existence of philosophy:
a) faith; b) mind c) feeling; d) intuition; d) experience.
8. The term "philosophy" means:
a) reasoning; b) competent opinion; c) professional activity;
d) love of wisdom; e) logic.
9. Answers to philosophical questions search in:
a) religious beliefs; b) mythological representations;
c) scientific research; d) arguments and conclusions of the mind;
e) in divine revelation.
10. The philosophical doctrine of the universal laws of knowledge is:
a) epistemology b) ontology; c) aesthetics; d) ethics; e) empiricism.
11. The main question of philosophy is (choose the most correct answer):
a) the question of the relation of consciousness to being, ideal to material;
b) what are the criteria of truth; c) how the world came into being;
d) what is good and evil; e) what is God.
12. The central problem of ontology is:
a) the meaning of human life; b) whether we know the world around us;
c) correlation of matter and consciousness; d) study of the laws of thought;
e) death and immortality of a person.
13. Axiology is the doctrine of:
b) about beauty;
c) about good and evil;
14. The subject of philosophy is (indicate the most correct answer):
a) the structure of the world; b) the beauty of the world; c) human happiness;
d) universal in the "world-man" system; e) the search for an ideal society.
15. For a religious worldview, the following is more decisive:
a) kindness b) knowledge; c) faith d) wisdom; d) fear.
ancient philosophy. Test #1
1. Socrates said: "I know that I know nothing, but ...":
a) it is impossible to know everything; b) knowledge increases grief;
c) you don’t need to know anything at all; d) try to find out;
e) others do not know this either.
2. Mayeutics is:
a) ironic banter; b) the form of edification;
c) light conversation "about nothing"; d) experiment;
e) communication with the interlocutor in order to find the truth.
3. According to Aristotle, a person is:
a) bipedal without feathers; b) a moral being;
c) the soul in the prison of the body; d) a laughing creature; e) a political animal.
4. Determine the teaching of which philosopher the following principles belong:
The root cause of being
1. Water
2. Apeiron
3. Fire
4. Number
5. Homeomeria
6. Atoms
Philosopher
a) Democritus
b) Anaximander
c) Anaxagoras
d) Thales
e) Heraclitus
f) Pythagoras
5. Plato's "State" was:
a) a democratic state of equal opportunities;
b) a religious state;
c) a state of a caste type, with a clear class division;
d) absolute monarchy;
e) despotism of the eastern type.
6. True knowledge according to Plato is:
a) logically clear, rational knowledge;
b) mystical experience; c) recollection by the soul of ideas seen by it in another world;
d) knowledge based on experiment;
e) true knowledge is impossible.
7. The ontology of Democritus is based on the principle:
a) the world consists of invisible, indivisible particles-atoms;
b) the primary element of the world is apeiron;
c) any thing in the world is a combination of matter and form;
d) the primary element of the world is a number;
e) knowledge of the world is impossible.
8. In their ethical concept, the Stoics put forward:
a) the ideal of a sage who dispassionately endures the blows of fate;
b) anarchist principles of social life;
c) the ideal of a believer who meekly endures the blows of fate in the hope of an afterlife;
d) the ideal of a hero who opposes the whole world;
e) the ideal of the "suffering god".
9. One of the main imperatives of ancient philosophy:
a) "Know thyself"; b) "Learn as much as possible";
c) "Follow the established rules"; d) "Don't lie";
e) Hope and wait.
10. This ancient philosopher wrote: “Since the soul is immortal, then there is nothing that it would not know; therefore, there is nothing surprising in the fact that it is able to remember what it previously knew. And since everything in nature is related to each other but the soul has known everything, nothing prevents the one who remembered one thing from finding everything else for himself: after all, to seek and to know this is exactly what it means to remember.
a) Aristotle b) Zeno from Kitiya (Stoic); c) Plato;
d) Skeptics; e) Pythagoras.
ancient philosophy. Test #2
1. Number in Pythagorean school This:
a) abstraction; b) the beginning of the world, identical things; c) the creation of the mind; d) the creation of God; e) mental illusion.
3. This ancient thinker first formulated the concept of "philosophy":
a) Pythagoras b) Plato; c) Socrates; d) Aristotle; e) Democritus.
4. According to Parmenides, we fall into error when we think:
a) non-existence b) the beginning; c) being; d) doubt d) matter.
5. This ancient thinker is the founder of atomism:
a) Socrates; b) Leucippus Democritus; c) Plato; d) Aristotle; e) Democritus.
6. Which of the ancient philosophers owns the authorship of this socio-philosophical concept:
“... The state is a product of natural development and that man is by nature a political being. Whoever lives by virtue of his nature, and not as a result of accidental circumstances, outside the state, he is either a superman, or a being morally underdeveloped ... ":
a) Aristotle b) Plato; c) Plotinus; d) Democritus; e) Seneca.
7. A later author describes the teachings of this philosopher as follows:
“He, in agreement with those who prove the unity (of the whole), recognized that movement is impossible without emptiness, and emptiness is non-existent, but no less real than existing, but what exists in the literal sense of the word is filled. no less similar thing is not one, but is infinite in number (particles), invisible due to the smallness of each of them. These particles are carried in the void, for the void exists; when combined, they lead to the emergence (of things), and when separated, to destruction " :
a) Leucippus Democritus b) Anaximander; c) Thales; d) Plato e) Aristotle.
8. Idea, according to Plato:
a) material and intelligible; b) non-material, but intelligible; c) material, but incomprehensible; d) non-material and incomprehensible;
e) construction of consciousness.
9. This ancient thinker is the author of the principle “All in all” and the concept of “Mind” (Nus), which governs the whole world:
a) Heraclitus; b) Democritus; c) Anaxogoras; d) Aristotle;
10. About the teaching of this philosopher, a later author wrote:
“This cosmos, the same for all that exists, was not created by any god and no man, but it has always been, is and will be an eternally living fire, igniting in measures and extinguishing in measures”:
a) Plato b) Aristotle; c) Democritus; d) Parmenides; d) Epicurus.
medieval philosophy. Test #1
1. On the issue of the relationship between philosophy and religion, Thomas Aquinas put forward the thesis that:
a) religion and philosophy are incompatible;
b) all the dogmas of religion must be proven by reason;
c) religion is not extra- and not anti-rational, it is super-rational;
d) philosophy should be abolished;
e) religion should be abolished.
2. A new quality of a person discovered by medieval patristics:
a) spirit b) soul; c) mind; d) body; e) will.
3. At the center of the reflections of the philosophers of the Middle Ages is:
a) nature; b) personality; c) God; d) an ideal world; e) the process of cognition.
4. Thomas Aquinas adhered to the concept:
a) about the incompatibility of faith and knowledge; b) the superiority of knowledge over faith; c) about the harmony of faith and knowledge; d) the superiority of faith over knowledge.
5. The theory of the justification of God in relation to the evil he allows in the world is called:
a) a trend b) theocracy; c) theogony; d) theodicy; e) theism.
6. The main dogma of the Christian creed regarding God reads:
a) there is no god but Allah;
b) God is One;
c) God, being one and only, exists in three hypostases;
d) God is Everything and everything is God;
e) God is an impersonal spiritual reality.
7. Augustine Aurelius introduced elements of the doctrine into Christianity:
a) sophists b) Plato; c) Aristotle; d) Democritus; d) Epicurus.
8. Challenge medieval philosophy, from the point of view of the scholastics, was that:
a) explore social reality;
b) explore nature;
c) find rational evidence of faith;
d) formulate a theory of knowledge;
e) justify the scientific method.
9. Scholasticism proclaimed a distinction between:
a) faith and reason; b) feeling and thought;
c) conscious and unconscious; d) reason and intuition.
10. The teaching of Thomas Aquinas and the whole religious and philosophical direction, created by him, is called:
a) atomism; b) Thomism; c) Augustinism;
d) papism; e) Protestantism.
medieval philosophy. Test #2
1. In his discussion of God, Thomas Aquinas:
a) unreservedly defended the idea of a personal god;
b) recognized God as completely transcendent, unknowable;
c) believed that the knowledge of God is mediated by his influence in nature;
d) believed that God is nature;
e) believed that God is the prime mover.
2. Nominalism in its attack on the strict rationalization of religious dogmas, thereby:
a) strengthened Christian theology;
b) paved the way for the separation of theology from philosophy;
c) put the authoritarian position of the church on a new basis;
d) slowed down the formation of modern positivism;
e) gave impetus to the development of mysticism.
3. Medieval philosophical thought:
a) completely rejected ancient philosophy;
b) continued the traditions of ancient philosophers;
c) used the ideas of individual philosophers, processing them in accordance with their own needs;
d) used the motifs of ancient mythology;
e) did not know ancient philosophy.
4. The Christian-religious understanding of history means:
a) history is a rectilinear movement from the fall to the day of judgment;
b) history is a movement from primitiveness to an ideal, perfect society;
c) history is the progress of science and technology;
d) history is cyclic: it is a birth out of chaos and a return to it;
e) history is the development of the class struggle.
5. The most important section of knowledge in the Middle Ages:
a) philosophy; b) theology; c) science; d) logic; e) mathematics.
6. The main dogma of Christianity:
a) dualism; b) trinity; c) deism; d) pantheism; e) skepticism.
7. This medieval thinker owns the five most complete ways of proving the existence of God:
a) Augustine the Blessed; b) Thomas Aquinas; c) Anselm of Canterbury; d) Albert the Great; e) Tertullian.
8. Central facility philosophical reflection Augustine does:
a) a person; b) God; c) nature; d) logic; e) mathematics.
9. The basis of spiritual life in the concept of Augustine is:
a) mind; b) will; c) experience; d) faith; d) passion.
10. The religious-Christian understanding of man claims that:
a) man is one of the creatures equal to other creatures created by God;
b) man is the worst of the creatures created by God;
c) a person is an accident, worthless;
d) man is the “crown of creation” and the ruler of everything created for him by God;
e) man is a “thinking machine”.
medieval philosophy. Test #3
1. The subject of the dispute about universals was:
a) the trinity of God; b) rescue methods;
c) the real existence of general concepts; d) the place of God in the world;
e) the fundamental principle of being.
2. The treatise of Thomas Aquinas is called:
a) "Amount of technology"; b) "The sum of theology"; c) "Sum of reflections";
d) "Sum of opinions"; e) "The sum of truths."
3. Byzantine monastic, mystical teaching, which influenced Russian philosophy, is called:
a) deism; b) hesychasm; c) Thomism; d) Augustinism; e) Protestantism.
4. The most famous work of Nicholas of Cusa is called:
a) "On the cause, the beginning and the one"; b) "On the Dignity and Increment of the Sciences";
c) "On scientific ignorance"; d) "On the infinity of the Universe and the worlds";
e) "On the greatness of the soul."
5. The philosophy of nature by J. Bruno is:
a) deism; b) creationism; c) pantheism; d) dualism; e) materialism.
6. Medieval epistemology is based on the idea:
a) creations b) predestination; c) revelations; d) fall into sin; e) salvation.
7. In his theory of knowledge, F. Bacon adhered to the concept:
a) absolute truth; b) relative truth;
c) unattainable truth; d) conventional truth;
e) dual truth.
8. According to most historians of philosophy, F. Bacon was the ancestor of the European:
a) idealism and stoicism; b) objectivism and skepticism;
c) materialism and empiricism; d) positivism and pragmatism;
e) panmathematism.
9. The main working method of F. Bacon is:
a) analysis; b) synthesis; c) deduction; d) induction; e) dialectics.
10. The generally accepted systems of thought (syllogistics and scholasticism) Bacon attributed to ghosts (idols):
a) kind; b) caves; c) the market; d) theater.
Marxist philosophy
1. The fundamental formula of Marxist philosophy for the analysis of social life means:
a) consciousness determines being;
b) being determines consciousness;
c) social being determines consciousness;
d) social consciousness determines being;
e) being is consciousness.
2. The philosophy of K. Marx is:
A) dialectical materialism; b) phenomenology;
c) historiosophy; d) critical realism; e) empiricism.
3. The theory of knowledge of V. Solovyov is called:
a) unified knowledge; b) rational knowledge; V) whole knowledge;
d) omniscience; e) absolute knowledge.
4. According to Marx, the basis for the development of society is the development of:
a) consciousness;
b) productive forces;
c) world historical process;
d) the interaction of God and nature;
e) the interaction of God and man.
5. Russian philosopher who founded the philosophical school of "all-unity":
a) Berdyaev; b) Solovyov; c) Ilyin; d) frying pan; d) Frank.
7. The concept of a class is a key one in philosophy:
a) Saint Simon b) Hobbes; c) Marx; d) Guizot; e) Sorokin.
8. The concept that states that the state arises as a result of the division of labor in society,
bears the name:
a) conventional;
b) socio-economic;
c) paternalistic;
d) theocratic;
e) psychological.
9. Marx defined a person as:
a) an animal that produces tools;
b) a mammal with a soft earlobe;
c) an animal that can promise;
d) a playing animal;
e) intelligent animal.
10. “The ultimate goal of mankind is the triumph of reason and freedom on earth” - he thought so:
a) Vernadsky; b) Marx; c) frying pan; d) Jaspers; e) Rostow.
Philosophy of the New Age. Test #1
1. Before declaring: “I think, therefore I am”, Descartes stated:
a) “I believe because it is absurd”; b) “everything should be doubted”;
c) "love moves the sun and luminaries"; d) "knowledge is power";
e) Know thyself.
2. René Descartes was the founder of:
a) corpuscular interpretation of matter;
b) substantial interpretation of matter;
c) dialectical interpretation of matter;
d) spontaneous materialistic interpretation of matter;
e) naive interpretation of matter.
3. According to Descartes, the substance is extended and the substance is spiritual:
a) are closely related;
b) exist independently of each other;
c) are opposites and constantly fight among themselves;
d) exist separately, and the existence of one excludes the simultaneous existence of the other;
e) are an illusion of the psyche.
4. The main attribute of matter, according to Descartes, is:
a) divisibility; b) length (prevalence); c) eternity; d) variability; e) energy.
5. The main method of obtaining true and practically useful facts Descartes considered:
a) contemplative analysis; b) empirical induction;
c) rational deduction; d) speculative synthesis;
e) dialectical method.
6. A number of philosophical trends that develop the ideas of Descartes are called in the history of philosophy:
a) Cartesianism; b) sensationalism; c) realism;
d) deism; e) pragmatism.
7. Kant justifies moral law, according to which a person is a "goal in itself", because:
a) the connection between sensory stimulus and behavior has the character of direct necessity;
b) man is a being capable of absolutely free autonomous motivation of behavior;
c) a person must coordinate his autonomous motivation with the motivation of other people, considering them as a means to achieve his goals;
d) a person must coordinate his autonomous motivation with the motivation of other people, considering them as an end in themselves;
e) Man is created in the image and likeness of God.
8. The wording of Kant's categorical imperative reads: "Act in such a way that the maxim of your behavior on the basis of your will can become ...":
a) the habitual form of your behavior;
b) the principle of the instinct of self-preservation;
c) common law;
d) an example for others to follow;
e) legal law.
9. According to Kant, moral value the higher the action, the more it:
a) complies with applicable law; b) gives personal satisfaction; c) subject to an abstract sense of duty; d) subject to the will of God;
e) associated with humane or friendly feelings.
10. In his theory of aesthetic judgment, Kant first characterized the aesthetically pleasing in terms of:
a) needs; b) creative ability;
c) practices; d) disinterest;
d) enjoyment.
1. Spinoza used an unusual method of presentation in his Ethics:
a) logical; b) empirical;
c) geometric; d) semantic;
e) dialectical.
2. According to Kant, the transcendent is:
a) learned by experience;
b) known empirically and rationally;
c) known with the help of theoretical reason;
d) known with the help of practical reason;
e) absolutely unknowable.
3. The attributes of substance (nature), according to Spinoza, are:
a) an external cause; b) a set of finite things;
c) thinking and extension; d) impact and communication;
e) energy and matter.
4. The philosophical treatise Critique of Pure Reason was written:
a) Hegel; b) Descartes; c) Kant; d) Nietzsche; e) Bacon.
5. In nature, Descartes recognized the existence of:
a) one substance-matter;
b) one substance with two attributes: time and space;
c) one substance with two attributes: thinking and extension;
d) two independent substances, thought and extension;
e) only the facts of sensory perception.
6. The initial principle of Descartes' philosophizing:
a) doubt b) dialectics; c) intuition; d) insight; e) logic.
7. The materialistic concept of L. Feuerbach was called:
a) spontaneous materialism; b) naive materialism;
c) mechanistic materialism; d) dialectical materialism;
e) anthropological materialism.
8. Dialectics in Hegel's philosophical system:
a) speculative-idealistic; b) existential;
c) materialistic; d) negative;
e) metaphorical.
9. The fundamental principle of all things is, according to Hegel:
a) matter b) consciousness; c) absolute idea (world spirit);
d) god; e) the existent has no fundamental principle, everything is groundless, transient.
10. According to Kant, the "thing in itself" is:
a) God b) the real existence of a potential world;
c) the existing world, which is completely inaccessible to us and can never become an object of our knowledge;
d) the same as phenomenal subjective being;
e) a set of transcendental subjects, the same thing that Plato called the "world of ideas."
1. According to Kant, the categorical imperative is:
a) the law of the ratio of the masses of the planets he derived;
b) the Christian dogma he criticizes;
c) his civil position;
d) proof of the inconsistency of any moral precepts;
e) an immutable moral requirement, the moral law formulated by Kant.
2. In Hegel's system, world development is:
a) development of the spirit (absolute idea);
b) the process of regular change
c) the embodiment of the Divine plan;
d) the process of self-organization of matter;
socio-economic formations;
e) Hegel denied development.
3. With the help of the law of unity and struggle of opposites, Hegel substantiates:
a) the idea of self-development; b) the impossibility of knowing the truth; c) the connection between sensory and rational cognition; d) the existence of God;
d) the absence of God.
4. In the philosophical work of I. Kant, periods are distinguished:
a) subcritical and critical; b) materialistic and dialectical; c) logical and ontological; d) rational and irrational;
e) metaphysical and dialectical.
5. A priori forms of sensual contemplation, according to Kant:
a) space and time; b) space and thinking;
c) being and time; d) sensation and representation;
e) being and consciousness.
6. In addition to phenomena, Kant distinguishes:
a) "the world of things in themselves"; b) "the world of consciousness in itself"; c) "the world of feelings in oneself"; d) "the world of ideas in itself"; e) "God in himself."
7. Hegel's philosophy is:
a) realism; b) absolute objective idealism; c) materialism;
d) empiricism; e) transcendental idealism.
8. According to Kant's theory, time and space:
a) are the eternal real attributes of the substance;
b) do not really exist, but necessarily precede sensory experience;
c) arise situationally, as the knowledge of the world improves;
d) are inalienable properties of single things;
e) are primary in relation to matter.
9. According to Kant, an object and a phenomenon in the world, given in perception, for a knowing subject is:
a) a thing in itself b) a phenomenon; c) noumenon;
d) illusion; e) intuitive grasp.
10. Feuerbach considered religion:
a) ridiculous superstition;
b) absolutization of the subjective side of consciousness;
c) attributing human attributes to God;
d) realization of freedom;
e) atavism of consciousness associated with people's fear of the forces of nature.
Philosophy of the twentieth century. Test #1
1. One of the stages in the development of positivism was:
a) neo-Thomism; b) Berkeleyism; c) transcendentalism;
d) empirio-criticism; e) existentialism.
2. Peru Berson owns a treatise:
a) "Evolution of Species"; b) "Cosmogony"; c) "On the Heavenly Hierarchy";
d) “Creative evolution”; e) Human creativity.
3. F. Nietzsche substantiated the idea:
a) the economic progress of mankind;
b) the moral progress of mankind;
c) eternal return;
d) the inevitability of the victory of socialism;
e) scientific and technological progress.
4. The idea of the superman was first expressed in philosophy:
a) A. Bergson; b) E. Husserl; c) G. Hegel; d) S. Kierkegaard; e) F. Nietzsche;
5. A famous statement of pragmatism:
a) the truth is that which is proven; b) truth is something that is useful;
c) the truth is that which is customary; d) truth is that which is incomprehensible;
e) truth is revelation.
6. The fundamental concept in the philosophy of F. Nietzsche is:
a) the will to live b) the will to power; c) the will to wealth;
d) will to God; e) the will to humanity.
7. According to Nietzsche, the ideal person of the future is:
a) a collectivist; b) mass man; c) a marginal person;
d) man-machine; d) superman.
8. The representative of the "philosophy of life" is:
a) Nietzsche b) Kant; c) Schelling; d) Hegel; e) Fichte.
10. In the philosophy of A. Bergson, life is understood as:
a) changeable, creative stream of consciousness;
b) the process of rational, logical knowledge;
c) a system of sensations and feelings;
d) the totality of animal and plant forms;
e) the form of the state of the protein.
Philosophy of the twentieth century. Test #2
1. The basis of knowledge according to A. Bergson is:
a) experience; b) mind; c) logic; d) experiment; d) intuition.
2. According to Z. Freud, the unconscious is:
a) divine illumination;
b) spontaneous impulses emanating from the sphere of knowledge;
c) "primary drives" in order to obtain the greatest pleasure;
d) spontaneous processes occurring in collectives (“collectively unconscious”).
3. The archetype, according to C. Jung, is
a) the initial moments of any scientific knowledge;
b) the image of a leader, leader;
c) the initial components of the human psyche;
d) collective forms and images emanating from the mythological consciousness and way of life;
e) the paradigm of cognition.
4. According to Freud, "I" and "It" are in a relationship:
a) identities;
b) constant conflict;
c) "I" and "It" complement each other;
d) there is no connection between "I" and "It";
e) "I" constantly controls "It".
5. According to the teachings of Z. Freud, life in general and most of the specific actions of a person are determined by:
a) thinking b) unconscious; c) mind; d) reason; d) experience.
6.According to psychoanalysis, the culture of mankind is built on:
a) the desire to directly and directly satisfy the primary drives and instincts;
b) reducing the person's guilt;
c) reducing the anxiety of the individual;
d) sublimation of primary complexes;
d) the desire to work.
7. Life is absurd, according to:
a) Nietzsche b) Dilthea; c) Camus; d) Freud; d) Sartre.
8. The basic setting of existentialism means:
a) being determines consciousness;
b) denial of the reality of the world;
c) essence precedes existence;
d) existence precedes essence;
e) essence and existence are identical.
9. The fundamental characteristic of human existence in existentialism is:
and love; b) freedom; c) faith; d) conscience; d) mind.
10. Heidegger's key category is:
a) being-toward-God; b) being-to-disappointment; c) being-toward-life; d) being-to-happiness; e) being-towards-death.
Ontology. Theory of development. Test #1
1. Determinism is a doctrine:
a) about divine predestination;
b) about the universal cognizability of the world;
c) about the universal regular connection, the cause-and-effect conditionality of phenomena;
d) about the unknowability of the world;
e) about the creation of the world.
2. Materialists claim that:
a) there are two independent and equal principles (principles): material and spiritual;
b) the fundamental principle of the world, nature, existence is the spiritual principle;
d) God created the world out of nothing.
3. Idealists claim that:
c) matter exists absolutely, it is uncreated and indestructible, infinite in the forms of its manifestation;
e) God created the world out of nothing.
4. Idealism developed by Kant is:
a) absolute idealism;
b) transcendental idealism;
c) objective idealism;
d) rationalism;
e) scholastic realism.
5. Pantheism is:
a) a doctrine that denies a personal God and brings him closer to nature, sometimes identifying them;
b) a doctrine that affirms the cognizability of the world;
c) teaching about the spiritual culture of society and man;
d) about the essence of knowledge, about the ways of comprehending the truth.
6. Philosophical concept “space and time are special entities that exist on their own”
a) relational;
b) substantial;
c) subjective-idealistic.
d) anthropological;
e) mechanistic.
7. Hylozoism is:
a) the doctrine of nature;
b) a doctrine that recognizes "life" as an inalienable property of matter;
c) the doctrine of being as such;
d) the doctrine of the world as such;
e) the doctrine of the spiritual culture of society and man.
8. Marxist interpretation of being:
a) being is consciousness; c) consciousness determines being;
b) being determines consciousness; d) being as a certainty of the material world.
9. What is the beginning in materialistic philosophical concepts
a) spirit b) Consciousness; c) Matter; d) Logos; e) experience.
10. An irreversible, unidirectional and regular change leading to the emergence of a new quality is
a) movement; b) Progress; c) Regression; d) Development;
e) Transformation; e) Deformation.
1. Ontology is a doctrine:
a) about values, about their origin and essence; b) about the development of the universe;
c) about being as such; d) about the spiritual culture of society and man;
e) about the essence of human history.
2. Fundamental concepts reflecting the most significant, stable and recurring connections and relationships between reality and cognition:
a) Terms; b) Categories; c) Symbols;
d) Laws; e) Paradigms; e) Universals.
·
3. The mode of existence of matter is:
a) space b) time; c) system; d) movement; e) organization;
4. The essence of any objects of the world is manifested:
a) In their inner qualities; b) In their external features;
c) In their isolation; d) In interaction with other objects.
5. The form of existence of matter, expressing the duration of its existence, the sequence of changing states in the change and development of all material systems:
a) time; b) space; in motion; d) development;
e) interaction; e) determinism.
6. The form of existence of matter, characterizing its extent, structure, coexistence and interaction of elements in all material systems:
a) time; b) space; in motion;
d) development; e) interaction; e) determinism.
7. The universal form of the existence of matter is:
a) immobility; b) consciousness; in motion;
d) a certain set of forms; e) limited space;
f) creation.
8. The main types of interaction of elements at the level of inanimate nature:
a) psychological and emotional; b) gravitational and electromagnetic;
c) energy and information; d) social and institutional.
9. A significant, stable and recurring relationship is:
a) a phenomenon b) law; c) condition; d) quality;
e) determinism; e) dialectics.
10. The main types of interaction of elements at the level of wildlife:
a) psychological and emotional;
b) gravitational and electromagnetic;
c) energy and information;
d) social and institutional.
1. Uneven flow is inherent in:
a) physical time;
b) mathematical time
c) biological time;
d) historical time.
3. Idealists claim that:
a) the fundamental principle of the world, nature, existence is the spiritual principle;
b) there are two independent and equal principles (principles): material and spiritual;
c) matter exists absolutely, it is uncreated and indestructible, infinite in the forms of its manifestation;
d) matter consists of eternal, unchanging and indivisible particles - atoms;
4. Materialists claim that matter is:
a) a passive principle that is transformed under the influence of consciousness;
b) objective reality, given to a person in sensations;
c) the absolute One;
d) an abstract concept.
6. What concept refers to inanimate nature:
a) cells; b) megatela; c) population; d) social group;
e) class.
7. The materialism of K. Marx is:
a) mechanistic materialism;
b) spontaneous materialism;
c) dialectical materialism;
d) anthropological materialism.
8. Feuerbach's materialism was named:
a) naive; b) mechanistic; c) metaphysical;
d) spontaneous; e) anthropological.
9. The reduction of higher forms to lower ones is called:
a) empiricism; b) formalism; c) relativism;
d) reductionism; e) agnosticism.
10. The reduction of all forms of movement (including biological, etc.) to mechanical is called:
a) formalism; b) relativism; c) mechanism; d) empiricism;
e) agnosticism.
1. Objective idealism recognizes the following propositions:
a) the world consists of material bodies, and each body consists of the smallest particles;
b) the world is an arena of war of all against all;
c) the world was created by God, and everything happens in it according to the will from above;
d) the world is a set of experiences, ideas, aspirations and ideals of a particular person;
e) the world of visible things is only a reflection of the real world of perfect prototypes that exist eternally and unchangingly.
2. “Being is the essence and existence of man; while the essence of man precedes his existence; man is what he makes of himself; while he is condemned to be free” is the definition:
a) Bl. Augustine; b) J.-P. Sartre; c) J. Berkeley;
d) I. Kant; e) Z. Freud.
3. When did the ontological interpretation arise: “the city of the earth and the City of God”
4. What law of dialectics can be figuratively illustrated with a spiral
c) conservation of matter;
d) negation of negation.
5. What law of dialectics is clearly illustrated by the table of chemical elements by D.I. Mendeleev:
a) identity of matter and consciousness;
b) the transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones;
c) conservation of matter;
d) negation of negation.
6. The main laws of dialectics are (indicate all the correct options):
a) the law of unity and struggle of opposites;
b) the law of heaven (Li);
c) the law of mutual transition of quality and quantity;
d) negation of negation.
e) the law of moral retribution.
7. The dialectic of Heraclitus was:
a) materialistic;
b) spontaneous;
c) idealistic categorical;
d) idealistic.
8. Progress and regress are two forms:
a) existence; b) development; c) movement;
d) hierarchy; e) determinism; e) structuring.
9. The laws of dialectics do not include the law:
a) unity and struggle of opposites;
b) identity of matter and consciousness;
c) the transition of quantity into quality;
d) negation of negation.
10. Dialectic is:
a) the doctrine of universal connections and laws of development of nature, society, thinking;
b) a doctrine that considers the source and final goal of all changes in the nature of God;
c) a set of methods used in any area of human activity;
d) the doctrine of universal causation;
e) the doctrine of divine predestination.
Consciousness. Test #1
1. Consciousness is considered as a property of highly organized matter, in the philosophical direction:
c) dialectical materialism; d) existentialism; e) Thomism.
2. "Unconscious" in modern philosophy is:
a) phenomena and processes in the human psyche that they are not aware of, but affect their behavior;
b) reflex processes in the human body;
c) experience that is not amenable to logical analysis;
d) something inherent only to an individual person;
e) public, social in personality.
3. Consciousness is considered as a property of highly organized matter, in the philosophical direction:
a) objective idealism; b) subjective idealism;
c) dialectical materialism; d) existentialism;
e) Thomism.
4. The unconscious in philosophy is:
a) phenomena and processes in the human psyche that they are not aware of;
b) a concept identical to mental;
c) the highest level of the human psyche;
d) intentional behavior that does not comply with the moral and legal norms of society;
e) part of the collective spiritual memory of mankind, manifested in the borderline states of individual individuals.
5. When did the interpretation “consciousness is a divine gift” arise:
a) in antiquity; b) in the Middle Ages;
c) in modern times; d) in the 20th century.
6. Philosophical concept reflection refers to the phenomenon:
a) empirical knowledge; b) logical knowledge;
c) intuitive knowledge; d) self-consciousness;
e) subconscious.
7. Which of the concepts is superfluous in this list:
a) consciousness; b) the beginning; c) matter; d) substance.
8. The highest stage of logical understanding; theoretical, reflective, philosophically thinking consciousness, operating with broad generalizations and focused on the most complete and deep knowledge of the truth, is:
a) mind; b) mind; c) feeling; d) mind; d) intuition.
9. Feelings, emotions, memory, will, fantasy form:
a) knowledge; b) mind; c) psyche; d) soul; e) mind.
10.Principles of the work of the unconscious researched:
a) Hegel; b) Freud; c) Toynbee; d) Fukuyama; e) Berdyaev.
Theory of knowledge. Philosophy of Science. Test number 1.
1. The absolutization of the role and meaning of sensory data in philosophy is associated with the direction:
a) rationalism; b) realism; c) skepticism; d) sensationalism; e) hedonism.
2. Deduction is:
b) the transfer of false knowledge as true;
c) the ascent of knowledge from particular, single facts to generalizations of a higher order.
3. Induction is:
a) a logical path from the general to the particular;
b) presentation of false knowledge as true;
c) the ascent of knowledge from private, single facts to generalizations of a higher order;
d) a moment of intellectual insight;
e) relative, incomplete truth.
4. The form of thinking, reflecting the extremely general regular connections, sides, signs of phenomena, fixed in the definitions:
a) a word b) category; c) definition; d) term; e) name.
5. Empiricism is:
a) a direction in the theory of knowledge that considers thinking to be the source of knowledge;
b) direction in the theory of knowledge, which considers sensory experience as a source of knowledge;
c) direction in the theory of knowledge, which considers absolute consciousness to be the source of knowledge;
d) direction in the theory of knowledge, which considers intuition the source of knowledge;
e) a trend in the theory of knowledge that considers innate ideas to be the source of knowledge.
6. Agnosticism is:
a) doctrine in ontology considering the problems of human existence;
b) a doctrine in epistemology that denies the possibility of reliable knowledge of the world;
c) the doctrine of the development of the world;
d) the doctrine of universal causation;
e) the doctrine of the essence of human history.
7. The definition "we cannot fully understand the world, because our feelings and mind are imperfect" characterizes the direction:
a) skepticism b) agnosticism; c) pragmatism; d) solipsism.
8. When it arose, the following epistemological attitude "I know that I know nothing":
a) in antiquity;
b) in the Middle Ages;
c) in modern times;
d) in the 20th century.
9. Which of the concepts is superfluous in this list:
a) epistemological optimism;
b) agnosticism;
c) skepticism;
d) anthropocentrism.
10. Levels of scientific knowledge (specify all options):
a) empirical; b) religious; c) theoretical;
d) mythological; e) dialectical.
1. These forms of knowledge do not belong to theoretical knowledge:
a) concept; b) presentation; c) inference; d) judgment; e) perception.
2. The type of knowledge woven into the fabric of the subject's life, but not possessing evidentiary power, is called:
a) abstract; b) theoretical; c) ordinary; d) scientific; d) divine.
3. In philosophy, "agnosticism" is understood as:
a) consideration of the process of cognition;
b) consideration of objects of knowledge;
c) complete or partial denial of the fundamental possibility of cognition;
d) doubt about the possibility of cognition;
e) method of cognition.
4. The totality of approaches, techniques, methods for solving various practical and cognitive problems is:
a) methodology; b) development; c) skill; d) mechanism; e) process.
5. The method of cognition in philosophy and science, when thought moves from general provisions to particular conclusions:
a) induction; b) deduction; c) analysis; d) synthesis.
6. "Knowledge penetrating and embracing the infinite spiritual fundamental principle of the universe" is:
a) absolute truth; b) relative truth; c) truth as revelation;
7.What level scientific research corresponds to the following goal "Compare the theory with the facts, check the degree of its effectiveness, obtain new experimental facts":
a) empirical; b) Theoretical;
c) Analytical.
8. Gnoseology is a doctrine:
a) about values, about their origin and essence;
b) about the development of the universe;
c) about being as such;
d) about the essence of knowledge;
e) about the essence of human history.
9. What form of scientific knowledge does the concept of an alien origin of life on Earth refer to:
a) a hypothesis; b) theory; c) a problem; d) paradigm; e) model.
10. Knowledge in modern philosophy is mainly considered as (specify the most correct answer):
a) abilities, skills, skills in a particular field of activity;
b) significant information in the aspect of activity;
c) objective reality given in the mind of the acting person;
d) the practice-driven process of acquiring and developing knowledge.
1. Science as a specific type of spiritual production and social institution arose in the era:
a) antiquity; b) the middle ages; c) Renaissance; d) New time;
d) in the 20th century.
2. The criterion of truth "verifiability" refers to the following philosophical direction:
a) neopositivism; b) dialectical materialism;
c) positivism; d) conventionalism.
3. Since truth does not depend on the knowing subject, it:
a) abstract; b) objective; c) subjective; d) absolute; d) divine.
4. A certain stage of the cognitive process, at which information about the object, obtained in sensations and perceptions, being stored in consciousness, is reproduced later without a direct impact of the object on the subject, this is:
a) sensual reflection;
b) cognitive contact with the object of knowledge;
c) presentation;
d) explanation;
e) noumenon.
5. In resolving the issue of the cognizability of the world, there are such positions (indicate all the correct options):
a) agnosticism; b) empirio-criticism; c) skepticism; d) epistemological optimism; e) hedonism.
6. Practice in terms of its functions in the process of cognition is not:
a) the basis of knowledge and its driving force;
b) the purpose of knowledge;
c) the criterion of truth;
d) a successful replacement for theoretical research and scientific creativity.
7. The main forms of living contemplation (in the theory of knowledge as a reflection) do not include:
a) presentation; b) perception; c) an idea; d) feeling.
8. A concept opposite in meaning to "truth" in epistemology:
a) propaganda b) delusion; c) judgment; d) prejudice;
e) an illusion.
9. Determine which period of time corresponds to the following definition of truth “Truth is the opening essence of a thing (hermeneutics):
a) antiquity; b) the Middle Ages; c) New time; d) XX century.
10. The doctrine that claims that the criterion of truth is recognition in the scientific community is called:
a) convecialism; b) relativism; c) rationalism; d) agnosticism; e) skepticism.
1. Determine what period of time corresponds to the following definition of truth "God, this is what is true":
a) antiquity; b) the Middle Ages;
c) New time; d) XX.
2. The structural components of theoretical scientific knowledge are (indicate all the correct options):
a) a problem b) pain; c) faith; d) hypothesis; e) theory.
3. In Western European philosophy, rationalism mainly developed on the basis of the method:
a) analogies; b) induction; c) deduction;
d) analysis; e) mathematical analysis.
4. The scientistic direction included:
a) neo-Thomism; b) existentialism;
c) neopositivism; d) neo-Kantianism.
5. In the theory of knowledge, mutually exclusive, but equally provable concepts are called:
a) categories; b) universals; c) modes; d) antinomy; e) laws.
6. The doctrine that affirms the limited possibilities of man in the knowledge of the world is called:
a) materialism; b) skepticism; c) empiricism; d) idealism; e) rationalism.
7. Which of the definitions of rationality is considered in philosophy as the main one:
a) calculation of adequate funds for this purpose;
b) the best adaptability to circumstances;
c) the logical validity of the rules of activity;
d) the ability of the mind to holistically embrace nature, society and its own subjectivity.
8. Which of the concepts is superfluous in this list:
a) life; b) matter; c) substance; d) knowledge.
9. These forms of knowledge do not belong to theoretical knowledge:
a) concept; b) presentation; c) inference; d) judgment.
10. What form of scientific knowledge does the concept of an alien origin of life on Earth refer to:
a) hypothesis b) theory; c) a problem; d) paradigm; e) model.
Human. Society. Personality. Test #1
1. Personality in philosophy is understood as:
a) a synonym for the concepts "individual", "person";
b) a generic concept, i.e. expressing common features inherent in the human race;
c) a stable system of socially significant features, a characteristic of a person as a member of society;
d) the totality of the physical abilities of an individual;
e) social "mask".
2. The unique originality of an individual (appearance, character, habits, features, etc.), as opposed to typical features, is:
a) an individual; b) individuality; c) personality; d) subject; e) individual.
3. From the point of view of hedonism, the meaning of life is that:
a) life is a renunciation of the world and the mortification of the flesh for the sake of atonement for sins;
b) life is the pursuit of happiness as the true purpose of man;
c) life is pleasure, preferably as diverse as possible, here and now;
d) to live means to benefit from everything;
e) to live is a desire for God.
4. The specificity of philosophical anthropology lies in the fact that it;
a) examines the biological parameters of a person;
b) explores the origin and development of man;
c) tries to determine the essence of man, the human in man;
d) explores social determinants in human behavior;
e) tries to determine the direction of the further development of mankind.
5. The subject of ethics is:
a) Society; b) Man; c) morality; d) the meaning of life;
e) System of values; e) ideal.
6. Axiology is the doctrine of:
a) about values, about their origin and essence;
b) about beauty;
c) about good and evil;
d) about the spiritual culture of society and man;
e) the doctrine of the essence of human history
7. A person's responsibility for his actions is possible only if there is:
a) choice; b) guilt; c) force majeure;
d) need; e) predestination.
8. What did a person have before thinking or language:
a) thinking;
b) language;
c) at the same time;
d) they are completely unrelated, so the question is incorrect.
9. Complete the missing paired ethical categories:
a) good - evil; c) life - death;
b) freedom - d) rights -
10. Section of philosophy that studies morality and specific phenomena of social life:
a) ontology; b) axiology; c) aesthetics; d) ethics;
e) anthropology; e) sociology.
1. This philosophical position states that social life is the arena of the struggle for existence:
a) anthroposociogenesis; b) social Darwinism;
c) cosmogenesis; d) historiosophy.
2. The most closed social group is:
a) genus; b) class; c) caste; d) estates; e) stratum.
3. Select the forms of social stratification not considered by P. Sorokin:
a) economic; b) political;
c) professional; d) age.
4. The theory of a single global civilization was formulated:
a) Huntington; b) Danilevsky; c) Spengler; d) Moiseev.
5. F. Fukuyama in his philosophy proclaimed:
a) the end of the policy; b) the end of the story; c) the end of the economy;
d) the end of the state; e) the end of man.
6. According to A. Toynbee, any historical community of people develops according to the principle:
a) cause and effect; b) call and answer;
c) class struggle; d) the struggle of races.
7. Compilation of global forecasts is carried out by:
a) computer science; b) eugenics; c) global studies;
d) cosmology; e) futurology.
8. In the philosophical teachings of Teilhard de Chardin and V.I. Vernadsky, the area of human conscious activity (“the thinking layer of the earth”) is called:
a) the spiritual realm; b) semiosphere; c) noosphere;
d) stratosphere; e) biosphere.
9. In modern times, the dominant type of culture is:
a) pop culture; b) elite culture; c) counterculture;
d) anticulture; e) marginal culture.
10. Society is the subject of study of such a philosophical science as:
a) cultural studies; b) social philosophy; c) epistemology;
d) political science; e) economics.
1. The philosophical doctrine of the essence and development of human society is:
a) ontology; b) metaphysics; c) social philosophy;
d) anthropology; e) history.
2. The integrity and stability of the social organism is based on:
a) aesthetic values; b) logical principles;
c) creative activity; d) the system of traditions;
e) social experience.
3. Alienation in the relationship between a person and society occurs when:
a) a person continuously reproduces himself as a subject that combines natural, social and spiritual qualities;
b) there is a dissolution of a person in abstract social qualities, in the loss of control over the results of his activities in society;
c) the personality masters various conditions and forms of activity, its fruits and results;
d) the stable, ordered stereotypes of activity developed by culture turn for an individual into his own way of life in society.
4. A social institution, which is a way for people to appropriate the products of material and spiritual production, as well as natural objects, is called:
a) family; b) the state; c) property; d) power; e) law.
5. In the "noospheric" model of human civilization, the main role is assigned to:
a) the state; b) nations; in economics; d) science; e) religion.
6. Supporters of the civilizational interpretation of the history of mankind are:
a) Toynbee b) Spengler; c) Marx; d) Comte; e) Danilevsky.
7. What was understood by civilization in the XVIII century.
a) an ideal ethical and historical education;
b) an ideal society based on the principles of rationality and justice;
c) a certain level of scientific and technological development;
d) a classless society.
8. From Huntington's point of view, relations between civilizations in the future will lead to:
a) conflict b) the world; c) self-isolation of civilizations;
d) a single civilization; e) a classless society.
9. The concept of "futurshock" (collision with the future) was introduced into science by:
a) Marx b) Toffler; c) Spengler; d) Toynbee.
10. Personality in philosophy is understood as:
a) a synonym for the concepts "individual", "person"; b) social "mask".
c) a generic concept, that is, expressing the common features inherent in the human race;
d) a stable system of socially significant features, a characteristic of a person as a member of society.
Sample responses to tests
1.Philosophy in the system of culture
1.B 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.A 6.D 7.B 8.D 9.D 10.A
11.A 12.B 13.A 14.A 15.B
2. Ancient philosophy. Test #1
1.D 2.D 3.D 4.A 6; B 2; AT 5; G 1; D 3; E 4 5.B 6.B
7.A 8.A 9.B 10.C
ancient philosophy. Test #2
1.B 2.C 3.A 4.A 5.D 6.A 7.A 8.B 9.C 10.D
3. Medieval history. Test #1
1.B 2.B 3.C 4.C 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.B
Medieval history. Test #2
1.B 2.B 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.D 10.D
Medieval history. Test #3
1.B 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.B 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.D 10.D
4.Philosophy of the New Age. Test #1
1.B 2.B 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.A 7.D 8.C 9.A 10.D
Philosophy of the New Age. Test #2
1.B 2.D 3.B 4.B 5.A 6.A 7.D 8.B 9.B 10.B
Philosophy of the New Age. Test #3
1.D 2.A 3.A 4.A 5.A 6.A 7.B 8.B 9.A 10.C
5. Marxist philosophy.
1.B 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.B 6.C 7.D. 8.B 9.A 10.B
6. Philosophy of the twentieth century. Test #1
1.D 2.D 3.C 4.D 5.B 6.A 7.D 8.A 9.B 10.B
Philosophy of the twentieth century. Test #2
1.D 2.C 3.D 4.D 5.B 6.A 7.C 8.D 9.B 10.C
7.Ontology. Theory of development. Test #1
1.C 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.C 10.D
Ontology. Theory of development. Test #2
1.C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.B 6.C 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.C
Ontology. Theory of development. Test #3
1.D 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.B 7.C 8.D 9.D 10.C
Ontology. Theory of development. Test #4
1.D 2.B 3.B 4.D 5.B 6.A, D 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.A
8. Consciousness.
1.C 2.A 3.C 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.D 8.C 9.B 10.B
9. Theory of knowledge. Philosophy of Science. Test #1
1.D 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.A 9.D 10.A, C
Theory of knowledge. Philosophy of Science. Test #2
1.D 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.B 6.C 7.A 8.D 9.A 10.D
Theory of knowledge. Philosophy of Science. Test #3
1.D 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.A, C, D 6.D 7.C 8.B 9.C 10.A
Theory of knowledge. Philosophy of Science. Test #4
1.B 2.A, D, D 3.B 4.B 5.D 6.B 7.D 8.D 9.B 10.A
10 people. Society. Personality. Test #1
1.C 2.B 3.C 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.A 9. Evil, lack of freedom, death, lawlessness 10.D
Human. Society. Personality. Test #2
1.B 2.C 3.D 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.D 8.C 9.A 10.C
Human. Society. Personality. Test #3
1.D 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.A, B 7.B 8.D 9.B 10.C
Glossary
Worldview is a holistic view of the world and the place of man in it.
Philosophy, along with religion and mythology, is a form of worldview, a special higher scientific and theoretical type of worldview, which is based on knowledge, has a logical system and is based on clear concepts and categories.
In its development, philosophy has gone through three main stages: cosmocentrism (focus on nature), theocentrism (focus on God), anthropocentrism (focus on man).
Philosophy subject:
ontology (the doctrine of being);
epistemology (the doctrine of knowledge);
Human;
society;
other questions.
Philosophy Methods:
dialectics of things and phenomena are considered deeply, versatile, in development, taking into account changes, causes and effects, unity and struggle of opposites;
metaphysics, the opposite of the dialectic of things and phenomena, are considered unambiguously, from the point of view of the search for absolute truth;
dogmatism things and phenomena are viewed through the prism of once and for all accepted beliefs (dogmas), unprovable and given from above;
eclecticism is an arbitrary addition of disparate facts;
sophistry - derivation with the help of logical tricks of false premises, which are justified as true;
hermeneutics is a method of reading and interpreting the meaning of texts;
other methods.
At the same time, both directions and methods of philosophy are:
materialism perceives reality as the primary substance;
idealism, matter is derived from the idea, its strength;
empiricism is based on experience;
rationalism the basis of knowledge is exclusively the work of the mind.
The main question of philosophy is the relation of being to consciousness and consciousness to being, which is primary, matter or consciousness?
The two main lines of philosophy - materialism (the line of Democritus) - matter is primary, idealism (Plato's line) - consciousness, the idea are primary.
Intermediate directions: dualism (Descartes' line) matter and consciousness are primary at the same time and exist as parallel states of the world.
The main directions of Chinese philosophy:
Taoism - all that exists is a path where everything is interconnected and interdependent (Lao Tzu the Old Teacher);
Confucianism philosophy of behavior in society restraint, obedience to elders, caution, perception of the world as it is (Confucius);
legalism a person controls life with the help of the laws established by him, which must be obeyed (Shang Yang). The main directions of ancient Indian philosophy:
Vedism - worship of ancient knowledge (Vedas);
Buddhism - renunciation of the outside world, the concentration of all thoughts on the spiritual life, the achievement of absolute enlightenment and eternal life.
The main ancient Greek (ancient) philosophers and philosophical schools:
The Milesian school ("physicists") studied the essence of the cosmos and
the world around Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes;
sophists - performed in the squares and were engaged in rhetoric, logic, eloquence;
the Pythagoreans tried to explain the world around them through mathematics and numbers (Pythagoras);
atomists tried to study the essence of matter - Democritus;
Socratic school conducted philosophical and educational activities Socrates, Plato, Aristotle.
Cynic philosophers who found the meaning of being in detachment from the surrounding world, neglect of its values Diogenes "Without community, without home, without fatherland";
The Stoics found support in self-improvement and development of the spiritual world (Seneca, Marcus Aurelius). Major theological philosophers:
Augustine the Blessed laid the foundations of Catholicism, substantiated the omnipotence of God and the Church;
Thomas Aquinas proved the existence of God (five proofs), the originality of ideas before matter.
The problem of essence and existence was primarily essence (essence, idea, "God's plan"), subsequently essence (essence) finds expression in existence (existence, incarnation into reality), the creator God, who creates both himself and with the help of man.
The largest philosophers of the Renaissance: Lorenzo Vala, Nicholas of Cusa, Nicholas Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Thomas More, Tommaso Campanella advocated liberation from religious shackles, scientific knowledge, the joys of worldly existence.
The English philosophy of empiricism - Francis Bacon - experience is the basis of being, experience drives development, the Universe and life are created for the accumulation of experience.
The philosophy of deism (Voltaire) - the existence of God can neither be proved nor disproved.
German classical idealism: Immanuel Kant - "Critique of Pure Reason" the surrounding world is completely unknowable. A posteriori knowledge is achieved through the work of the mind, a priori exists from above that which is known by the senses and cannot be proved, the “thing in itself”, the deep inner essence of things and phenomena, will never be fully known. Hegel ultimate reality absolute spirit.
Positivism is the desire to place philosophy on the basis of solid scientific knowledge (Auguste Comte).
Law of Malthus Population is growing faster (exponentially) than the ability of the Earth to feed it (arithmetic progression). There will come a critical moment when the resources of the Earth will not be enough for all of humanity.
American Philosophy of Pragmatism John Dewey Philosophical research should be directed not to finding answers to abstract questions, but to improving experience in order to improve society using accumulated experience.
The philosophy of existentialism studies the problems of human existence in society, finding a balance between life in the surrounding society and internal self-sufficiency (Jaspers, Heidegger, Camus).
LITERATURE
main
Gubin V.D. Fundamentals of philosophy. Tutorial M. Forum infra-m. 2004 (series "professional education").
Gurevich P.S. Fundamentals of philosophy. Textbook for secondary vocational schools M. Gradariki. 2000
Zelenov L.A., Vladimirov A.A. Fundamentals of philosophy. Textbook for Pedagogical Schools M. Vlados. 2000
Kanks V.A. Fundamentals of philosophy. Textbook for secondary vocational schools M. Logos. 2002
Fundamentals of philosophical knowledge. A course of lectures for teachers and students of secondary schools. M. 1997 NMC.SPO.
ADDITIONAL
1.Philosophy. Textbook for universities, ed. Kokhanovsky V.P. Rostov. Phoenix. 2000
2.Philosophy. Textbook for universities (ed. Kalashnikov VL) M. Vlados. 2001
3. History of philosophy. Textbook for universities. Rostov-on-Don. Phoenix. 2001
4.Anthology of philosophy. Textbook for high schools. Rostov-on-Don. Phoenix. 1997
5. Philosophers of Russia XIX - XX centuries. Biographies, ideas, works. M. 1995
6. Western philosophy of the twentieth century. M. Internaks. 1994
7. Sorokin P. Man. Civilization. Society. M. 1992
8. Gurevich P.S. Philosophy of culture. M. A. Prees. 1994
9. Losev A.F. On the Usefulness of Philosophy. J. Student meridian. 1982 No. 4.
11. The world of philosophy. Reading book in 2 parts. M. 1991
12. Blinnikov L.V. Great Philosophers. Dictionary - reference. M.Logos. 1997
13. Losev A.F. Dare spirit. M. P. 1988
14. Lao Tzu. Find yourself in the Tao. M. 1999
15. Malyavin V.V. Confucius. M. Young Guard. 1992
16. Berdyaev N.A. Human. About the appointment of a person. M. Republic. 1993
17. Losev A.F. Tahoe - Godi A.A. Plato. Aristotle. M. Young Guard. 1993
18. Ortega - and - Gasset H. What is philosophy? M. Science. 1991
19. Fromm E. Art to love. M. Pedagogy. 1990
20. Fromm E. To have or to be? M. 1986
21. Philosophical dictionary. (under the editorship of Frolov I.T.) M. 1991.
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